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강석한,김찬,엄민숙,김진혁,김기순 한양대학교 의과대학 1997 한양의대 학술지 Vol.17 No.1
Peripheral nerve injuries have been known to result in a chronic neuropathic pain characterized by symptoms of spontaneous burning pain, hyperalgesia, and allodynia. Recently it has been reported that the flexor reflex was greatly enhanced immediately after peripheral nerve section in the experimental animals. The persent study was underaken to investigte acute effects of the peripheral nerve injury on the sensitization of dorsal hom cells. After the sciatic nerve section, neither significant change was observed in the wind-up of WDR cells, nor wind-up was produced in the WDR cell that had not shown wind-up before the afferent nerve section. The A-fiber responses of WDR cells were not altered after section of the sciatic nerve. However, the C-fiber responses and after-discharge of the dorsal horn cell to imput signals started to increase in 2 hours after the nerve section. In 70% of experimental animals, the nerve section-induced increments in the WDR cell activities were abolished after topical application of 2% lidocaine to the proximal end of cut sciatic nerve. After pretreatemnt of the experimental animals with a NMDA receptor blocker, MK-801, the C-fiber response and after-discharge of the dorsal horn cell well not changed by the sciatic nerve section. These findings suggest that peripheral injury induces the sensitization of dorsal horn cells of the spinal cord and that signals from the proximal stump is essential for maintenance of the sensitization, which was mediated by NMDA receptors.
Bank Efficiency and Macro-economic Factors: The Case of Developing Countries
SOK-GEE CHAN,Mohd Zaini Abd Karim 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2010 Global economic review Vol.39 No.3
This paper examines the effects of macro-economic factors on bank efficiency of commercial banks in Asia, Middle East/North Africa, and Africa. To achieve the objective, the stochastic frontier approach (SFA) was used to simultaneously estimate the parameters of the stochastic frontier and the inefficiency model. The results show that the effect of macro-economic factors on bank efficiency differs across region. Cost inefficiency of the commercial banks in the Asian region is negatively related to the real gross domestic product per capita, credit to the private sector, and market concentration but is positively related to trade openness. Banks cost inefficiency in the Middle East/North Africa is negatively related to trade openness but is positively related to market concentration suggesting that banking market in this region should be more open to competition.
Government Spending Efficiency on Economic Growth: Roles of Value-added Tax
SOK-GEE CHAN,Zulkufly Ramly,Mohd Zaini Abd Karim 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2017 Global economic review Vol.46 No.2
This study examines the impact of government spending efficiency on the economic growth of 115 countries with value-added tax (VAT) system. We seek to examine the moderating role of the VAT system on the relationship between public spending efficiency and the economic growth. Using Generalized Method of Moments estimation based on two-step estimate, we found (1) government spending efficiency promotes economic growth, (2) the VAT system is found to enhance the effect of an efficient government spending on the economic growth and (3) the moderating role of the VAT system is further enhanced by quality of democracy and legislative strength of the government.
( Chan-sik Kim ),( Sok Park ),( Junghyun Kim ) 한국운동영양학회 2017 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.21 No.3
[Purpose] Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are non-enzymatic modifications of proteins or lipids after exposure to sugars. In this review, the glycation process and AGEs are introduced, and the harmful effects of AGEs in the aging process are discussed. [Methods] Results from human and animal studies examining the mechanisms and effects of AGEs are considered. In addition, publications addressing means to attenuate glycation stress through AGE inhibitors or physical exercise are reviewed. [Results] AGEs form in hyperglycemic conditions and/or the natural process of aging. Numerous publications have demonstrated acceleration of the aging process by AGEs. Exogenous AGEs in dietary foods also trigger organ dysfunction and tissue aging. Various herbal supplements or regular physical exercise have beneficial effects on glycemic control and oxidative stress with a consequent reduction of AGE accumulation during aging. [Conclusion] The inhibition of AGE formation and accumulation in tissues can lead to an increase in lifespan.