Conventional and inverse magnetocaloric effects, and critical behaviors in Ni₄₃Mn₄₆Sn₈In₃ alloy

Thanh, T.D.,Nan, W.Z.,Nam, G.,Van, H.T.,You, T.S.,Phan, T.L.,Yu, S.C. Elsevier 2015 CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS Vol.15 No.10

A systematic study of the conventional and inverse magnetocaloric effects, and critical behaviors in an alloy ingot of Ni<SUB>43</SUB>Mn<SUB>46</SUB>Sn<SUB>8</SUB>In<SUB>3</SUB> has been performed. Our results reveal the sample exhibiting structural and magnetic phase transitions at temperatures T<SUB>C</SUB><SUP>M</SUP> = 166 K (T<SUB>C</SUB> of the martensitic phase), T<SUB>M-A</SUB> = 260 K (the martensitic-to-austenitic phase transformation) and T<SUB>C</SUB><SUP>A</SUP> = 296 K (T<SUB>C</SUB> of the austenitic phase). The large values of refrigerant capacity (RC) around T<SUB>M-A</SUB> and T<SUB>C</SUB><SUP>A</SUP> are found to be RC<SUB>M-A</SUB> = 172.6 and RC<SUB>A</SUB> = 155.9 J kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively, under an applied field change of 30 kOe. Our critical analyses near the T<SUB>C</SUB><SUP>M</SUP> and T<SUB>C</SUB><SUP>A</SUP> reveal that a coexistence of the long- and short-range ferromagnetic order in the martensitic phase, while the long-range ferromagnetic order exists in the austenitic phase. Interestingly, at around T<SUB>C</SUB><SUP>A</SUP>, the maximum magnetic entropy change (|ΔS<SUB>max</SUB>|) versus magnetic field H obeys a power law, |ΔS<SUB>max</SUB>| = a.H<SUP>n</SUP>, where the exponent n is found to be about 0.66.

Status of Milk Fat Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) in Selected Commercial Dairies

Khanal, R.C.,Dhiman, T.R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.10

Because of the increasing evidence of potential benefits of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on human health, there is a need to investigate its status in commercial dairies and develop feeding strategies to enhance the content and supply of CLA in milk and milk products. A two-year experiment was conducted to study the status of milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA on four selected commercial dairy farms in Utah (two) and Idaho (two), USA. Farms A and C grazed cows on pasture and supplemented with 7.0 kg/cow per day of their respective grain mixes during summer, while conserved forage and grain mix was fed during winter. Farm B fed a total mixed diet all year, with 10% of diet dry matter as fresh cut pasture during summer. Farm D had 1/3 of its cows grazed on pasture and supplemented with a total mixed diet during summer, while the rest were fed a total mixed diet. All cows in Farm D were fed a total mixed diet during winter. Farms A, B, C, and D had on average 80, 400, 150, and 500 milking cows, respectively, with Holstein or its crosses as the major breed. On a year-round basis, Farms A and C produced milk with 60% or more milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA and transvaccenic acid (TVA) contents than Farm B. Similarly, Farm D produced 30% or more c-9, t-11 CLA and TVA in milk than Farm B. Milk fat content of CLA and TVA was 150-200% more during summer compared with winter. Individual cows varied from 0.16 to 2.22% in milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA contents and 89% of the cows had c-9, t-11 CLA contents between 0.3 and 1.0% of milk fat. Individual cow variation was larger on Farms A and C compared with Farm D, with least variation on Farm B. Variation was larger in summer than in winter. The bulk tank milk c-9, t-11 CLA content varied from 0.27 to 1.35% of milk fat. Cows on Farms A and C produced similar or higher amounts of milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA on a daily basis even though their milk yield was lowest among the dairies. Concentration and supplies of c-9, t-11 CLA and TVA were highest from June through September and lowest from February through April, which should be the months for targeting improvement in the content and supply of milk fat c-9, t-11 CLA and TVA.

