대학생의 성교육 효과측정을 위한 기초 연구

장순복,최연순,강희선,박소미,Chang, Soon-Bok,Choi, Yun-Soon,Kang, Hee-Sun,Park, So-Mi 대한간호협회 1997 대한간호 Vol.36 No.2

This study was performed to provide preliminary data for the development of a useful instrument to measure the effect of sex education. The study was conducted with the voluntary participation of 155 college students enrolled in the course "Sexuality and Relationship" at Y university in Seoul. At the end of that course, they were asked to write freely about the change they had experienced on sexuality. All meaningful statements were elicited and classified into 7 categories; "Change of Knowledge", "Enlightenment", "Change of Attitude on Sexuality", "Buildup of Ability", "Buildup of. Identity", "Change of Emotion", "Change of Behavior:' There were significant changes in the areas of knowledge(28. 6%), enlightenment(27.4%), and attitudes(20.3%) about sexuality among these 7 categories. The Change of Knowledge category consists of 3 areas: "concretion of knowledge", "increase of information", and "correction of misunderstanding." In the category of Enlightenment, total 12 areas are included: "sex role", "erception of lack of knowledge", "importance of family", "life plan", "parent role", "value of life", "equality", "sexual autonomy", "importance of sexuality", "freedom of sexuality", "perception of sexual problem", and "meaning of love." The Attitude Change category consists of 8 areas. These are "being natural", "being progressive", "being sensitive", "being truthful", "being expressive", "being cautious", "being responsible", and "being confident". The category of Buildup of Ability includes 4 areas: "problem solving", "sex education", "relationship", and "communication". The category of Buildup of Identity includes "sexual identity", and "value of sexuality". The Emotional Change category includes 3 areas: "positive feeling", "negative feeling", and "breaking from negative feeling on sexuality". The Behavior Change category includes "sex-related behavioral change". In conclusion, up to now most researches on sex education effect measures only changes of knowledge, attitude, and behavior. But we believe the changes in "Enlightenment", "Buildup of Ability", "Buildup of Identity", "Change of Emotion", should be included in addition to knowledge, attitude, and behavior in the development of an instrument to measure the sex education effects. And the effect of sex education should measure the degree of learning of autonomy, enlightenment, and ability of behavior and so on rather than studying the simple changes in sexuality.enment", "Buildup of Ability", "Buildup of Identity", "Change of Emotion", should be included in addition to knowledge, attitude, and behavior in the development of an instrument to measure the sex education effects. And the effect of sex education should measure the degree of learning of autonomy, enlightenment, and ability of behavior and so on rather than studying the simple changes in sexuality.ng the simple changes in sexuality.

Brain Topological Correlates of Motor Performance Changes After Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Park, Chang-hyun,Chang, Won Hyuk,Yoo, Woo-Kyoung,Shin, Yong-Il,Kim, Sung Tae,Kim, Yun-Hee Mary Ann Liebert 2014 Brain connectivity Vol.4 No.4

<P>Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) influences the brain temporally beyond the stimulation period and spatially beyond the stimulation site. Application of rTMS over the primary motor cortex (M1) has been shown to lead to plastic changes in interregional connectivity over the motor system as well as alterations in motor performance. With a sequential combination of rTMS over the M1 and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we sought changes in the topology of brain networks and specifically the association of brain topological changes with motor performance changes. In a sham-controlled parallel group experimental design, real or sham rTMS was administered to each of the 15 healthy subjects without prior motor-related dysfunctions, over the right M1 at a high frequency of 10 Hz. Before and after the intervention, fMRI data were acquired during a sequential finger motor task using the left, nondominant hand. Changes in the topology of brain networks were assessed in terms of global and local efficiency, which measures the efficiency in transporting information at global and local scales, respectively, provided by graph-theoretical analysis. Greater motor performance changes toward improvements after real rTMS were shown in individuals who exhibited more increases in global efficiency and more decreases in local efficiency. The enhancement of motor performance after rTMS is supposed to be associated with brain topological changes, such that global information exchange is facilitated, while local information exchange is restricted.</P>

