최근 6년간 시행한 매독혈청검사 성적

임이석,김명남,홍창권,노병인,장진요,박애자 중앙대부설한국의과학연구소 1988 한국의과학 Vol.20 No.1

대학생의 노인복지에 대한 인식도

차병준,김무룡,김기열,차경미,김귀희,김현실,서인선,임상규,이순자,위광복,남철현 慶山大學校 保健福祉硏究所 1999 保健福祉硏究 Vol.2 No.-

The purpose of this study is to grasp the change of consciousness of young people in order to seek new approach of policy for aged era. 1,200 students attending collages and universities in three small or medium sized cities were inquired for 2 months, from October 1 to November 30, 1996. The result is as follows. 1. The characteristic of the respondents of this survey is that they include 72.1% of women, 40.4% of people aged between 20 to 21, and 49.1% of people who do not have any religion. Those who are from big cities and those who are form farming villages or fishing village occupy equally 40.2%, those who reside in that cities for a long period 49.0%, and those who live with their family 60.9%. 2. The family feature of the subject is that 31.5% of them are those whose father is the age of 55 and more than 55, 10% of them are those whose mothers age is so, 33.1% of them have 5 family members, 29.5% of them have the family income of 1,000,000 to 1,490,000 won, 83.9% of them are from middle class, 47.7% of them are the people whose grand parents have passed away, 70.4% of them live apart from their grand parents, and 60.9% of them are second child. 3. 64.0% of males, 70% of respondents who are aged over 24, 58.1% of respondents who are from rural communities, 62.4% of respondents who live in rural area, and 58.3% of respondents who live alone, prefer to live with grand parents, marked higher rate than other groups. The groups whose father and mother are the age of more than 55 marked higher rate of 55.9% and 58% each than any other groups(p<0.05). The groups whose family member is less than three, whose grand parents both have passed away in middle class, who live with their grand parents, and who are second children, give more positive answers than any other groups. 4. Those who are older, who are buddhists, who are from rural area or live in rural area, whose family is small, whose family income is small, who are from lower class and whose grand parents are still alive, shows preference to support their parents after marriage. 5. Females(89.4%), those who are from small or medium sized cities(89%), who live with their family(85.6%), whose father is the age of 55 and more than 55, whose mother is the age of 54 and less than 54, whose family member is 6, who are from middle class, whose grandparents are still alive and who are the eldest child in their family, give more response that they prefer to live apart from their children in their old age than any other groups. 6. What elderly people need most right now is past time(42.3%), and the respondents whose age is 20 to 21, who are buddhists, who are from middle sized cities and live alone, whose parents are the age of more than 55, who have small family income, who live with their grand parents and who are second children show higher level than any other groups. 7. 76.8% of respondents answer that they do not need their parent's fortune, marked still higher rate than the opposite answer. Those who are older, who are buddhists, who are from big cities, who reside in rural area, who live alone and have smaller family, who are in bad family economic conditions and who live with grand parents present higher rate of positive response. 8. 59.3% of respondents reply that they think about death from time to time, and those who are female, who are in the age of 20 to 21, who are christian, who live with their family, whose siblings or other family members offer their education expenses show higher rate than any other groups. 9. 92.3% of respondents answer that the budget for welfare facility for elderly people is very small. The younger the respondents are and the worse economic condition they have among those who live in big cities, the more answered that. 10. 50% of respondents think social security should provide for their old age, and 42.8% of them believe they themselves provide against it. The respondence that social security ought provide for it appeared more among those whose age are over 24, who are female, who reside in rural area, who are christian, who are in bad economic condition, and who ever used medical institutions in recent one month, marked higher level than other groups. 11. The adequate time of retirement is 59.97±5.60 for public officers, the highest and 59.28±6.35 for teachers, the next. 12. 35.2% of respondents reply that the adequate budget for the old age after their retirement at the age of 60 is 220 million won, showed the highest level of respondence. 13. The factors which affect on the old people in the charged welfare facilities are sex(p<0.01), the type of housing(p<0.05) and whole family income(p<0.05). 14. The factors which affect on remarriage are sex(p<0.05) and religion(p<0.05). For varying old population and expanded welfare service for them, government and relevant authority should give more attention to secure the budget, establish effective plans to expand various program and the facilities for elderly people in order that elderly people spend the rest of life time more happily and more fruitfully. To do that, each college and university should open Health courses, and educate and inform about health and welfare.

