Studies on Filariasis in Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands, Republic of China

Fan,P.C.,Wang,Y.C.,Liu,J.C.,Lo,H.S.,Hsu,Y.P.,Yen,C.H.,Lin,C.C.,Hsu,S.T. INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE YONSEI UNIVERSITY 1974 YONSEI REPORTS ON TROPICAL MEDICINE Vol.5 No.1

1972年 7月 1日부터 1973年 6月 30日까지 1年間 中華民國 臺?省 金門鳥에서 絲狀 症에 關한 調査硏究를 實施한 바 다음과 같은 結果를 얻었다. 1. 金門鳥 55村落에 居住하는 20,018 住民을 對象으로 調査한 바 血中 microfilariae (mf.) 兩性率은 8.8%였고 血液 20立方mm當 mf농도는 16.2였으며 絲狀 感染으로 因 臨床例 는 19.2%였다. 金門鳥 駐屯 軍人 2,428名에서 mf.양성율은 0.1%, mf. 감염농도는 20立方mm當 26.3이었으며 臨床例는 없었다. mf.感染濃度 및 臨床例에 있어 확실히 女性보다는 男性에서 高率을 보였으나 mf.陽性率은 兩性間에 差異가 없었다. mf.陽性率과 臨床例는 年齡의 增加와 一致하였으나 mf. 감렴농도는 年齡의 증가와 無關하였다. 2. 金文鳥 駐屯 軍人에 있어 주둔 其間과 絲狀 感染과는 關係가 없었으며 駐屯基地와 村落과의 距離와도 無關하였다. 軍人들은 모기에 물리지 않도록 잘 保護되어 있었고 주둔지역은 完全히 住民들과 격리되어 있었다. 3. 51村落으로부터의 血液檢査를 받은 1,470名의 絲狀 感染陽性者 中에서 臨床病勢르 보인 例는 19.2%였으며 女性보다는 男性에서 約 5倍가 많았다. 男性에 있어서의 大部分의 臨床例는 生殖器에 症狀을 보였는데 其中 10%는 象皮症을 가진 例는 2名뿐이었다. 4. 43村落의 家屋內에서 잡힌 모기는 4屬 14種(Culex 10種, Aedes 2種, Anopheles 1種, Armigeres 1種)이었으며 이들中 Cules P. fatigans와 Armigeres subalbatus가 大部分이었으나 其他 12種은 매우 적었다. Culcx mimesticus, C. (L) vorax, C. fuscocephala 및 Acdes nocturnus등 의 4新種은 처음으로 發見되었다. Culex p.fatigans는 現存「반크롭트」 絲狀 만을 옮기는 媒介昆 으로 알려져 있다. 治療前 8個 村落으로부터 잡은 438마리의 Culex p. fatigans에서 幼 을 內包하고 있는 모기는 1마리 平均 5.9마리의 絲狀 幼 을 갖고 있는 셈이었으며 全體 感染率은 11.9%, 感染期 幼 을 가진 모기는 10.5%이었다. 上記 8個 村落 住民을 治癒한 後의 樣狀은 治療前과 아주 달라서 모기 1마리當 平均 2.1마리의 幼 을 갖고 있었고 全體感染率은 2.2%, 感染期幼 內包率은 0.09%였다. 平均 pH가 7.4(6.4∼8.0)인 8個處의 모기 産卵場所에서 잡힌 모기 幼 은 모두 11種이었다. 有機燐劑의 一種인 Sumithion을 1平方m當 0.2gm의 농도로 모기 産卵場所 水面에 撒布하였던바 모든 모기 幼 에 對한 殺 果가 좋았다. 5. 總 1.590名의 絲狀 感染者에게 成人當 總量 5gm의 diethylcarbamazine을 10∼12日 間 服用시켜 보았다. 治療率은 80.6%, mf. 減少率은 96.9%였고 反應率는 67.2%였다. 여러 가지 副作用은 있었으나 一般的으로 輕微하였으며 患者가 참을 수 있었으므로 最高用量으로 投藥했을 경우에도 大部分 거절 하지 않았다. 8個 部落에서 捕獲된 Culex P. fatigans의 絲狀 幼 全體感染率, 感染期幼 內包率 및 感染濃度는 患者治療前에 各各 11.9%, 10.5%, 5.9였는데 治療後에는 2.2%, 0.09%, 2.1로 떨어져서 diethylcarbamazine은 microfilariae에 對한 殺충효果가 높을 뿐 아니라 絲狀충 만延을 組止시키는데 좋은 藥劑라고 思料된다 The present investigation is a serial study on “Filariasis in Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands”, which was performed from July 1, 1972 to June 30, 1973. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Parasitological investigation: Of 20,018 Kinmen Chinese in 55 villages examined, the microfilariae (mf.) rate of 8.8%, mf. density of 16.2 per 20cmm blood and clinical rate 19.2% were found: the corresponding figures for a total of 2,428 military personnel were 0.1%, 29.3 and 0.0% respectively. The mf. density and clinical rate were obviously higher in the males than in the females, but no difference was found for the microfilarial rate. The mf. rate and clinical rate were correspondingly increased with age, but there was no difference in mf. density. 