The politics of reforming high schools: Two case studies (Albert Hirschman)

Callen, Alexandra Hope Harvard University 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

In this manuscript, Alexandra Callen describes and analyzes two local debates that occurred over secondary school reform. In each of the two communities studied, progressive school reform aimed at correcting educational inequities was proposed and implemented. One of these communities was attempting to change an existing school, while the other had built a new school. This study looks particularly at the opinions and behavior of the connoisseurs---each school community's quality-conscious and resource-rich members. In each community, a number of connoisseurs opposed the progressive reforms proposed for their school, fearing that particular educational programs and opportunities that had been disproportionately available to their children would be dismantled and their resources redistributed. However, some of those families unexpectedly supported the reforms. To what can we attribute this divide?. Drawing on theory derived by Albert Hirschman, Callen suggests that the criteria by which connoisseurs determined their stance in these debates, the content and strategy of their arguments, and their subsequent decisions about their children's education, were both objective and subjective in nature. Objective factors included perceptions of quality of the reforms, including, for instance, how college acceptance rates or standardized test scores would be affected by the proposed changes. Subjective factors, on the other hand, were more specific to the individual, and included emotions, perceptions and fears about their own role in the school and community. Indeed, the data indicate that community members' decisions were influenced as much by their community and the actions and perceived beliefs of their neighbors and peers, as by measures of quality. The manuscript is constructed according to the tenets of Albert Hirschman's Exit, Voice and Loyalty theory and looks at each of the three themes separately by chapter. The analysis also utilizes an expansion of the theory offered in a later text, Shifting Involvements, where Hirschman explains various catalysts that can drive members of organizations to undertake public action, in the form of exit or voice.

Nutritional health in community dwelling old-old

Callen, Bonnie Louise The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

The old-old, those aged 80 or 85 years and older, are increasing in numbers at a rate six times that of the general population. An integral component of overall health, independence, and quality of life in old age is nutritional health. It is estimated that 85% of noninstitutionalized older persons have one or more chronic conditions that could be improved or prevented with proper nutrition, and up to 50% of older persons have clinically identifiable problems that require nutrition intervention. Despite their growing numbers, little is known about the old-old, their nutritional status, and how they age for better or worse. To increase our knowledge of this little studied population, the purpose of this study was to explore the nutritional health of community dwelling old-old: (1) looking for relationships between known risk factors for declining nutrition and nutritional status, using measures available in a community setting, and (2) examining helps and barriers to nutritional health from the perspective of the old-old. Study participants were sixty-eight community dwelling elders aged 80 or older. Mean age was 85.7, ranging from 80 to 102 years old. One quarter of the sample was male. A multinomial logistic regression model with body mass index or weight change as the outcome variables, and depression, social isolation, independent activities of daily living, amount spent for food and number of food groups eaten on a typical day as predictor variables was tested. Depression and the number of Food Guide Pyramid categories with recommended amounts eaten predicted the likelihood of weight loss (model χ<super> 2</super> = 8.72, <italic>p</italic> = .013). The prevalence of obesity (25%) in this sample exceeded previous reports, however overall BMI declined with age. Content analysis of interview transcripts was used to analyze the helps and barriers to nutrition from the point of view of those interviewed. These old-old believed they were doing well nutritionally despite reduced independence and physical limitations. They were positive about their lives and creative in problem solving to remain independent. Social connectedness was the major help in maintaining independence into old age. The leading barrier to maintaining nutritional health was health problems.

