원효의 『법화경』 삼거가와 사거가의 논쟁에 대한 관점-『법화종요』를 중심으로-

이병욱 ( Lee¸ Byung-wook ) 한국사상사학회 2021 韓國思想史學 Vol.- No.68

이 논문에서는 원효의 『법화경』 삼거가(三車家)와 사거가(四車家)에 대한 관점을 검토하였다. 『법화경』의 중요내용 가운데 하나가 삼승의 가르침이 궁극에는 일승에 돌아간다는 것이다. 그런데 이 내용을 「비유품」에서는 비유를 통해서 다시 설명하는데, 여기에 대승을 비유한 ‘소의 수레’와 일승을 비유한 ‘큰 흰 소의 수레가 등장한다. 중국의 여러 사상가들에게 ’소의 수레‘와 ’큰 흰 소의 수레‘가 같은 것인지 다른 것인지 논쟁이 생겼다. 원효는 『법화종요』에서 이 논쟁에 대해 자신의 관점을 제시한다. 우선, 원효는 화쟁사상적 근거로서 말에 집착하지 않을 것을 제시한다. 그리고서 3가지 화쟁의 견해를 주장한다. 첫째, 통(通)과 별(別)의 관점에서 화쟁하는 것이다. 이는 삼거가와 사거가의 견해가 일승을 인정하는 것과 이승을 인정하지 않는다는 점에서 다르지 않다는 것이다. 둘째, 삼거가의 관점에서 화쟁하는 것이다. 이는 성문과 연각이 실제가 아닌 점에 주안점을 두는 것이고, 이 점에서 삼거가와 사거가의 공통점이 있다는 것이다. 셋째, ‘통교삼승’과 ‘별교삼승’으로 구분해서 화쟁하는 것이다. 삼거가의 주장은 ‘통교삼승’의 관점에서 바라본 것이고, 사거가의 주장은 ‘별교삼승’의 관점에서 바라본 것이다. 이렇게 본다면 삼거가와 사거가의 주장은 서로 다른 관점에서 전개된 것이므로 서로 충돌한다고 볼 필요가 없다는 것이다. 이처럼 원효는 3가지 화쟁의 견해를 제시하면서도 셋째의 견해에 비중을 두고 있고, 또 셋째 견해 가운데서도 ‘별교삼승’에 비중을 두고 있다. 그래서 원효는 ‘별교삼승’의 관점에 대해 자세히 설명한다. 자세히 말하자면, 원효는 삼승의 인과(因果)가 일승으로 돌아가는 것을 4가지 경우로 나누어서 자세히 설명한다. 그리고 별교삼승의 개념에 ’인승‘과 ’천승‘이 포함되도록 한다. In this article, I will study on Wonhyo’s perspective of Lotus sutra’s three vehicle adherents and four vehicle adherents. One of the important contents of Lotus sutra is to unite three into one(會三歸一) which in Lotus sutra’s the chapter of parables explains through parable of bullock cart and great white-bullock cart. The various Buddhist thinkers in China argued whether bullock cart and great white-bullock cart is the same or different. In Doctrinal Essentials of the Lotus Sutra(法華宗要), Wonhyo presents his perspective on this debate. First, Wonhyo presents not to be attached with words as the basis of harmonization thought. And Wonhyo insists three harmonization. First, three vehicle adherents and four vehicle adherents are not different in that they admit one vehicle and they do not admit two vehicle. Second, three vehicle adherents and four vehicle adherents are not different in that two vehicle is not absolute reality. Third, three vehicle adherents and four vehicle adherents are presented from different perspective. So we do not think of them as to be in conflict. Three vehicle adherents is presented from shared teaching of the three vehicle and four vehicle adherents is presented from distinct teaching of the three vehicle. Wonhyo emphasizes distinct teaching of the three vehicle in third view while presents three harmonization like this. So Wonhyo explains distinct teaching of the three vehicle in detail. And Wonhyo let human vehicle and gods vehicle be included in distinct teaching of the three vehicle.