2. Transmission of filariasis: It seems no any relation to the length of stationing of the Chinese troops on Kinmen Islands, and also no relation to the distance between the villages and camps; because the servicemen are well protected from the mosquito bites and bites and the camps are completely isolated, to and off limit to the villagers, though they have common places of entertainment. 3. Clinical investigation: Of 1,470 filarial carriers in 51 villages examined physically, the clinical rate of 19.2% was detected. It was about 5 times higher in males than in females. In the males, most of the cases the trouble in their reproductive organs, and 10% had elephantiasis; but in the females, the lymph nodes enlargement and chyluria were more common, only 2 cases had elephantiasis. The clinical rates increased corresponding with age. 4. Entomological investigation: Fourteen(14) species of 4 genera (10 Culex, 2 Aedes, 1 Anopheles and 1 Armigeres) of household mosquitoes were collected from indoor resting sites of 43 villages on kinmen Islands, in which, Cules P. fatigans and Armigeres subalbatus were the most common species, but the remaining 12 species are faily rare. Four (4) new species: Culex mimeticus, C. (L) vorax, C, fucocephala and Aedes noturnvs were found for the first time. Culex p.fatigans is still the only vector. in transmission of bancroftian filariasis. The infection rate of 11.9%, infective rate of 10.5% and 5.9 filarial larvae per infected mosquito were detected in 438 Culex p. fatigans from 8 villages before treatment. The corresponding figures were much lower in the above same villages after treatment (2.2%, 0.09% and 2.1). Eleven (11) species of moswquito larvae were collected from 8 kinds of breeding sites; where, the pH value of 7.4(ranged 6.4∼8.0) was measured. “Sumithion”is one of the organophosphorous compounds, which was first used on the water surface with the dosage of 0.2gm per square meter.A high insecticidal effect against different species of mosquito larvae was observed. 5. Chemotherapy of filariasis: Of 1.590 filarial carriers scheme, with a total does of 5 gm of diethylcarbamazine per adult case for a period of 10∼12 days schedule was performed. The cure rate of 80.6%, mf. reduction tate of 96.9% and reaction rate of 67.2% were found. Although many kinds of side effects were encountered, they were usually mild or transient and could be tolerated by the patients, thus there was almost no refused to the administration of the drug even if the drug was increased to the maximum dosage. The natural infection rate, infective rate and filarial larval density of Culex P. fatigans in 8 villages were found much higher before control measure (11.9%, 10.5% and 5.9%) than after control (2.2%, 0.09% and 2.1). It showed that diethylcarbamazine is a powerful microfilaricidal drug in eliminating the filarial infection and reducing this transmission.