Staged development of long-lived T-cell receptor αβ T_H17 resident memory T-cell population to <i>Candida albicans</i> after skin infection

Park, Chang Ook,Fu, Xiujun,Jiang, Xiaodong,Pan, Youdong,Teague, Jessica E.,Collins, Nicholas,Tian, Tian,O'Malley, John T.,Emerson, Ryan O.,Kim, Ji Hye,Jung, Yookyung,Watanabe, Rei,Fuhlbrigge, Robert C Elsevier 2018 The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology Vol.142 No.2

<P><B>Background</B></P> <P> <I>Candida albicans</I> is a dimorphic fungus to which human subjects are exposed early in life, and by adulthood, it is part of the mycobiome of skin and other tissues. Neonatal skin lacks resident memory T (T<SUB>RM</SUB>) cells, but in adults the <I>C albicans</I> skin test is a surrogate for immunocompetence. Young adult mice raised under specific pathogen-free conditions are naive to <I>C albicans</I> and have been shown recently to have an immune system resembling that of neonatal human subjects.</P> <P><B>Objective</B></P> <P>We studied the evolution of the adaptive cutaneous immune response to <I>Candida</I> species.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>We examined both human skin T cells and the <I>de novo</I> and memory immune responses in a mouse model of <I>C albicans</I> skin infection.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>In mice the initial IL-17–producing cells after <I>C albicans</I> infection were dermal γδ T cells, but by day 7, αβ T<SUB>H</SUB>17 effector T cells were predominant. By day 30, the majority of <I>C albicans</I>–reactive IL-17–producing T cells were CD4 T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells. Intravital microscopy showed that CD4 effector T cells were recruited to the site of primary infection and were highly motile 10 days after infection. Between 30 and 90 days after infection, these CD4 T cells became increasingly sessile, acquired expression of CD69 and CD103, and localized to the papillary dermis. These established T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells produced IL-17 on challenge, whereas motile migratory memory T cells did not. T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells rapidly clear an infectious challenge with <I>C albicans</I> more effectively than recirculating T cells, although both populations participate. We found that in normal human skin IL-17–producing CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells that responded to <I>C albicans</I> in an MHC class II–restricted fashion could be identified readily.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>These studies demonstrate that <I>C albicans</I> infection of skin preferentially generates CD4<SUP>+</SUP> IL-17–producing T<SUB>RM</SUB> cells, which mediate durable protective immunity.</P>

Anisotropic Magnetization and Charge Density Wave in a Na0.78CoO2 Single Crystal

이종수,J. B. Peng,S. M. Lee,C. T. Lin 한국물리학회 2008 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.52 No.2

Single crystals of γ-Na0.78CoO2 were grown using the floating zone method. The static magnetic susceptibility M/H(T) of Na0.78CoO2 showed significant anisotropic behavior for different crystal orientations of H ∥ (ab) and H ∥ (c). While (M/H)ab(T) for a magnetic field H= 1 T in an ab-plane followed the Curie-Weiss law at high temperatures (T ≥ 100 K), (M/H)c(T) for H ∥ c-axis deviated from Curie-Weiss behavior, which may be understood by using phonon localization from strong electron-phonon coupling. The impurity spin-1/2 effect, dressed by spin fluctuation, was significant at low temperatures (T ≤ 30 K) for both field orientations of H ∥ (ab) and H ∥ (c). The electrical resistivity ρ(T) of Na0.78CoO2 showed a clear metallic character down to 16 K, with a weak increase in the resistivity ρ(T) at low temperatures T ≤ 16 K). The gap-like behavior of ρ(T) was insensitive to applied magnetic fields up to 7 T, which indicates a non-degenerate charge gap. The electrical conductivity σ(T) followed the density wave behavior with a small energy gap (0.64 meV) at low temperatures. We discussed the electrical resistivity ρ(T)$ and the anisotropic M/H(T) behavior of Na0.78CoO2 in terms of the charge density wave and a strong electron-phonon interaction. Single crystals of γ-Na0.78CoO2 were grown using the floating zone method. The static magnetic susceptibility M/H(T) of Na0.78CoO2 showed significant anisotropic behavior for different crystal orientations of H ∥ (ab) and H ∥ (c). While (M/H)ab(T) for a magnetic field H= 1 T in an ab-plane followed the Curie-Weiss law at high temperatures (T ≥ 100 K), (M/H)c(T) for H ∥ c-axis deviated from Curie-Weiss behavior, which may be understood by using phonon localization from strong electron-phonon coupling. The impurity spin-1/2 effect, dressed by spin fluctuation, was significant at low temperatures (T ≤ 30 K) for both field orientations of H ∥ (ab) and H ∥ (c). The electrical resistivity ρ(T) of Na0.78CoO2 showed a clear metallic character down to 16 K, with a weak increase in the resistivity ρ(T) at low temperatures T ≤ 16 K). The gap-like behavior of ρ(T) was insensitive to applied magnetic fields up to 7 T, which indicates a non-degenerate charge gap. The electrical conductivity σ(T) followed the density wave behavior with a small energy gap (0.64 meV) at low temperatures. We discussed the electrical resistivity ρ(T)$ and the anisotropic M/H(T) behavior of Na0.78CoO2 in terms of the charge density wave and a strong electron-phonon interaction.

