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Plasma Breakdown using Second Harmonic EC Waves in Helical Devices
Kazunobu Nagasaki,A. Cappa,A. Fernandez,D. Tafalla,E. de la Cal,F. Tabares,F. Sano,F. Castejon,H. Shidara,H. Okada,K. Kondo,K. Takahashi,S. Kobayashi,T. Mizuuchi,T. Estrada,V. Tribaldos,Y. Yoshimura 한국물리학회 2006 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.49 No.III
Plasma breakdown using second-harmonic electron cyclotron (EC) waves has been studied experimentally in three helical devices, Heliotron J, TJ-II and CHS. Recent technological progress on electron cyclotron heating (ECH) systems enables us to determine what the important factors for second-harmonic plasma breakdown are. Comparison of the experimental results among three devices shows a common feature that the plasma starts up from the good confinement region and strongly depends on the nonlinear interactions with the electric field of the local beam rather than the multi-reflected field. This suggests that the confinement of high energy electrons generated by ECH has a dominant role in second-harmonic plasma breakdown.
Kang, Kyu-Suk,Cappa, Eduardo P.,Hwang, Jae-Hong Korean Society of Forest Science 2010 한국산림과학회지 Vol.99 No.2
Early results from a field trail of Agathis loranthifolia are reported from a progeny test of 100 open-pollinated families in west Java, Indonesia. The average of height and diameter at root collar (DRC) was 40.18 cm and 0.52 cm at age 15 months. Family survival rate ranged from 86.5% at age 10 months to 81.7% at age 15 months. Family means of 10 best and 10 poorest families for each trait indicated that there was a large difference of growth performances among individual families. For height and DRC growth, the poorest groups had averages of 33.98 cm and 0.43 mm while the averages of the best groups were 47.35 cm and 0.62 mm at age 15 months as a difference of 39.36% and 43.65%, respectively. Differences between the best group and the test population mean, which is the selection differential, were implying that genetic gain from selection for the improvement of height and DRC growth would be achieved. The family variances of DRC and height were relatively small compared to replicate and residual variances. Family heritabilities for both studied traits were fluctuated, and the genetic coefficients of variation for DRC and height at age of 15 months were 7.19% and 5.22%, respectively.
Hodzic, Alma,Kasibhatla, Prasad S.,Jo, Duseong S.,Cappa, Christopher D.,Jimenez, Jose L.,Madronich, Sasha,Park, Rokjin J. Copernicus GmbH 2016 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.16 No.12
<P>Abstract. Recent laboratory studies suggest that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation rates are higher than assumed in current models. There is also evidence that SOA removal by dry and wet deposition occurs more efficiently than some current models suggest and that photolysis and heterogeneous oxidation may be important (but currently ignored) SOA sinks. Here, we have updated the global GEOS-Chem model to include this new information on formation (i.e., wall-corrected yields and emissions of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds) and on removal processes (photolysis and heterogeneous oxidation). We compare simulated SOA from various model configurations against ground, aircraft and satellite measurements to assess the extent to which these improved representations of SOA formation and removal processes are consistent with observed characteristics of the SOA distribution. The updated model presents a more dynamic picture of the life cycle of atmospheric SOA, with production rates 3.9 times higher and sinks a factor of 3.6 more efficient than in the base model. In particular, the updated model predicts larger SOA concentrations in the boundary layer and lower concentrations in the upper troposphere, leading to better agreement with surface and aircraft measurements of organic aerosol compared to the base model. Our analysis thus suggests that the long-standing discrepancy in model predictions of the vertical SOA distribution can now be resolved, at least in part, by a stronger source and stronger sinks leading to a shorter lifetime. The predicted global SOA burden in the updated model is 0.88 Tg and the corresponding direct radiative effect at top of the atmosphere is −0.33 W m−2, which is comparable to recent model estimates constrained by observations. The updated model predicts a population-weighed global mean surface SOA concentration that is a factor of 2 higher than in the base model, suggesting the need for a reanalysis of the contribution of SOA to PM pollution-related human health effects. The potential importance of our estimates highlights the need for more extensive field and laboratory studies focused on characterizing organic aerosol removal mechanisms and rates. </P>