Distribution of stress state in the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan and a comparison with Japan Trench

Lin, W.,Byrne, T.B.,Kinoshita, M.,McNeill, L.C.,Chang, C.,Lewis, J.C.,Yamamoto, Y.,Saffer, D.M.,Casey Moore, J.,Wu, H.Y.,Tsuji, T.,Yamada, Y.,Conin, M.,Saito, S.,Ito, T.,Tobin, H.J.,Kimura, G.,Kanagaw Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co 2016 Tectonophysics Vol.692 No.2

<P>To better understand the distribution of three dimensional stress states in the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan, we review various stress-related investigations carried out in the first and second stage expeditions of the Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) and compile the stress data. Overall, the maximum principal stress sigma(l) in the shallower levels (<similar to 1 km) is vertical from near the center of forearc basin to near the trench and; the maximum horizontal stress S-Hmax (interpreted to be the intermediate principal stress sigma(2)) is generally parallel to the plate convergence vector. The exception to this generalization occurs along the shelf edge of the Nankai margin where S-Hmax, is along strike rather than parallel to the plate convergence vector. Reorientation of the principal stresses at deeper levels (e.g., >similar to 1 km below seafloor or in underlying accretionary prism) with sigma(1) becoming horizontal is also suggested at all deeper drilling sites. We also make a comparison of the stress state in the hanging wall of the frontal plate-interface between Site C0066 in the Nankai and Site C0019 in the Japan Trench subduction zone drilled after the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. In the Japan Trench, a comparison between stress state before and after the 2011 mega-earthquake shows that the stress changed from compression before the earthquake to extension after the earthquake. As a result of the comparison between the Nankai Trough and Japan Trench, a similar current stress state with trench parallel extension was recognized at both C0006 and C0019 sites. Hypothetically, this may indicate that in Nankai Trough it is still in an early stage of the interseismic cycle of a great earthquake which occurs on the decollement and propagates to the toe (around site C0006). (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>

Optical Characterization of ZnMnO Thin Films on c-Al2O3

H. J. LIN,D. Y. Lin,J. S. Wu,W. C. CHOU,C. S. YANG,J. S. WANG,W. H. Lo 한국물리학회 2008 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.53 No.1

Various optical measurement technologies have ben used to characterize ZnMnO thin filmswith different Mn compositions grown by molecular beam epitaxy(MBE) on c-Al2O3 substrates. Thelat- tice constant and the crystalization quality have ben evaluated by using X-ray diraction (XRD). Photoluminescence (PL) has ben used to reveal the neutral-donor-bound exciton (D0X) and to checkthelm'squality. Defect-relatedabsorptionsignatures,inadditiontonear-band-edgeabsorp- tion, due to the zinc vacancy and the donor-aceptor pair (DAP) have ben found in the surface photovoltagespectra(SPS).Freexcitonictransitionsandtheirphonon-asistedreplicashaveben observed in the re ectance spectra. Our experimental results not only unveil specic optical tran- sitionenergies but also indicate arapid materiald deterioration whenMn incorporation goes beyond a certain amount to cause manganese segregation. Various optical measurement technologies have ben used to characterize ZnMnO thin filmswith different Mn compositions grown by molecular beam epitaxy(MBE) on c-Al2O3 substrates. Thelat- tice constant and the crystalization quality have ben evaluated by using X-ray diraction (XRD). Photoluminescence (PL) has ben used to reveal the neutral-donor-bound exciton (D0X) and to checkthelm'squality. Defect-relatedabsorptionsignatures,inadditiontonear-band-edgeabsorp- tion, due to the zinc vacancy and the donor-aceptor pair (DAP) have ben found in the surface photovoltagespectra(SPS).Freexcitonictransitionsandtheirphonon-asistedreplicashaveben observed in the re ectance spectra. Our experimental results not only unveil specic optical tran- sitionenergies but also indicate arapid materiald deterioration whenMn incorporation goes beyond a certain amount to cause manganese segregation.