白鼠 肝障碍에 對한 補肝湯 瀉肝湯의 效果에 關한 實驗的 硏究

洪茂昌,李學仁,金完熙 慶熙大學校韓醫科大學韓醫學硏究所 1983 慶熙韓醫大論文集 Vol.6 No.-

입원환자 낙상예방 프로그램에서 근력운동의 효과: 낙상 고위험군 노인환자를 중심으로

이현옥 ( Hyun-ok Lee ),이병화 ( Byung-hwa Lee ),이창희 ( Chang-hee Lee ) 한국보건정보통계학회(구 한국보건통계학회) 2017 보건정보통계학회지 Vol.42 No.4

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the changes in the indices of body muscle strength, the indices of muscle strength associated with physical balance, and index of the pain relief between the intervention group who performed the muscle strength exercise and control group who not performed the muscle strength exercise. The study period was from September 7, 2016 to May 12, 2017, and it was conducted after receiving Institutional Review Board approval. Methods: Among 40 participants who were recruited in this study, the final analysis subjects were a total of 39 people, excluding the one people who dropped out during the 2-week. For analysis, the changes were compared with baseline and after two weeks by comparing three types of body muscle strength indices, four types of physical balance indices, and one type of pain relief index. Finally, we analyzed whether there is a difference between the groups in the each changes. Results: In the body muscle strength index change analysis, the change of muscle mass relative to weight was not statistically significant, but the difference between the groups regard to change was statistically significant (p<0.05). The lower body strength and the bone mineral were statistically significant in both the intervention and control group, but the difference between the groups regard to change was not statistically significant. In the index of muscle strength associated with physical balance change analysis, the intervention group showed improvement much higher in the right arm, left arm, right leg, and left leg of muscle mass than the control group. Also, the muscle mass of the right arm and the left arm was statistically significant in the analysis of the difference between the groups regard to change (p<0.05). Analysis of changes in pain relief index showed that the intervention group showed significantly improvement higher than the control group, and the difference between the groups regard to change was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: In the elderly patients in the hospital where the fall prevention program was provided, it was concluded that the intervention group higher improved the muscle strength associated with physical balance and the pain relief compared with the control group.

한방 이화주의 미백 및 피부 주름 개선 효과

이상진(Sang-Jin Lee),권이영(Yi-Young Kwon),조성원(Sung-Won Cho),권희숙(Hee-Suk Kwon),신우창(Woo-Chang Shin) 한국식품영양과학회 2013 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.42 No.4

본 연구에서는 한방이화주의 피부 생리기능 활성을 알아보기 위해 70% EtOH 추출물의 피부 미백, 주름 개선 및 항염증 효과를 조사하였다. HEE은 tyrosinase 활성 억제 및 tyrosine을 기질로 melanin이 형성되는 pathway에 관여하는 주요한 인자인 TRP-1과 TRP-2를 저해하는 작용 기전을 통해 피부 색소침착의 주요 원인 물질인 melanin 생합성을 농도 의존적으로 저해하는 것을 확인하였다. HEE은 피부진피 내 피부 탄력을 유지하는 elastin을 분해하는 효소인 elastase의 활성을 저해하였고, 피부의 keratinocyte가 생성분비하는 MMP-2와 MMP-9의 단백질 발현과 proteolytic 활성을 억제하여 노화에 따른 피부 주름 생성 억제할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다. 또한 세포 독성 없이 LPS에 의해 유도된 염증 반응을 50% 저해하는 HEE의 농도(IC50)는 24.9 μg/mL이며, 50 μg/mL 농도로 처리하였을 때 염증 반응 저해 효과가 70%로 높은 효과를 가지는 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 HEE의 피부 미백, 주름 개선 및 항염증에 우수한 효과를 나타내고 있으므로 기능성 화장품의 주요한 소재로 이용 가치가 높을 것으로 사료된다. Extrinsic skin aging is characterized by the loss of skin tone and resilience, irregular pigmentation, and deep wrinkles. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Ehwa Makgeolli containing oriental herbs (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Lycium chinense MILL., Morus alba L., and Saururus chinensis Baill) on skin whitening and wrinkling in human skin cells. We prepared Makgeolli extracts (HEE) with 70% ethanol. HEE significantly inhibited in vitro mushroom tyrosinase activity and reduced the cellular and secreted melanin content of mouse melanoma melanocytes (B16F1 cells). HEE down-regulated the protein expression of tyrosinase related protein (TRP)-1/-2, a key player in melanogenesis. Treatment with HEE in human keratinoctyes (HaCaT cells) inhibited the proteolytic activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/-9 in a dose-dependent manner and dramatically reduced the expression of MMP-2/-9. In addition, HEE attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced nitric oxide production in murine macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). These results indicate that HEE may be a great cosmeceutical ingredient for its whitening, anti-wrinkle, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Putting Climate Change into Water Resource Management: Adaptation Efforts in the U.S., U.K., Canada, Australia, and the Netherlands

