일측전정기과 손상 희쥐의 전정보상과정에서 뇌간 신경핵의 cAMP-Response Element Binding 단백질 활성화

윤상대,이정헌,김진호,김민선,박병림 대한이비인후과학회 2001 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.44 No.12

모래쥐의 양측 목동맥차단에 의한 전뇌허혈이 대뇌겉질 혈관의 미세순환에 미치는 영향

고운산,황성희,이병철 대한신경과학회 1998 대한신경과학회지 Vol.16 No.5

환경에 대한 WTO 규정 개선

류병운 홍익대학교 2008 홍익법학 Vol.9 No.1

The international environmental issues, which increase international friction and are related to acid rain, greenhouse gases, and ozone depletion, have inevitably become global. A state alone no longer solves these issues effectively when the problems are not centered within the state's borders. Before the WTO, in the mere trade liberalization perspective, the GATT had very strictly interpreted the article XX (b) and (g) of GATT 1947. With the Preamble to Agreement Establishing the WTO which suggests "the optimal use of the world's resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development, seeking both to protect and preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so in a manner consistent with their respective needs and concerns at different levels of development," environment issues become more and more one of the customary trade issues. Even though the main goal of WTO is trade liberalization, the article XX of GATT with the Preamble of Agreement Establishing the WTO provides more elasticity for the WTO member States to take their trade restrictive policy measures for environmental protection under particular conditions. The present WTO's provisions, however, are not delicate and sufficient enough to acquire the double-win: “a win for the environment and a win for trade.”To make the WTO, not only for the world economy through trade liberalization, but also for the global environment, we need the better provisions of WTO's. With the increased environmental concerns, the linkage between trade and the environment need to be strengthened. As the harmonization of following two principles in the “Shrimp/Turtle case I & II” cases: 1) “unilateral actions to deal with environmental challenges outside the jurisdiction of the importing country should be avoided” and 2) environmental protection measures should address trans boundary or global environmental problems, there is no longer any boundary between international trade law and international environmental law. The chapeau of GATT art. XX strictly prohibits "arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on international trade. The burden of proof for the chapeau is assigned to the offender State, namely State relying on TREMs. The Preamble to Agreement Establishing the WTO could be considered as the WTO rule on Trade and Environment. The 'necessary' standards of the article XX(b) of GATT need to include: ① the relative importance of the common interests or value pursued by the TREMs, ② the contribution made by the TREMs to the realization of the ends pursued by measures, and ③ the restrictive impact of the TREMs on international trade. The term “exhaustible natural resources” in the article XX (g) of GATT 1994 includes living and non-living resources. The “exhaustible natural resources” could include certain resources beyond the jurisdiction of the state imposing the trade restrictive measures if there is a “sufficient nexus” with such resources within the jurisdiction. It is desirable that the comparative efficiency should be considered among the various TREMs for conservation. In global trade liberalization context, TBT or SPS regulations should be based on the internationally determined standards rather than local discretion. The green subsidy provision of the SCM Agreement should be revived. By the more detail regulation of the Agreement on Agriculture, the reduction of agriculture subsides should be managed. A policy exception for conservation measures need to be included to the general exception provision in the GATS. To harmonize the environmental provisions in the RTAs with that of the WTO, the WTO needs to serve new standards as well as GATT art. XXIV and the Understanding. 오늘날 산성비, 온실 가스와 오존층의 파괴 등 국제환경 문제는 국제적 마 찰을 증가시키면서 필연적으로 세계적 문제가 되어가고 있다. 환경 문제가 한 국가의 국경 내에 집중되어 있지 않은 한 그 국가가 홀로 이러한 문제를 효과적으로 해결할 수 없게 되었다. WTO 이전에는 단지 무역 자유화의 관점에서 GATT는 GATT1947 제20조 (b)와 (g)항을 매우 엄격하게 해석하였다. "지속가능한 발전의 목표에 상응하는 세계 자원의 적절한 사용 즉, 환경의 보호 및 보존과 상이한 발전 정도에 따른 개별적인 필요와 이해관계에 부합 하는 형태로 방법을 찾도록” 제안하고 있는 ‘WTO 설립협정’의 전문과 더불 어 환경 문제는 점점 더 통상적인 무역 문제가 되어가고 있다. WTO의 목표 가 무역 자유화임에도 불구하고, ‘WTO 설립협정’의 전문과 더불어 GATT 제 20조는 WTO 회원국들에게 특정 상황에서 환경 보호를 위한 무역 제한 조치 를 취할 수 있도록 보다 유연성을 부여하게 되었다. 그러나 현재의 WTO규정들은 환경과 무역에서 모두를 만족시킬 수 있을 만큼 정교하지도 충분하지도 않다. 무역 자유화를 통한 세계 경제의 발전을 위한 WTO로서만이 아니라 세계 환경을 위한 WTO를 만들기 위해서 우리는 다음에 예시되는 바 보다 효과적인 WTO규정들이 필요하다. 환경적 관심이 늘어감과 함께, 무역과 환경의 연계(linkage)가 강화될 필요가 있다. "Shrimp/Turtle case I & II" cases에서 두 가지 원칙(①수입국의 관할 권 밖에서 일어난 환경적 도전을 일방적으로 대응해서는 아니된다 ②환경 보 호 방법은 국경을 초월하여 또는 세계적 환경문제로 제기되어야 한다)을 조화시켰던 것 처럼 이제 국제무역법과 국제환경법을 더이상 구별하지않게 되었다. GATT 제20조의 chapeau는 "동일한 조건을 유지하는 나라들 간에 인위적또는 합당하지 않는 차별이나 국제 무역에 위장된 제한"을 엄격하게 금지한다. 이 chapeau이 입증책임은 무역제한적 환경조치(TREMs)를 취하는 국가에 게 있다. ‘WTO 설립협정’의 전문 무역과 환경에 관한 WTO의 법으로 간주될 수 있다. GATT제 20조 (b)항의 '필요성'은 ①TREMs가 추구하는 일반적인 이 익 또는 가치의 상대적 중요성, ② TREMs를 통해 달성하는 목적의 실현 정도, ③ 국제 무역에 대한 TREMs의 규제적 효과 등의 기준들에 의해 판단되어 야 한다. GATT제 20조 (g)항의 "고갈되어가는천연자원"은 생물과 무생물을 포괄하며 "충분한 관련성(sufficient nexus)"존재하는 국가 영토관할권 밖의 자원을 포괄한다. 각국의 기술장벽(TBT)이나 위생(SPS)와 규정과 관련해서 국제적 기준이 국가나 지역의 재량보다 우선시 되야한다. 보조금(SCM)협정의 환경보조금 조항을 부활시켜야 한다. 농업협정에 보조금을 감축시키는 내용이 포함되어야 한다. GATT제 24조와 그에 대한 양해에서 지역무역협정의 환경규정들에 대한 기준들을 포함하여야 한다.