Anisotropic Magnetization and Charge Density Wave in a Na0.78CoO2 Single Crystal

이종수,J. B. Peng,S. M. Lee,C. T. Lin 한국물리학회 2008 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.52 No.2

Single crystals of γ-Na0.78CoO2 were grown using the floating zone method. The static magnetic susceptibility M/H(T) of Na0.78CoO2 showed significant anisotropic behavior for different crystal orientations of H ∥ (ab) and H ∥ (c). While (M/H)ab(T) for a magnetic field H= 1 T in an ab-plane followed the Curie-Weiss law at high temperatures (T ≥ 100 K), (M/H)c(T) for H ∥ c-axis deviated from Curie-Weiss behavior, which may be understood by using phonon localization from strong electron-phonon coupling. The impurity spin-1/2 effect, dressed by spin fluctuation, was significant at low temperatures (T ≤ 30 K) for both field orientations of H ∥ (ab) and H ∥ (c). The electrical resistivity ρ(T) of Na0.78CoO2 showed a clear metallic character down to 16 K, with a weak increase in the resistivity ρ(T) at low temperatures T ≤ 16 K). The gap-like behavior of ρ(T) was insensitive to applied magnetic fields up to 7 T, which indicates a non-degenerate charge gap. The electrical conductivity σ(T) followed the density wave behavior with a small energy gap (0.64 meV) at low temperatures. We discussed the electrical resistivity ρ(T)$ and the anisotropic M/H(T) behavior of Na0.78CoO2 in terms of the charge density wave and a strong electron-phonon interaction. Single crystals of γ-Na0.78CoO2 were grown using the floating zone method. The static magnetic susceptibility M/H(T) of Na0.78CoO2 showed significant anisotropic behavior for different crystal orientations of H ∥ (ab) and H ∥ (c). While (M/H)ab(T) for a magnetic field H= 1 T in an ab-plane followed the Curie-Weiss law at high temperatures (T ≥ 100 K), (M/H)c(T) for H ∥ c-axis deviated from Curie-Weiss behavior, which may be understood by using phonon localization from strong electron-phonon coupling. The impurity spin-1/2 effect, dressed by spin fluctuation, was significant at low temperatures (T ≤ 30 K) for both field orientations of H ∥ (ab) and H ∥ (c). The electrical resistivity ρ(T) of Na0.78CoO2 showed a clear metallic character down to 16 K, with a weak increase in the resistivity ρ(T) at low temperatures T ≤ 16 K). The gap-like behavior of ρ(T) was insensitive to applied magnetic fields up to 7 T, which indicates a non-degenerate charge gap. The electrical conductivity σ(T) followed the density wave behavior with a small energy gap (0.64 meV) at low temperatures. We discussed the electrical resistivity ρ(T)$ and the anisotropic M/H(T) behavior of Na0.78CoO2 in terms of the charge density wave and a strong electron-phonon interaction.

<i>ITGB6</i> loss-of-function mutations cause autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta

Wang, Shih-Kai,Choi, Murim,Richardson, Amelia S.,Reid, Bryan M.,Lin, Brent P.,Wang, Susan J.,Kim, Jung-Wook,Simmer, James P.,Hu, Jan C.-C. Oxford University Press 2014 Human Molecular Genetics Vol.23 No.8

<P>Integrins are cell-surface adhesion receptors that bind to extracellular matrices (ECM) and mediate cell–ECM interactions. Some integrins are known to play critical roles in dental enamel formation. We recruited two Hispanic families with generalized hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). Analysis of whole-exome sequences identified three <I>integrin beta 6</I> (<I>ITGB6</I>) mutations responsible for their enamel malformations. The female proband of Family 1 was a compound heterozygote with an <I>ITGB6</I> transition mutation in Exon 4 (g.4545G > A c.427G > A p.Ala143Thr) and an <I>ITGB6</I> transversion mutation in Exon 6 (g.27415T > A c.825T > A p.His275Gln). The male proband of Family 2 was homozygous for an <I>ITGB6</I> transition mutation in Exon 11 (g.73664C > T c.1846C > T p.Arg616*) and hemizygous for a transition mutation in Exon 6 of <I>Nance–Horan Syndrome</I> (<I>NHS</I> Xp22.13; g.355444T > C c.1697T > C p.Met566Thr). These are the first disease-causing <I>ITGB6</I> mutations to be reported. Immunohistochemistry of mouse mandibular incisors localized ITGB6 to the distal membrane of differentiating ameloblasts and pre-ameloblasts, and then ITGB6 appeared to be internalized by secretory stage ameloblasts. ITGB6 expression was strongest in the maturation stage and its localization was associated with ameloblast modulation. Our findings demonstrate that early and late amelogenesis depend upon cell–matrix interactions. Our approach (from knockout mouse phenotype to human disease) demonstrates the power of mouse reverse genetics in mutational analysis of human genetic disorders and attests to the need for a careful dental phenotyping in large-scale knockout mouse projects.</P>