Activated T Cells Secrete an Alternatively Spliced Form of Common γ-Chain that Inhibits Cytokine Signaling and Exacerbates Inflammation

Hong, C.,Luckey, Megan A.,Ligons, Davinna L.,Waickman, Adam T.,Park, J.Y.,Kim, Grace Y.,Keller, Hilary R.,Etzensperger, R.,Tai, X.,Lazarevic, V.,Feigenbaum, L.,Catalfamo, M.,Walsh, Scott T.R.,Park, J. Cell Press 2014 Immunity Vol.40 No.6

The common γ-chain (γc) plays a central role in signaling by IL-2 and other γc-dependent cytokines. Here we report that activated T cells produce an alternatively spliced form of γc mRNA that results in protein expression and secretion of the γc extracellular domain. The soluble form of γc (sγc) is present in serum and directly binds to IL-2Rβ and IL-7Rα proteins on T cells to inhibit cytokine signaling and promote inflammation. sγc suppressed IL-7 signaling to impair naive T cell survival during homeostasis and exacerbated Th17-cell-mediated inflammation by inhibiting IL-2 signaling upon T cell activation. Reciprocally, the severity of Th17-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases was markedly diminished in mice lacking sγc. Thus, sγc expression is a naturally occurring immunomodulator that regulates γc cytokine signaling and controls T cell activation and differentiation.

Shewanella fodinae sp. nov., isolated from a coal mine and from a marine lagoon

Sravan Kumar, R.,Sasi Jyothsna, T. S.,Sasikala, Ch.,Seong, C. N.,Lim, C. H.,Park, S. C.,Ramana, Ch. V. Microbiology Society 2010 International journal of systematic and evolutiona Vol.60 No.7

<P>Strains JC15<SUP>T</SUP> and JC19 were isolated from samples collected from different locations in India, including a coal mine and a marine lagoon. Both strains were Gram-stain-negative rods, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, catalase- and oxidase-positive, and hydrolysed casein, produced H2S and showed <I>β</I>-haemolysis. Strain JC15<SUP>T</SUP> grew optimally at pH 6 (range pH 5-8) while strain JC19 grew optimally at pH 7 (range pH 6-9) and both had a growth temperature optimum of 30-37 °C (range 22-40 °C). Both strains could grow chemo-organoheterotrophically and chemolithoautotrophically. Neither strain required NaCl for growth and both could tolerate up to 9 % (w/v) NaCl, with optimum growth at 5 % NaCl. Vitamin B12 was required as a growth factor by both strains. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C17 : 1<I>ω</I>8<I>c</I> and iso-C13 : 0 3-OH. The DNA G<I>+</I>C contents of strains JC15<SUP>T</SUP> and JC19 were 53.6 and 54.3 mol%, respectively. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strains JC15<SUP>T</SUP> and JC19 were most closely related to <I>Shewanella haliotis</I> DW01<SUP>T</SUP> (approximately 94 % sequence similarity) and to other members of the genus <I>Shewanella.</I> Genomic relatedness (DNA-DNA hybridization) between strains JC15<SUP>T</SUP> and JC19 is 88 %. On the basis of phenotypic and molecular genetic evidence, strain JC15<SUP>T</SUP> represents a novel species of the genus <I>Shewanella</I>, for which the name <I>Shewanella fodinae</I> sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC15<SUP>T</SUP> (=CCUG 57102<SUP>T</SUP> =NBRC 105216<SUP>T</SUP> =KCTC 22506<SUP>T</SUP>).</P>