( Hee Jun Chang ),( Jon Franczyk ),( Deg Hyo Bae ) 한국환경정책평가연구원 2006 환경정책연구 Vol.5 No.4

기후변화가 지역의 수자원에 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상됨에 따라 수자원 관리자들은 이에 대응한 적응전략을 수립하는 것이 필요하다. 이에 본고에서는 미국, 영국, 캐나다, 오스트렐리아, 네덜란드의 적응관리의 실태를 검토하였다. 이들 나라들은 현재의 수자원 관리관행, 제도적 장치, 기후변화의 잠재적 수자원 영향에 따라 매우 상이한 적응관리를 하고 있다. 이들 나라들의 비교연구를 통하여 기후변화에 따른 한국에서의 지속가능한 수자원 관리를 위한 정책적 관련성을 도출하였다. As global climate change is expected to influence regional water resources, water resource managers need to establish adaptive management to cope with climate change. We examined adaptive management efforts in the US, UK, Canada, Australia, and the Netherlands. Each country is implementing different levels of adaptation efforts based on current water management practices, institutional arrangements, as well as the varying degree of water availability, current climate effects and expected climate change effects. Based on the comparison of these countries, we suggest policy implications for the sustainable water resource management of Korea under climate changes.

Adiponectin Attenuates the Inflammation in Atopic Dermatitis-Like Reconstructed Human Epidermis

( Hee-seok Seo ),( Ki Hyun Seong ),( Chang-deok Kim ),( Seong Jun Seo ),( Byung Cheol Park ),( Myung Hwa Kim ),( Seung-phil Hong ) 대한피부과학회 2019 Annals of Dermatology Vol.31 No.2

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic disorder, with a vicious cycle of repetitive inflammation and deterioration of the epidermal barrier function. Adiponectin, an adipokine, has anti-inflammatory effects on various metabolic and inflammatory disorders. Recently, its level was found to be reduced in serum and tissue samples from AD patients. Objective: We aimed to investigate the effects of adiponectin on epidermal inflammation and barrier structures in AD skin. Methods: A three-dimensional in vitro epidermal equivalent model mimicking AD was obtained by adding an inflammatory substance cocktail to normal human epidermal equivalents (HEEs). The expression of epidermal differentiation markers, primary inflammatory mediators, and lipid biosynthetic enzymes was compared between adiponectintreated AD-HEEs, untreated control AD-HEEs, and normal HEEs. Results: Adiponectin co-treatment 1) inhibited the increase in mRNA expression of major inflammatory mediators (carbonic anhydrase II, neuron-specific NEL-like protein 2, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and human beta-defensin-2) from keratinocytes in AD-inflammatory HEEs, 2) enhanced the expression of lipid biosynthetic enzymes (fatty acid synthase, HMG CoA reductase, and serine-palmitoyl transferase), and 3) promoted the expression of differentiation factors, especially filaggrin. We also found that the expression of adiponectin receptor-1 and -2 decreased in the epidermis of chronic AD lesion. Conclusion: Activation of the adiponectin pathway is expected to enhance epidermal differentiation and barrier function as well as attenuate inflammatory response to AD as a therapeutic approach. (Ann Dermatol 31(2) 186∼195, 2019)

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS IN THREE ASIAN COUNTRIES

Chang, Hee Jun 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2002 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.26 No.2

Carbon dioxide (CO_2) emissions in three Asian countries were examined in relation to each country's political economy. The different paths of energy consumption and carbon intensity are closely associated with the stage of economic development, technological innovations, changes in lifestyle, and the types of fossil fuels used. Changes in economic growth and fuel prices also affected CO_2 emissions by modifying the level of energy consumption and the choice of fuels. Yet, projecting future CO_2 emissions in these countries is uncertain and depends on multiple factors, including a government's willingness to reduce CO_2 emissions. Different paths of CO_2 emissions in each country suggest the need for local studies to understand the driving forces of human dimensions of global climate change.

