http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Risk of cancer after low doses of ionising radiation: retrospective cohort study in 15 countries
Cardis, E,Vrijheid, M,Blettner, M,Gilbert, E,Hakama, M,Hill, C,Howe, G,Kaldor, J,Muirhead, C R,Schubauer-Berigan, M,Yoshimura, T,Bermann, F,Cowper, G,Fix, J,Hacker, C,Heinmiller, B,Marshall, M,Thierry BMJ 2005 BMJ Vol.331 No.7508
<P>To provide direct estimates of risk of cancer after protracted low doses of ionising radiation and to strengthen the scientific basis of radiation protection standards for environmental, occupational, and medical diagnostic exposures.</P>
Numerical Implementation of Representative Mobile Phone Models for Epidemiological Studies
Elisabeth Cardis,Hyung-Do Choi,Seon-Eui Hong,Byungje Lee,Sooyung Lee,Yonghyun Yoon,Ae-Kyoung Lee 한국전자파학회JEES 2016 Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science Vol.16 No.2
This paper describes an implementation method and the results of numerical mobile phone models representing real phone models that have been released on the Korean market since 2002. The aim is to estimate the electromagnetic absorption in the human brain for casecontrol studies to investigate health risks related to mobile phone use. Specific absorption rate (SAR) compliance test reports about commercial phone models were collected and classified in terms of elements such as the external body shape, the antenna, and the frequency band. The design criteria of a numerical phone model representing each type of phone group are as follows. The outer dimensions of the phone body are equal to the average dimensions of all commercial models with the same shape. The distance and direction of the maximum SAR from the earpiece and the area above –3 dB of the maximum SAR are fitted to achieve the average obtained by measuring the SAR distributions of the corresponding commercial models in a flat phantom. Spatial peak 1-g SAR values in the cheek and tilt positions against the specific anthropomorphic mannequin phantom agree with average data on all of the same type of commercial models. Second criterion was applied to only a few types of models because not many commercial models were available. The results show that, with the exception of one model, the implemented numerical phone models meet criteria within 30%.
Mobile phone types and SAR characteristics of the human brain
Lee, Ae-Kyoung,Hong, Seon-Eui,Kwon, Jong-Hwa,Choi, Hyung-Do,Cardis, Elisabeth Institute of Physics in association with the Ameri 2017 Physics in medicine & biology Vol.62 No.7
<P>Mobile phones differ in terms of their operating frequency, outer shape, and form and location of the antennae, all of which affect the spatial distributions of their electromagnetic field and the level of electromagnetic absorption in the human head or brain. For this paper, the specific absorption rate (SAR) was calculated for four anatomical head models at different ages using 11 numerical phone models of different shapes and antenna configurations. The 11 models represent phone types accounting for around 86% of the approximately 1400 commercial phone models released into the Korean market since 2002. Seven of the phone models selected have an internal dual-band antenna, and the remaining four possess an external antenna. Each model was intended to generate an average absorption level equivalent to that of the same type of commercial phone model operating at the maximum available output power. The 1 g peak spatial SAR and ipsilateral and contralateral brain-averaged SARs were reported for all 11 phone models. The effects of the phone type, phone position, operating frequency, and age of head models on the brain SAR were comprehensively determined.</P>