Influence of Supplementing Dairy Cows Grazing on Pasture with Feeds Rich in Linoleic Acid on Milk Fat Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Content

Khanal, R.C.,Dhiman, T.R.,Boman, R.L.,McMahon, D.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.9

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the hypothesis that cows grazing on pasture produce the highest proportion of c-9 t-11 CLA in milk fat and no further increase can be achieved through supplementation of diets rich in linoleic acid, such as full-fat extruded soybeans or soybean oil. In experiment 1, 18 lactating Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design with measurements made from wk 4 to 6 of the experiment. In experiment 2, three cannulated lactating Holstein cows were used in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. Each period was 4 wk with measurements made in the final wk of each period. Cows in both experiments were assigned at random to treatments: a, conventional total mixed ration (TMR); b, pasture (PS); or c, PS supplemented with 2.5 kg/cow per day of full-fat extruded soybeans (PES). In both experiments, feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, and fatty acid profile of milk and blood serum were measured, along with fatty acid composition of bacteria harvested from rumen digesta in experiment 2. In experiment 3, 10 cows which had continuously grazed a pasture for six weeks were assigned to two groups, with one group (n = 5) on pasture diet alone (PS) and the other group (n = 5) supplemented with 452 g of soy oil/cow per day for 7 d (OIL). In experiment 1, cows in PS treatment produced 350% more c-9, t-11 CLA compared with cows in TMR treatment (1.70 vs. 0.5% of fat), with no further increase for cows in PES treatment (1.50% of fat). Serum c-9, t-11 CLA increased by 233% in PS treatment compared with TMR treatment (0.21 vs. 0.09% of fat) with no further increase for cows in PES treatment (0.18% of fat). In experiment 2, cows in PS treatment produced 300% more c-9 t-11 CLA in their milk fat compared with cows in TMR treatment (1.77 vs. 0.59% of fat), but no further increase for cows in PES treatment (1.84% of fat) was observed. Serum c-9, t-11 CLA increased by 250% for cows in PS treatment compared with cows in TMR treatment (0.27 vs. 0.11% of fat), with no further increase for cows in PES treatment (0.31% of fat). The c-9, t-11 CLA content of ruminal bacteria for cows in PS treatment was 200% or more of TMR treatment, but no further increase in bacterial c-9, t-11 CLA for cows in PES treatment was observed. Supplementation of soy oil in experiment 3 also did not increase the c-9 t-11 CLA content of milk fat compared with cows fed a full pasture diet (1.60 vs. 1.54% of fat). Based on these findings, it was concluded that supplementing with feeds rich in linoleic acid, such as full-fat extruded soybeans or an equivalent amount of soy oil, to cows grazing perennial ryegrass pasture may not increase milk fat c-9 t-11 CLA contents.