Effects of catalysts on structural and adsorptive properties of iron oxide-silica nanocomposites

Cătălin Ianăși,Paula Ianăși (b. Svera),Adina Negrea,Mihaela Ciopec,Oleksandr I. Ivankov,Alexander I. Kuklin,László Almásy,Ana-Maria Putz 한국화학공학회 2021 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.38 No.2

Iron oxide-silica nanocomposites were prepared by sol-gel method using ammonia (NH3), acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) catalysts to generate different pH values for the reaction conditions. As starting precursors, for the silica, respectively, for the iron oxide, tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and iron-III-acetylacetonate were used. The physico-chemical characterization of the materials revealed that the sample obtained with HCl catalyst displays the largest surface area (300m2/g), the most compact network structure, highest surface roughness, biggest crystallite size (14 nm), magnetization (7 emu/g) and superparamagnetic behavior. These materials were tested for adsorption of Cr6+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solution. Sample M-HCl presented the highest surface area and was further used for adsorption of metal ions. Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium adsorption measurements studies were made for Cr6+ and Zn2+. To establish the material behavior from a thermodynamic point of view, temperature and contact time of adsorption process, activation energy, free energy, of standard enthalpy and entropy were calculated. The kinetic behavior was modelled by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models and the adsorption characteristics were determined by modelling the experimental data with Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherms.

Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions using inorganic porous nanocomposites

Cătălin Ianăşi,Mirela Picioruş,Roxana Nicola,Mihaela Ciopec,Adina Negrea,Daniel Nižňanský,Adél Len,László Almásy,Ana-Maria Putz 한국화학공학회 2019 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.36 No.5

The present paper reports a one-pot synthesis of magnetic nanocomposites samples through acid catalyzed sol-gel method. Fe(III) acetylacetonate was used as precursor of the iron oxide phase: tetraethylortosilicate for the silica phase and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, molecular mass 49000) as pore former. Different concentrations of Fe2O3 in composites matrices were prepared and studied ranging from 0% to 20%. All reactions took place in one pot at room temperature; the materials were subsequently heat treated at 300 oC, to ensure the crystallinity for the iron oxide having spinel structure, forming nanoparticles confined in the silica matrix. The materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction, small-angle neutron scattering, FT-IR spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption, Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetization measurements. The maximum value of room temperature saturation magnetization of ~54 emu/g and 0.11 kOe coercive field was achieved for the magnetic nanocomposite sample with 20% Fe2O3. The highest surface area of 680m2/g was obtained for the sample with 10% Fe2O3. The potential applicability of the obtained materials was studied for adsorption performance for cadmium in aqueous solutions. The Langmuir isotherm model described well the adsorption data, indicating monolayer adsorption of Cd(II) on the heterogeneous composite surface.