French fries in the Tagine: Re-imagining Moroccan popular music

Callen, Jeffrey University of California, Los Angeles 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

The dissertation examines the development of an alternative genre of Moroccan popular music, fusion, during the early years of this century. Through blending and juxtaposing Moroccan musical genres and a variety of international and transnational genres, fusion musicians assert they are creating music that is simultaneously "modern" and rooted in Moroccan tradition. Fusion musicians are consciously attempting to redraw the boundaries of Moroccan popular music. Based on a consolidation of the research on Moroccan popular music and fieldwork in 2002, this work examines the emergence of fusion as a distinct genre. It looks at the cultural roots and influences from which it emerged, the social conditions that foster its growth (and/or hinder its progress), its coalescence as a musical movement, its musical characteristics, and the imagination that drives it. The dissertation also proposes a model for examining the emergence of musical genres that emphasizes the important and pivotal role of imagination. Imagination is an essential component of human existence: as Martin Heidegger pointed out, we live "toward possibilities", continually re-imagining what our lives might become. With art, these personal imaginings move into the social realm and become the imaginings of groups of artists, consumers, and fans. The imaginations that drive the creative work of popular musicians arise out of real historical situations. The habitus, life histories and social conditions create the possibilities and limitations within which popular musicians practice their craft. These possibilities and limitations also create the raw material with which popular musicians work as they try to articulate their own vision of the world.

A Tree with Roots: Public Administration Ethics from Case Studies to Assemblages

Callen, Jeffrey Craig Arizona State University 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation provides a critical analysis of public administration's understanding of the relationship between rational thought and action in its discourse on ethics. It argues that rationalist ethics assume a particular relationship between thought and action: that good knowledge leads to good, proper action. While there have been many critiques of rationalist administrative ethics, scholars have not examined the way in which rationalism persists in the way in which the teaching of ethics is conducted. The use of the case study figures prominently in this. Thus, the dissertation explores the historical and theoretical intersection of rationalism, ethics, and teaching through the lens of the case study. It begins with a history of the pedagogical use of the case study and the institutional transformations of the university. While conventional accounts of the field locate its founding in the United States in the municipal reform movement, here the founding of the field of public administration is recast through connections to reforms in the university including changes in epistemic assumptions, pedagogical methods, and curricular changes in ethics in which the case study is central and remains so as the field develops. The dissertation then considers scholarship in public administration that raises questions about rationalist ethics. Three critical approaches are explored: recognition of the uncertainty and complexity of administrative practice, critique as unmasking of power relationships, and the shift of ethics from an epistemological to an ontological inquiry. The dissertation builds on the work in this third approach and shows how it attempts to articulate a non-rationalist, or immanent, ethics. This ethics is concerned with exploring the conditions that make possible mutually beneficial relationships and meaningful lives from which categorical norms of the good life could emerge. Drawing on the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, it is argued that the distinction Deleuze and Guattari make between "arborescent" and "rhizomatic" knowledge gets to the root of the tension between thought and action and offers an innovative and useful way to advance an immanent, non-rational ethics. The challenge digital technologies and the information society present to the field is considered to illustrate the need to rethink administrative ethics and also the particular usefulness of Deleuze and Guattari in doing so. The dissertation concludes with a discussion of pedagogical practices and classroom examples that encourage a rhizomatic understanding of the theory and practice of public administration.

The seams of the state: Infrastructure and intergovernmental relations in American state building

Callen, Zachary A The University of Chicago 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

Institutional change in the American federal system, especially the shift from the early decentralized state to the current strong central state, is generally explained by appealing to exogenous shocks. Traditionally, American state building theories have relied on war or economic transformations to explain the growth of the federal government. In contrast to these theories, I argue that political centralization is actually the result of endogenous forces that are inherent in American federalism. Local policy failures combine with interstate competition to drive sub-national policy concerns to Congress, thereby transforming previously parochial concerns into federal issues. Thus, the national state finds itself in new policy areas primarily because of bottom-top pressure. To expand this idea, I examine American rail development during the antebellum period. My analysis begins by analyzing state rail promotion and coordination efforts. While these initial state-level programs provided a fairly complete rail system, local failures harmed the overall efficiency of the national rail system. These local shortcomings led Congressional representatives from states with poorly functioning rail systems to press for national intervention. However, Congressional involvement altered American rail development, as external interests began to shape local railroads to reflect national concerns. Yet, despite this intrusion, local political actors continued to shape their parochial rail plans. Hence, while federalism encouraged national intervention, the separation of powers within a federal system still allowed local political actors leeway over rail planning. While the analysis primarily emphasizes how federalism has shaped American state building, the findings also underscore the importance of political geography in state building. State building requires the manipulation of space, and spatial organization can exert a long-term and profound impact on political development. By examining both federalism and space, significant light is shed on how the American political development process.