미세 펀칭 구멍의 디버링 특성에 관한 연구

안병운,최용수,박성준,윤종학 한국공작기계학회 2003 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2003 No.-

In micro hole punching process the burr occurs inevitably, but the burr must be minimized in order to improve the quality and accuracy of the product. In this study, magnetic field assisted polishing technique is applied to remove the burr which exists in nozzles for ink jet printer head and proved to be a feasible for deburring by experiment. The deburring characteristics of sheet metals was investigated changing with polishing time. After the deburring, the burr size has remarkably reduced and roundness of the hole also has improved.

프리캐스트 콘크리트거푸집을 이용한 보강 콘크리트 보의 휨 거동

하상운,정병주 대한건축학회 2005 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.21 No.1

The primary objective of this investigation is to study the behavior and determine the ultimate load of laterally and vertically reinforced concrete beams using precast concrete form work subjected to vertical load The authors also propose to derive an empirical formula that can be applied to the design of precast form beam structures at ultimate load Precast form beams can be used as separate elements or In association with other load-bearing elements such as masonry walls The provision of precast form beams In masonry walls increases the wall stiffness, and, reduce the length of process The use of precast form system offers the advantage of utilizing reinforced concrete-filled elements without eliminating the need for formwork Reinforcement increases the bending and shear strength of the elements and also enables the design of cross sections that are smaller than equivalent unreinforced elements The variable of the beams using the PC form are the space of wiremesh The length of specimens is 150cm, the 'Section is 25㎝ × 40cm, the thickness of the PC form is 2.5cm, the main bar In filing concrete is 2-D16 and the tie bar is D10

취학전 어린이의 운동활동량에 대한 심리만족도 분석

백경운,정병철,신성득 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.14 No.1

The purpose of this study was to clarify an psychological satisfaction of exercise for young childrens. The subjects 5-6years(n=210) engaged in touchball for 20 minutes. During that period, both amount of their exercise and joy dervier from the physical activities were measured. The amount of exercise was measured by pedometers As the results, it was deteced that during the 20minutes, the amount of exercise raged approximately from 1,200 to 1,800 in terms of pedometer count, and the degree of active group' s(A group)joy at that time was more than passvise group(B group). The results of this study suggest that the pedometer might be a valid indicator of the daily physical activity. The findings are discussed in terms of the practical applications of the pedometer in the research of daily physical activity.

