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Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging of intracellular chloride in cockroach salivary glands
Hille, Carsten,Lahn, Mattes,Lohmannsroben, Hans-Gerd,Dosche, Carsten Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.3
Although chloride plays an important role in many cellular processes, there is a lack of data about intracellular chloride concentrations $[Cl^-]_i$, particularly due to technical problems. To overcome that, in this study fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in the time-domain by using time-correlated single-photon counting was combined with two-photon excitation (2P-FLIM). This 2P-FLIM setup has been successfully used with the $Cl^-$-sensitive fluorescent dye N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxy-quinolinium bromide (MQAE) in order to measure $[Cl^-]_i$ in cockroach salivary glands, a well-established model system for studying epithelial ion transport processes. MQAE was well suitable for two-photon excitation, when loaded into cells, and displayed a sufficient dynamic range of its fluorescence decay time changes in response to variation of $[Cl^-]_i$ according to the Stern-Volmer relationship. On this basis a uniform $[Cl^-]_i$ in the range of 42.80 mM with a mean value of $59\;mM{\pm}1\;mM$ was found in resting cockroach salivary ducts, indicating active $Cl^-$ accumulation. However, exposure to $Cl^-$-free saline caused only a moderate $[Cl^-]_i$ drop to $48\;mM{\pm}4\;mM$, suggesting a relatively low basolateral $Cl^-$ permeability in ducts, at least under resting conditions. Additionally, bath application of the biogenic amine dopamine, known to stimulate the saliva modification in the ducts, caused no significant $[Cl^-]_i$ changes. These results suggest a more complex scenario of $[Cl^-]_i$ homeostasis in cockroach salivary ducts. In conclusion, 2P-FLIM seems to be a suitable technique for quantitative $[Cl^-]_i$ measurements in many biological systems.
Carsten Rauch 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2017 International Area Studies Review Vol.20 No.3
Given the current redistributions in the global balance of power, power transition theory (PTT) has once again become an important intellectual factor. Many observers employing PTT are anxious about China’s ascendance and expect serious conflicts between Washington and Beijing in the coming years. Such skepticism, however, is problematic for three reasons. First, it is false theoretically; PTT does not claim that all rising powers will resort to war or that all power transitions will result in war. Second, it is false empirically; not all power transitions in history have resulted in Great Power wars. Third, it leads to flawed policy advice; if rising powers are not always dissatisfied and do not always challenge the status quo, then policies meant to oppose them might breed dangerous dissatisfaction in the first place. This article amends PTT by adding a variable, the “will to power” (WTP), that captures the willingness of rising powers to commit themselves to changing the status quo. Furthermore, it scrutinizes two historical power transition constellations (United Kingdom–United States and United Kingdom–Imperial Germany). In both cases the new variable is consistent with the outcome and particularly in the United Kingdom–United States case the WTP variable broadens our understanding by making it possible to see this relationship as “missed” or “eschewed” instead of as a peaceful power transition. Doing so extends the power transition dichotomy to a much more complex and realistic typology of power transition constellations.
SOME REMARKS ON THE CONVERGENCE OF ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT METHODS
Carsten CARSTENSEN 한국산업응용수학회 2009 한국산업응용수학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.4 No.2
Adaptive finite element methods converge consists of the typical steps SOLVE, ESTIMATE, MARK, REFINE and successively design a sequence of meshes and associated discrete subspaces plus approximations of primal and dual variables to the unknown exact solutions. The optimal convergence is observed in many empirical studies but only recently discovered in theoretical justifications. This presentation comments on some plain convergence results as well as on more recent optimality results. Applications include linear and nonlinear problems as well as conforming and nonstandard finite element schemes.
Carsten Kempiak,Andreas Lindemann,Shiori Idaka,Eckhard Thal 전력전자학회 2019 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2019 No.5
Standardised methods to measure Tj during power cycling usually refer to silicon (Si) devices and are not applicable to silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs. Measurement methods especially proposed for SiC MOSFETs in contrast suffer some limitations. The purpose of this work is to overcome these constraints by evaluating the usage an integrated sensor, consisting of a chain of small diodes directly integrated on the chip surface. For validation, measurements with such devices are carried out in a power cycling test bench and compared to simulations revealing a good correlation between the local sensor measurement and the area related mean temperature which would be measured by standardised methods for usage with Si devices. The results are particularly interesting as the sensors permit to measure temperature independently on the switching state of the transistor, thus avoiding delay times as required when implementing other methods.
One Country, One Vote? Labor Market Structure and Voting Rights in the ECB
( Carsten Hefeker ),( Helge Berger ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2005 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.20 No.4
The pending enlargement of the European Monetary Union (EMU) has brought to the fore the discussion of the voting right distribution in the European Central Bank (ECB) council. We show that, in a model where labor unions internalize the inflationary consequences of wage setting, deviating from a voting scheme based purely on economic size can be beneficial. Preliminary evidence on unemployment and voting rights in the ECB council seems broadly in line with this idea. We also point to possible policy implications for EMU enlargement and ECB restructuring.
Labor Market Rigidities and EMU
( Carsten Hefeker ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2001 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.16 No.2
This paper explores the interaction between labor market deregulation, monetary union and unemployment. Monetary policy autonomy and monetary union are compared in their influence on the optimal level of labor market deregulation consented to and wages demanded by labor unions. EMU leads to higher real wages and higher unemployment when unions set their policies independently, but labor market regulation is unaffected. This is in constrast to results derived earlier in the literature. The paper also asks whether union cooperation improves on the non-cooperative results. That is not necessarily the case.
Changing PEO coating formation on Mg alloys by particle additions to the treatment electrolyte
Carsten Blawert,Bala Srinivasan,Jun Liang,Yuanding Huang,Daniel Hoche,Nico Scharnagl,Volker Heitmann,Ulrich Burmester 한국표면공학회 2012 한국표면공학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2012 No.11
Plasma electrolytic oxidation of magnesium alloys is a well known technique to produce corrosion and wear resistant coatings. The addition of particles to the electrolyte provides a possibility to produce coatings with an increasing range of composition by in-situ incorporation of those particles into the coating. An extensive literature review has revealed that the mode of incorporation depends mainly on the melting point of the used particles and the energy provided by the discharges of the PEO process. The spectrum ranges from inert to partly reactive incorporation, but a complete reactive incorporation and a formation of a new single phase coating was not observed so far. Thus a new approach in PEO processing is introduced using specific particles as a kind of sintering additive, changing not only the composition but lowering the melting temperature and increase the liquid phase fraction during the discharges, resulting in a new amorphous coating.
AI-BIASED BRAND VOICE – IMPACT OF POLITICAL INCORRECTNESS ON BRAND EVALUATION
Carsten Baumgarth,Alexandra Kirkby 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2023 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2023 No.07
Artificial intelligence (AI) is producing more and more branded content such as image, text, video and sound. This area of so-called generative AI became particularly popular with the public after the launch of ChatGPT. Furthermore, political correctness has been discussed in recent years, since society is becoming increasingly sensitive to certain issues surrounding topics such as racism or gender equality. Therefore, it is more important than ever for brands to communicate in a politically correct way. In the past, humans were responsible for negative brand communication and brand voice. However, with the development of these AI-tools and platforms, AI also creates brand voice and this AI-generated brand voice can similarly cause such negative feelings.