Unusual Critical Behavior in La_1.2Sr_1.8Mn₂O₇ Single Crystal

Thanh, Tran Dang,Xuan Hau, Kieu,Huyen Yen, Pham Duc,Manh, T. V.,Yu, S. C.,Phan, T. L.,Telegin, A.,Telegin, S.,Naumov, S. IEEE 2018 IEEE transactions on magnetics Vol.54 No.11

<P>In this paper, we present a detailed analysis on the critical behavior of La<SUB>1.2</SUB>Sr<SUB>1.8</SUB>Mn<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> single crystal via isothermal magnetization measured at different temperatures around the paramagnetic–ferromagnetic phase transition at <TEX>$T_{C} = 85$</TEX> K. Using the Landau–Lifshitz coefficients, the Arrott plots ( <TEX>$H/M = a(T) + b(T)M^{2}$</TEX>) of sample have been analyzed. It showed that a(T) changed from positive to negative values at different temperatures in the field ranges of <TEX>$H = 0$</TEX>–10, 10–30, and 30–50 kOe, indicating that the critical behavior could not be described with a single model under different applied fields. Through the modified Arrott plots method, the Kouvel–Fisher method, and the critical isotherm analysis, we determined the values of the critical exponents for La<SUB>1.2</SUB>Sr<SUB>1.8</SUB>Mn<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB> around its magnetic phase transition over different magnetic field ranges. The critical exponent <TEX>$\beta $</TEX> value is found to be 0.501, 0.417, and 0.371 under field ranges of <TEX>$H = 0$</TEX>–10, 10–30, and 30–50 kOe, respectively. This means that the <TEX>$\beta $</TEX> value depends strongly on the strength of the applied field, shifting from the value approaching that of the mean field model ( <TEX>$\beta = 0.5$</TEX>) to the 3-D-Heisenbeg model ( <TEX>$\beta = 0.365$</TEX>). Meanwhile, its <TEX>$\gamma $</TEX> value is quite stable ( <TEX>$\gamma =0.973$</TEX>–1.074), almost independent on the choice of field fitting range. In addition, using the reduced temperature <TEX>$\varepsilon = (T-T_{C}$</TEX>)/ <TEX>$T_{C}$</TEX> and the obtained critical exponents, almost <TEX>$M(H, T$</TEX>) data measured near <TEX>$T_{C}$</TEX> obey the scaling equation <TEX>$M(H, \varepsilon) = \varepsilon ^{\boldsymbol {\beta }}f_{\pm }(H/\varepsilon ^{\boldsymbol {\beta +\gamma }}$</TEX>), where <TEX>$f_{+}$</TEX> and <TEX>$f_{-}$</TEX> are regular analytic functions corresponding to data at <TEX>$T > T_{C}$</TEX> and <TEX>$T < T_{C}$</TEX>, respectively.</P>

Effects of Different Fatty Acids and Levels on the Lipogenesis Capacity and Lipolysis Rate of Broilers In Vitro

Lien, T.F.,Wu, C.P.,Chen, K.L.,Yang, K.H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.9

This study investigated the lipogenesis capacity of hepatocytes and lipolysis rate of adipocytes of broilers as affected by different fatty acids (trial one) and different linoleic acid (C18:2) levels (trial two). Twenty 6-wk old broilers were used; their hepatocytes and adipocytes were isolated for the in vitro study. In trial one, four treatments were tested. The control group in which no fatty acid was added, and the test groups to which were added $300{\mu}M$ of C16:0, C18:1 and C18:2, respectively. For trial two, different levels (0, $300{\mu}M$ and 1 mM) of C18:2 combined to fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) were added to the medium. According to results of trial one, added fatty acids significantly reduced the incorporation by hepatocytes of [U,$^{14}C$]glucose into total lipid (p<0.05); the lipogenesis capacity in C18:2 group was the lowest. Although a similar pattern was found with [l,$^{14}C$]acetate, the groups only slightly differed in terms of lipogenesis capacity (p=0.11). In addition, the C18:2 group had a significantly (p<0.05) greater lipolysis rate than the C16:0 and control groups. Results of trial two indicated that C18:2 significantly (p<0.05) reduced lipogenesis capacity both for [U,$^{14}C$]glucose and [l,$^{14}C$]acetate, and markedly stimulated the lipolysis rate (p<0.05), displaying a dose response. Results presented herein demonstrate that C18:2 can reduce lipogenesis capacity and stimulate the lipolysis rate in broilers.