예수회 선교사 안드라데(António de Andrade)의 선교활동과 티베트 인식

崔炳旭 ( Choi¸ Byung-wook ) 명청사학회 2021 명청사연구 Vol.- No.56

The reason why Father António de Andrade was able to engage in missionary activities with the full support of the king of Guge in western Tibet where Tibetan Buddhism was dominant was because of the political and religious background in which there was a sharp confrontation between the Guge throne and Gelugpa Temple forces. But Andrade’s missionary activities ultimately failed in Ngari, Tibet. The first reason behind the failed missionary activities of Andrade in Tibet is likely because of the religious, political and natural circumstances of the Ngari region of Tibet. Ngari is the birthplace of the primitive religion of Tibet and the place where the later revival of Tibetan Buddhism began. Due to the traditional thoughts and Buddhist cultures, it was difficult for missionaries to spread the Christian gospel in a short period of time. Furthermore, preaching Christianity made conflicts with the existing secular forces and religious forces even fiercer, thus ending up in the failure of missionary activities. Moreover, it was difficult for missionaries to adapt to the climate of Tibet, making evangelism even harder. The second reason why missionary activities in Tibet failed was because of the situation of missionary activities and the method of its evangelism. Andrade worked hard alone at Tsaparang for a long period of time, but he later returned to Goa, India and took on the position of chair of the Society of Jesus in Goa, and was thus unable to focus solely on the Tsaparang mission. Furthermore, the missionary method focusing on the royal family was another cause for accelerating failure of their missionary activities. Furthermore, missionaries criticized Tibetan Buddhism and its priests based on bias and distortion about Buddhism, and it believed that Christianity could replace ‘wrong’ Buddhism in Tibet with the support of the king of Guge. Anyways, Andrade created the cornerstone for the Society of Jesus missions to Tibet based in terms of cultural history for East-West exchange. Furthermore, he was the first European to visit the unknown Tibetan world and make it known to Europe, and he can be called the progenitor of western studies on Tibet. Andrade’s missionary activities in Tibet became the platform for missions to the Ü-Tsang region, and it became the basis for Jesuits Estêvão Cacella and Juan Cabral to go on missions to the Shigatse region not long later. In the early 18th century, Jesuit Ippolito Desideri left many records while serving as missionaries to Lhasa, Tibet. The records he left behind on Tibet was much more objective and factual than Andrade’s records, thus being important data for understanding the situation of the times. Such missionary activities of Desideri followed Andrade, who pioneered the first mission to Tibet, and was because of the background in which the Society of Jesus tried to revive missions to Tibet.

An Introduction : Context-aware Computing for Secure Message Transmission System in M2M

Byungwook Jin 한국산학기술학회 2013 SmartCR Vol.3 No.6

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, also called object intelligence communication, is technology to communicate with similar wired or wireless devices. It requires features that enable operation without human intervention and communication through the network with small-scale, low-priced equipment for wide area networks, wireless local area networks, etc. However, due to the requirements of object-communication devices, M2M has become vulnerable in wireless communications, and there is also vulnerability due to difficulties in managing or controlling each device. So this paper designs a situational recognition system for device certificates in M2M systems and message privacy protection. The certification and registration program uses identity-based algorithms, and the situational recognition system is designed using convergence framework technology. It combats the problems by analyzing safety based on analysis of certification technology in existing M2M systems.