6면 프리즘 렌즈가 장착된 Lensmeter에서 시험 렌즈의 편심 위치 계산

Maria Lin,박종대,,조창호,김현규 배재대학교 자연과학연구소 2005 自然科學論文集 Vol.16 No.1

6면 프리즘 렌즈가 장착된 렌즈메터에서 상점의 위치로부터 시험렌즈의 편심의 위치를 알아 낼 수 있는 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 6개의 프리즘에 의해 형성되는 6개의 상점은 시험렌즈의 편심의 극좌표에 의해 변하게 되며, 비틀린 광선 추적으로 계산할 수 있다. 광학 설계 프로그램인 Code V를 사용하여 렌즈메터 광학계를 분석하고, 시험렌즈의 위치에 따른 상점의 위치 변화를 함수로 나타내서 역으로 상점의 위치로부터 시험렌즈의 편심의 위치를 알아낼 수 있는 방법을 개발하였다. We have developed an algorithm to determine the decenter position from the image points in a lensmeter with 6-sided prism lens. The positions of the image points which are formed by six prisms depends on the decenter position of a test lens and can be calculated by skew ray tracing. The optical characteristics of the lens meter was analyzed using the Code V program and the positions of the image points was expressed as a function of the decenter position of the test lens. By minimizing the expectation error, we can determine the decenter position of a test lens from the image positions.

E-Beam Processing of Collagen-Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) Double-Network Superabsorbent Hydrogels: Structural and Rheological Investigations

Maria Demeter,Ion Călina,Cătălin Vancea,Murat Şen,Mădălina Georgiana Albu Kaya,Elena Mănăilă,Marius Dumitru,Viorica Meltzer 한국고분자학회 2019 Macromolecular Research Vol.27 No.3

Collagen (C)-poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) double-network superabsorbent hydrogels were synthesized by e-beam (electron beam) radiation processing, both with the addition of water-soluble cross-linking agents (CA), as well as without CA. The aim of the study was to develop a hydrogel for future application as wound dressings via e-beam radiation cross-linking of two biocompatible polymers. The formation of C-PVP hydrogels was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and their performance was determined from morphological and rheological experiments, such as sol-gel analysis, swelling capacity, storage (G') and viscous (G'') moduli, cross-linking density, and pore size. Sol-gel analysis was performed in order to determine the gel properties as function of absorbed dose and it was found that the degradation density (p0)/cross-linking density (q0) ratio indicates a negligible contribution of chain scission processes. The rheological data confirmed that the elastic properties were predominant: G' moduli were larger than G'' moduli, as is specific to elastic solids and indicate the formation of a permanent hydrogel network were cross-links are present. Moreover, the swelling studies indicated that the hydrogels have good stability both in deionized water and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution at 37 oC, and superabsorbent properties. The hydrogels network parameters obtained with lower content of CA, could be controlled by changing the absorbed dose.

A novel small-molecule PPI inhibitor targeting integrin α_vβ₃-osteopontin interface blocks bone resorption in vitro and prevents bone loss in mice

Park, D.,Park, C.W.,Choi, Y.,Lin, J.,Seo, D.H.,Kim, H.S.,Lee, S.Y.,Kang, I.C. IPC Science and Technology Press 2016 Biomaterials Vol.98 No.-

<P>Small molecule-inhibition targeting protein-protein interaction (PPI) is now recognized as an emerging and challenging area in drug design. We developed a novel interactive drug discovery methodology known as Protein Chip technology (ProteoChip) as a cutting-edge PPI assay system applicable for unique PPI-targeting therapeutics integrated with computer-aided drug design (CADD). Here, we describe a novel small molecular PPI inhibitor, IPS-02001, which the blocks integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-osteopontin interface a novel PPI inhibitor identified by the interactive methodology of both ProteoChip- and CADD-based PPI assay. IPS-02001 (6,7-Dichloro-2,3,5,8-tetrahydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) was screened from different compound libraries (InterBioScreen, Commercial libraries) using an in silica structure-based molecular docking simulation method and a protein chip-based protein-protein interaction assay system. Additionally, integrin alpha(v)beta(3), an adhesion receptor expressed in osteoclasts (OCs), was implicated in the regulation of OC function via regulation of the cytoskeletal organization of OCs. IPS-02001 blocked OC maturation from murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, as well as the resorptive function of OCs. Moreover, treatment with IPS-02001 impaired downstream signaling of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) linked to Pyk2, c-Src, PLC gamma 2, and Vav3 and disrupted the actin cytoskeleton in mature OCs. Furthermore, IPS-02001 blocked RANKL-induced bone destruction by reducing the number of OCs and protected against ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice. Thus, IPS-02001 may represent a promising new class of anti-resorptive drugs for treatment of bone diseases associated with increased OC function. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>