Impact of E-Commerce on Allocation of Tax Revenue between Developed and Developing Countries

( Chang Hee Lee ) 서울대학교 아시아태평양법연구소 2005 Journal of Korean Law Vol.4 No.1

The advent of digital technology increases productivity, and will, as a whole, make the world better off. Nevertheless, advanced countries have suggested an increase of their share in inter-jurisdictional allocation of revenue, justifying their position with the rhetoric of tax neutrality and residence jurisdiction. Indeed these suggestions can be hardly justified in that the economic and legal assumptions underpinning the existing norm of inter-jurisdictional revenue allocation are not valid in a digital era. Tax neutrality will rather justify a new order that would assign more revenue to the developing countries. Maintaining the existing international tax order and fixing it in a make-shift way will not lead to this new order of international taxation, however, because digital technology enables a taxpayer to circumvent any such attempt. Creating an entirely new norm and imposing it on developed countries appears to be beyond the reach of developing countries, judging from the past experiences of bargaining between developed and developing countries, which may have no other choice but to acquiesce to these changes. Despite this pessimism, the United Nations may consider revising the UN Model to the interest of developing countries, because the very role of the UN Model is to provide bargaining leverage for a developing country in negotiating a real world treaty. Proposed changes to the UN Model are as follows: 1. Add a paragraph to article 7 (business profits) that permits a host country to impose withholding tax to all payments to a non-resident e-supplier in general, or upon the host country’s election, to a payment to an e-supplier from a domestic business that can deduct the payment. 2. Change article 7(4) to permit a host country to adopt a formula apportionment if an esupplier has a permanent establishment in the host country or if sales by a non-resident esupplier exceeds a certain sum of money. The impact of the Internet and digital technology has been one of the favorite topics of international taxation for the past several years. It has been made clear that the existing norm of international taxation is seriously affected by the advent of electronic commerce and digital technology. Because the issue involves state-of-theart technological innovation, suggestions for changing the international tax order have largely been proffered by the advanced countries and the international organizations consisting of or controlled by the same economically and technologically advanced countries. In essence these countries argue for lassiez-faire - that the existing norms, designed in the pre-digital era, should remain intact to the broadest extent possible. This paper addresses the impact of the Internet and digital technology on the allocation of tax revenue among nations, in particular between developed and developing countries. The thesis of the paper is three-fold: i) digital technology completely destroys the economic and legal basis for the existing rules of international taxation, implying the necessity of a complete overhaul, ii) extending the existing rules into the digital era, as suggested by developed countries, will increase the revenue share of developed countries at the loss of developing countries, and iii) despite this foreseeable outcome, developing countries do not have much choice but to suffer. In terms of a practical policy implication, this paper points out that make-shift suggestions within the boundary of the existing norms will not help developing countries. The right solution, from the perspective of a developing country, will be to impose taxes even without a permanent establishment and adopt formula apportionment, although changing tax treaties to this end appears to be beyond the reach of developing countries. The thesis is shown in five parts. Part I is a very short summary of the suggestions advanced thus far by developed countries for maintaining and applying the existing rules. Part II addresses the first thesis and analyzes the economic bases or assumptions underlying the existing rules or compromises of international revenue allocation, and it will show that digital technology breaks these assumptions. Part III briefly summarizes the second thesis, which is more or less known to the world, that the maintenance or application of the existing rules to the digital environment will reallocate revenue from developing to developed countries. Part IV shows that the policy suggestions proffered thus far by the OECD and the European Union are misdirected anachronisms. Part V proceeds to the third thesis, and will present a grim prediction that developing countries do not have much choice but to acquiesce to the advanced countries’ self-serving suggestions. This article does not discuss the tax administration issues raised by e-commerce, or more generally by the technological progress that facilitates the cross-border movement of goods, services and capital. As discussed in many studies,1) the administration issues are more complex and subtle and may indeed be more important than the substantive law issues. For example, where capital can instantly flow over the globe at a negligible transaction cost, even developed nations may have to enter into a tax competition to attract capital. At the level of substantive law,however, this development does not affect the residence jurisdiction of capital exporting countries, which reaches the capital income derived by its residents regardless of where it is invested. One may easily point to the tax deferral for the earnings retained in a foreign subsidiary, but a capital exporting country can unilaterally address the problem by anti-abuse measures such as the U.S. subpart F rules. Enforcing such a measure is hard work. The administrative difficulty of keeping track of the capital flow could be devastating. Addressing these administrative issues, however, is simply beyond the scope of this article.