노사자치의 한계와 노동법적 규제의 정당성

이병운 한국노동법학회 2004 노동법학 Vol.0 No.19

According to the constitutional law, a labor law was established on the basis of particular labor standards laws and collective labor and management relations laws. The former deals with the lowest criterion and the latter is premised on the security of union rights of labor groups But there still has not been enough reviews theoretically on how the labor law can control particular contract-autonomy and collective labor-management autonomy, on what the basis of the law is, and on what limitation is. To solve these problems, it is needed to have a feeling of danger of flexibility and regulation-relaxation on a labor law and to bring a question on a legal foundation and limitation on intervention of a substantial law in the labor law Therefore, putting a emphasis on collective labor and management relations laws and private contract-autonomy and putting limitation on the act of a substantial law as a whole, this research is to investigate legal intervention by the substantial law and the relationship of management and unions autonomy On the other hand, we can find two different opinions on a basic standard. One is management and unions autonomy. The other one is a legal intervention by a state They depend on whether they are related to the laws in article 32, clause 2 and article 33, clause 1 of a constitution, and on how they define self-determination service relation and the actual condition of labor union in term of how a labor union works It organically and it deals with illegal labor acts. In conclusion, this study is to review decision system on labor condition comprehensively, clarifying a clear mutual relation from three points of view, a substantial law, a collective, and a private. The labor law has to contribute to the change of existing labor union's conditions and workers' awareness on their right. But every other problem caused separately should also be considered in a proper way. Accordingly, this study has a Significance of looking in contemporary opinions on systematic sentiments of protection device for workers through review 109 justness of a regulation based on a labor law according to the limitation and function of Labor-management autonomy.

문자영상 紬線化에서의 雜音除去 알고리즘에 관한 연구

전병민,박규태,김상운,이기돈 연세대학교 산업기술연구소 1984 논문집 Vol.16 No.2

In this paper, we study thinning algorithms which are peeling off successive contours of the character image to be thinned while keeping the connectivity of the skeleton in the process. Noise rejection algorithm is proposed for the purpose of removing the common short-comings of thinning algorithms when applied to hand-printed data. The algorithm consists of the three processings: preprocessing, thinning, and postprocessing. The preprocessing smooths down the originally-thick image and the postprocessing leads to the well-groomed skeleton. The noise rejection algorithm is implemented with FORTRAN language and tested through a CYBER170-825 computer system.

저신장증 환아에서 인슐린양 성장인자-I 조절유전자의 점돌연변이에 관한 연구

김병준,박태관,장현하,정인경,김성운 경희대학교 유전공학연구소 1995 遺傳工學論文集 Vol.7 No.-

Aging is on the same line of birth, growth and death. So we analysed IGF-I promoter DNA profiles and sequences of normal short stature (NSS) patients for the purpose of comprehension of aging. We tested 52 NSS patients with DNA sampling. First we screened NSS DNAs with PCR (polymerase chain reaction) - SSCP (single strand confirmational polymorphism) method. We found only 1 patient out of 52 had abnormal SSCP band. Then we moved to subcloning of this PCR product into _(p)T7blue T-vector. We sequenced this DNA using antisense specific primer and 35S-dATP. Finally we confirmed two point mutations at the position of +8 and +74 from transcription initiation site. Next step for this study, we planned to transfection study for promoter function and gel retardation assay for new transcription factors.

베트남 학습자의 한국어 어휘사용 오류경향 분석

이병운 부산대학교 사범대학 과학교육연구소 2012 교사교육연구 Vol.51 No.2

The study aims to analyze what kind of lexical errors Vietnamese students make when they learn writing in Korean, and suggest an effective pedagogical method for them. This study is grounded on an assumption that a systematic difference between Korean and Vietnamese language exists and the difference influences on Vietnamese students’ learning Korean. For this study, first, lexical errors appeared from Vietnamese students’ writings due to their mother language, so called as cross-language transfer, were gathered and classified into various causes for lexical errors. It was found that there were three patterns of causes. First, lexical errors can be divided into morphological errors and semantic errors. Second, morphological errors are derived from pronunciation errors and spelling errors. Third, semantic errors are divided into four categories, 1) errors in ellipsis and addition; 2) errors in using words from Chinese language; 3) errors in categorical confusion, and 4) errors caused by difference of discourse value. It was recommended that Korean teachers may enhance their teaching skills focusing on a) pronunciation and orthography, b) words from Chinese language in using errorlists, and c) lexical categories 이 논문의 목적은 한국어를 배우는 베트남인 학습자들의 어휘적 오류를 분석하여 베트남인 학습자를 위한 교수ㆍ학습 방안을 제안하는 데 있다. 본 연구는 베트남어와 한국어와의 체계적 차이가 한국어를 배우는 베트남 학습자들에게 영향을 준다는 이론에서 출발하였다. 그래서 작문자료에서 모국어의 간섭현상에서 오는 오류를 추출하고 다음과 같은 오류의 유형으로 나누어 그 원인을 분석하고자 하였다. 첫째, 어휘적 오류의 유형은 크게 형태적 오류와 의미적 오류로 나누어 분석하였다. 둘째, 형태적 오류는 (1)발음에서 오는 오류, (2)철자법 오류로 나누어 분석하였다. 셋째, 의미적 오류는 (1)생략 또는 첨가에서 오는 오류, (2)한자어의 사용에서 오는 오류, (3)범주의 혼동에서 오는 오류, (4)담화 가치의 차이에서 오는 오류로 나누어 분석하였다. 이러한 오류를 바탕으로 한국어 교사들에게 (1)발음과 표기법 교육의 강화, (2)오류목록을 이용한 한자어 교육, (3)어휘범주에 대한 교육을 강화하는 교육방안을 제안한다.