Motivations for involvement: An empirical test of parents of students with disabilities

Fishman, Callen E State University of New York at Albany 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

Parents of students in special education have greater barriers to parent involvement than parents of students in general education. Little is known, however, about the factors that facilitate or impede involvement practices for this group. This study investigated the extent to which the motivational factors from Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler's (2005) Model of Parent Involvement (i.e., Parent Role Activity Beliefs, Parent Efficacy, General School Invitations, Specific Teacher Invitation, Specific Child Invitations, Perceived Knowledge and Skills, and Perceived Time and Energy) predicted the Home-Based, School-Based, and Special Education Involvement of 177 parents of students in special education. Family structure, race/ethnicity, family socioeconomic status (SES), and the child's educational level were also examined. Participants in the current study were recruited from two suburban school districts in upstate New York. All three invitation types (i.e., school, teacher, and child) and parents' perceived level of knowledge and skill necessary to help their child predicted parents' involvement in home-based activities. Parents' perceived level of responsibility to participate, perceived amounts of time and energy to participate, and perceived invitations to participate from the child predicted their involvement in school-based activities. Parents' perceived invitations from the school and their perceived invitations from their child's teacher predicted their involvement in special education activities. Family structure and race/ethnicity did not demonstrate any predictive ability; however, SES positively predicted School-Based Involvement and the child's education level inversely predicted Home-Based Involvement. Direct invitations for involvement from the child and the child's teacher were the most meaningful positive predictors of involvement. General invitations from the school, however, demonstrated an inverse relationship suggesting that parents of students with disabilities may react differently to general invitations than schools may think. Taken as a whole, these findings suggest that parents of students in special education have the desire to participate, but will select forms of participation that are conducive to their schedules and that will be most helpful for their child. Based on the results of this study, school-based practitioners may help to increase parent involvement for this group by sending specific, direct invitations for involvement and by encouraging children to do the same.

Do attitudes toward seeking medication, seeking therapy, or not doing anything in response to depression reflect different psychological processes?

Tierney, Sandra Callen The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2003 해외박사(DDOD)

Although depression is an impairing mental illness that affects a significant percent of the population each year, it is very treatable with either therapy, medication, or both. However, despite the fact that significant efforts have been aimed at informing the public that depression is a treatable mental illness, the majority of people experiencing depression do not seek help for it. Furthermore, when people do seek help, it is not known why they chose that particular helping source. A model proposing that positive attitudes toward seeking help for depression from different helping sources represent different psychological processes was created for and tested in this study. This model was based on a stress and coping framework which incorporated the concepts of attributional styles, perceptions of one's ability to control the solution to the problem and beliefs regarding not needing to do anything in response to the depression. The original model was not able to be analyzed using structural equation modeling techniques. Therefore, the literature was re-examined and the obtained data reviewed in order to create three new models that were then tested using structural equation modeling. These models were designed to represent the interplay of psychological factors predicting positive attitudes toward seeking help from a therapy source, positive attitudes toward seeking help from a medication source, and believing there is no need to respond to the experience of depression, respectively. The attitudes toward therapy and attitudes toward medication variables were surprisingly highly correlated, causing these models to be almost identical. These two attitudinal models significantly differed from the model for believing there is no need to do anything in response to the depression. This difference occurred because of the most significant finding of the study: verbalization coping, a coping style corresponding to a willingness to talk about the depression, was the only coping style that uniquely and directly predicted either attitudinal outcome variable. That is, this coping style was not present in the final no need to respond model. Other findings of interest, their implications, and limitations of this study are discussed as are cultural factors that bear on this study.