Introduction of Bioinformatics System for Massive Genomic Data Analysis

Byungwook LEE 한국생물공학회 2021 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

While next-generation sequencing (NGS) costs have fallen in recent years, cost and complication of computation remain substantial obstacles to the use of NGS in bio-medical care and genomic research. The rapidly increasing amounts of data available from the new high-throughput methods have made data processing without automated pipelines infeasible. Integration of data and analytic resources into workflow systems provides a solution to the problem, simplifying the task of data analysis. To address the challenge, we developed a cloud-based workflow management system, Bio-Express, to provide a fast and cost-effective analysis on massive genomic data. We implemented complex workflows making optimal use of high-performance compute clusters. Bio-Express allows users to create multi-step analyses using drag and drop functionality, and modify parameters of pipeline tools. Users can also import the Galaxy pipelines into Bio-Express. Bio-Express is a hybrid system, which enables users to use both analysis programs for the traditional tools and the MapReduce-based big data analysis programs in a single pipeline simultaneously. Thus, the execution of analytics algorithms can be parallelized, which can speed up the whole process. We also developed a high-speed data transmission solution, GBox, to transmit a large amount of data at a fast rate. GBox has a file transferring speed up to 10 times than normal FTP and HTTP. Computer hardware for Bio-Express is 660 CPU cores and 800Tb, which enable 500 jobs to run at the same time. Bio-Express is a scalable, cost-effective, and publicly available web service for large-scale genomic data analysis. Bio-Express supports reliable and highly scalable execution of sequencing analyses workflows in a fully automated manner. Bio-Express provides a user-friendly interface to all genomic scientists to try to select right results from NGS platform data. The Bio-Express cloud server is freely available for use from https://closha.kobic.re.kr/.

Unexpected Chemical and Thermal Stability of Surface Oxynitride of Anatase TiO<SUB>2</SUB> Nanocrystals Prepared in the Afterglow of N<SUB>2</SUB> Plasma

Byungwook Jeon,Ansoon Kim,Yu Kwon Kim 한국진공학회(ASCT) 2017 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.26 No.4

Passivation of surface defects by the formation of chemically inert structure at the surface of TiO2 nanocrystals can be potentially useful in enhancing their photocatalytic activity. In this regard, we have studied the surface chemical states of TiO2 surfaces prepared by a treatment in the afterglow of N2 microwave plasma using Xray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). We find that nitrogen is incorporated into the surface after the treatment up to a few atomic percent. Interestingly, the surface oxynitride layer is found to be chemically stable when it’s in contact with water at room temperature (RT). The surface nitrogen species were also found to be thermally stable upon annealing up to 150℃ in the atmospheric pressure. Thus, we conclude that the treatment of oxide materials such as TiO2 in the afterglow of N2 plasma can be effective way to passivate the surface with nitrogen species.

A Study of Key management Protocol for Secure Communication in Personal Cloud Environment

ByungWook Jin,Keun-Wang Lee 보안공학연구지원센터 2014 International Journal of Security and Its Applicat Vol.8 No.4

Partial Oxidation of Methane into Methanol Using RF Plasma and Oxide Catalysts

Byungwook Jeon,Eun Duck Park,Yu Kwon Kim 한국에너지기후변화학회 2017 한국에너지기후변화학회 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.5

Design and fabrication of concentrated photovoltaic optics with high numerical aperture using a curved catadioptric optical system

Byungwook Kim,Jang-Kyun Kim,Chan-Kyu Park,Sang-Kyoung Oh,Sung-Bin Kim,김석민,Jiseok Lim 대한기계학회 2016 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.30 No.3

We developed an optical system for a concentrated photovoltaic system composed of primary and secondary optical elements designed to reduce the thickness of the module and minimize the optical loss. The Primary optical element (POE) was designed as a catadioptric Fresnel lens with an annular stepped structure to reduce the focal distance and optical loss. To introduce light rays focused by the POE at large exit angles to the surface of a solar cell with a homogeneous intensity distribution, the Secondary optical element (SOE) was designed with a total internal reflection surface. Each of the optical elements was fabricated and assembled, and the optical efficiency of the system and the photoelectric transformation efficiency were evaluated in indoor and outdoor tests, respectively. The optical efficiency of the module was ~80%, with an acceptance angle of ± 0.6°. A photoelectric transformation efficiency of 30.75%, based on the peak value, was measured through outdoor current-voltage measurements.

Patome : Patented Biological Sequences and an Analysis Database Server

Byungwook Lee(이병욱),Taehyung Kim,Seonkyu Kim,Sangsoo Kim,Geechan Ryu,Kwanghyung Lee,Jong Bhak 한국생물공학회 2005 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2005 No.10

In silico identification of gene-related patents

Byungwook LEE,Woo-Yeon KIM 한국생물공학회 2009 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.4