소 c-KIT Receptor 유전자의 다형성에 관한 연구

장요순,김태헌,윤두학,박응우,이혜원,이학교,정일정 한국동물자원과학회 2002 한국축산학회지 Vol.44 No.6

소의 흰 반점 관련 후보유전자로 c-KIT receptor 유전자를 선정하여, c-KIT receptor 유전자내의 변이를 탐색하고 변이가 흰반점 표현형과 연관성이 있는지를 분석하였다. 한우, Angus, Brown Swiss, Charolais, Hereford, Holstein, Limousin 및 Simmental 등 8개 품종의 DNA 시료를 사용하여 c-KIT receptor 유전자의 intron 6번 영역에서 다형성을 조사하고 분석하였다. c-KIT receptor 유전자의 intron 6번 영역에서는 4개의 염기치환이 발견되어, MspⅠ, BsrBⅠ 및 NdeⅠ 제한효소를 이용하여 PCR-RFLP 분석을 실시하였다. Intron 6번을 포함하는 영역의 PCR 산물 크기는 2,440 bp 이었다. MspⅠ다형성은 PCR-RFLP 분석 결과 3개의 대립유전자가 존재하였으며, 한우품종에서는 3개의 대립유전자 모두가 발견되었고, CC 형태이 유전자형을 제외한 5개의 유전자형 (AA, AB, AC, BC 및 BB)을 확인하였다. Angus, Brown Swiss, Hereford, Holstein 및 Simmental 품종에서는 A 대립유전자만을 갖는 것으로 조사되었고, 한우는 44%만 AA 유전자형을 나타내었다. BsrBⅠ 다형성은 2개의 대립유전자로서 3개의 유전자형이 나타나는 것을 확인하였으며, Charolais 및 Hereford 품종이 다른 소 품종에 비하여 A 대립유전자의 빈도가 높게 나타났다. NdeⅠ 다형성을 분석한 결과 Brown Swiss 품종에서는 NdeⅠ에 의해 절단되는 형태인 A 대립유전자만 관찰되었으며, Holstein 품종은 92%, Simmental 품종은 72%가 절단되는 형태를 나타내어, 모색이 흰색을 띠는 소 품종에서 절단되는 형태가 많았다. 소 c-KIT receptor 유전자의 intron 6번 영역에서 확인된 4개의 염기치환은 품종에 따라 다른 빈도를 보였으나, 이들 염기치환과 흰 반점과의 연관성에 대한 증거는 발견하지 못하였다. 그러므로 소의 흰 반점과 c-KIT receptor 유전자 내의 변이와의 관련성은 다른 영역에 대한 추가적인 분석과, 이미 보고된 다른 모색관련 유전자의 다형성과의 연관성 분석 등과 같은 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다. We considered KIT gene as a candidate gene for the white-spotting pattern in cattle. This study was carried out to detect genetic variation of c-KIT receptor gene and to investigate association between the mutation and the white-spotting pattern in cattle. PCR-RFLP analysis within intron 6 of c-KIT receptor gene were performed with 8 cattle breeds including Hanwoo, Angus, Brown Swiss, Charolais, Hereford, Holstein, Limousin and Simmental. When PCR product of approximately 2,440 bp including intron 6 of c-KIT receptor gene was sequenced, four nucleotide substitutions were found within intron 6 of the bovine c-KIT receptor gene. In PCR-RFLP analysis, three alleles (A, B and C), two alleles (A and B) and two alleles (A and B) at each locus were identified by Msp Ⅰ, BsrBⅠ and NdeⅠ, respectively. Although frequencies of allele at each locus were different among cattle breeds, we could not get any evidence related with white or white spotting phenotypes in these mutations on intron 6 of c-KIT receptor gene. However, we can not entirely exclude the possibility that c-KIT receptor gene is responsible for white spotting phenotype in cattle. Thus, further studies need to detect other mutations in c-KIT receptor gene and to test association of those mutations and coat color phenotypes in cattle.