Political Economy of the Penetration, Resistance, and the Popular Beliefs

Chang-hee Nam(남창희) 한국정치학회 2014 한국정치학회보 Vol.48 No.3

동학혁명 운동에 참여했던 전북지역 농민을 중심으로 1920년대에 전북지역을 기반으로 교세가 확장된 보천교라는 신흥민족종교 세력의 활동에 대한 기록들은 개벽사상의 영향력이 일제 하에도 여전히 존재하였음을 시사한다. 구리골 태을주 수행가들에게 전파된 후천개벽의 비젼은 당시 일제의 식량수탈 과정의 희생자였던 전북지역 민중들의 마음을 효과적으로 파고들었다. 일본의 저발전된 농업부문 생산력을 보충하기 위해 시작된 총독부의 식민지 조선으로부터의 식량 수입은 저임금 수출의존형 일본 정치경제체제의 작동 메커니즘의 일부로 편입되었다. 그런데 전북지역의 소작농의 증가와 지속적인 궁핍화에도 불구하고 강도높은 식민지수탈구조가 타지역과 달리 전북지역에서는 20년대에 폭력적 항일운동 확산으로 연결되지 않았다. 일반적인 농민저항운동의 패턴에서 이탈하는 이와 같은 특이한 현상은 당시 전북지역을 중심으로 한 태을주 수행 종교세력의 비폭력저항 교리와 관련성이 있을 수 있다. 또한 일제의 머지않은 패망에 대한 보천교 교단의 신념체계 역시 그들의 소극적 저항 행태에 영향을 주었을 가능성이 있다. 즉, 궁극적 해방과 후천평화 세계의 필연적 도래라는 교리의 내면화 과정은 20년대 일제와의 기묘한 공존으로 이어졌다. 하지만 조선총독부는 보천교 교리의 독립의식과 자주성에 위협을 느끼고 30년대 중반부터 가혹하게 탄압하여 보천교 등 범 구리골 민족종교 단체를 공중분해시키고 중일전쟁의 팽창주의 정책에 박차를 가하였다. The record of widespread mantra-meditation in North Jeolla Province in the 1920s shows the significance of the idea of cosmic change among former Tonghak (Eastern Learning) followers in the early part of twentieth-century Korea. The teachings propagated by the Guri Village meditation school were especially attractive to those Korean farmers in North Jeolla Province who suffered most from Japan’s exorbitant rice-extraction program. Their home province was transformed into a key rice supply base for sustaining Japan’s export-oriented economy since 1920. Importation of more rice from the overseas territories was expected to supplement Japan’s struggling primary sector and thus to lower prices of foodstuffs for solving the subsistence crisis of their underpaid urban workers. The consequence of the rice extraction program was increasing tenancy and impoverishment in the largest rice farming lands, namely, Jeolla Province of Korea. Despite this aggravating standard of living their master advised his followers not to wage a violent anti-Japanese struggle, but rather wait until the United States was involved in the war against the Japanese Empire. Instead, he told his followers to meditate upon the Taeeulju mantra to gain enlightenment in order to be mentally prepared for a new mutually life-saving universe in the time of the upcoming cosmic change. The notion of cosmic change fortified the conviction among the peasants that Japan’s occupation and expansionism was doomed and Korea would eventually be liberated. Their unique vision for eternal peace and beliefs in eventual victory can be an explanation as to why the once most revolutionary people of the same region appeared less resistant to Japan, but nevertheless faced relentless repression since the mid-1930s.