유지 투석중인 만성 신부전환자에서 허혈성 심질환의진단 지표로서의 심장트로닌-I의 유용성

신병철,강대웅,정지용,류봉관,서영욱,김정인,김범윤,김현리,정종훈 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2004 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.29 No.1

Background : Coronary disease is highly prevalent in patient with end stage renal disease (ESRD) and account for much of their observed morbidity and mortality. Troponin-I consistently maintains a high sensitivity and specificity and is most sensitive marker for ischemic heart disease (IHD). Method : We examed 49 hernodialyzed patients (22 male, 27 female) without evidence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) for 6 months. Biochemical markers were measured in serial predialysis blood samples. For analysis, we used two cardio-specific assays for troponin-T (cTnT) as well as for troponin-I (cTnI) and compared the results with CK-MB (reference value ≤ 4.0 ng/mL) concentration. Results : Myocardial ischemia was observed in 47% (23/49) of patients. cTnT level above 0.1 ng/mL. and cTnI level above 0.5 ng/mL, were observed in 22% (11/49) and 20% (10/49) of patients respectively. cTnI revealed significantly higher positive rate in patients with myocardial ischemia than the patients without myocardial ischemia (43 % vs 30%) (p<0.05). cTnT and CK-MB revealed no difference in positive rate between the patients with and without myocardial ischemia (cTnT : 30% vs 15% and CK-MB : 30% vs 19%). The sensitivity and specificity of cTnI to myocardial ischemia were higher than those of cTnT and CK-MB (sensitivity 43% vs 30% and 30%. specificity 100% vs 85% and 81%). Conclusion: Both cTnT and cTnI are useful in ruling out myocardial injury in chronic renal failure patients. But. cTnI is a more sensitivity and excellent specificity of ischemic heart disease than cTnT and CK-MB in hemodialyzed patients. In patients with ischemic heart disease, the presences of DM and advanced age were higher than those in patients without ischemic heart disease (p<0.05). Among the baseline characteristics old age, elevated LDH and diabeties were significant more frequent in the patients with elevation of cardiac troponin-I (p>0.5 ng/mL) than those with cardiac troponin-I (p<0.5 ng/mL), p=0.038, p=0.049, and p=0.045, respectively. Our results suggest that these cTnI is the potential diagnostic marker for the prediction of IHD in ESRD patients.

소아 척수종양 24예의 임상분석(1973~1986) : Clinical Analysis of 24 Cases(1973~1986)

조병규,박인성,왕규창,최길수 대한신경외과학회 1988 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.17 No.6

The authors analyzed 24 cases of intraspinal tumors in children who had been operated upon at the Seoul National University Hospital from 1973 to 1986. The ratio of male to female was 2 : 1. The pathologic diagnosis revealed neurogenic tumor in 8 cases(33%), metastasis in 3 cases(13%), glioma in 3 cases(13%), lymphoma in 3 cases(33%), metastasis in 3 cases(13%), sarcoma in 3 cases(13%), and tumor of dysembryogenesis in 2 cases(8%). The tumors were located most frequently in the thoracolumbar area(7 cases, 29%) and in the epidural space(12 cases, 50%). Two thirds of the epidural tumors were malignant. The most common initial presentation was motor weakness(9 cases, 38%). Three cases(13%) presented with mass and one case(4%) with flexion deformity. On admission 9 cases(38%) were in the paraparetic stage, 6 cases(25%) in the radiculopathic stage, and 6 cases in the Brown-Sequard syndrome stage. The mean value of the CSF protein was 1, 108 mg%. Plain spine X-rays were abnormal in 17 cases(74%) and the increased interpedicular distance(11 cases, 48%) was the most common radiological abnormality. Myelographic studies were performed in 21 cases and all of them revealed abnormal findings. Total and gross total removal was possible in 13 cases(54%). Radiation therapy was done in 8 cases(33%) and chemotherapy in 5 cases(21%). The surgical result on discharge or at the postoperative one month was recovery in 7 cases(29%), improvement in 10 cases(42%), stationary state in 4 cases(17%), and progression in 3 cases(13%). After 20.8 months of mean follow-up duration in 20 cases(84%), the result was recovery in 13 cases(65%), improvement in 2 cases(10%), stationary state in one case(5%), and progression in cases(20%). As a major complication, there was a spinal deformity in 6 cases(29%) among 21 cases who did not have spinal deformity preoperatively. Three cases(13%) were followed up to their deaths. And the authors discussed the clinical features of the pediatric intraspinal tumors reported in the literature and the results of the present study.

전기화상후 Prostaglandin F2a와 Thromboxane B2의 증가에 대한 Flurbiprofen, Prednisolone 및 Gabexate mesilate의 억제효과

조병채,김인규,변진석,백봉수 大韓成形外科學會 1991 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.18 No.1

This study was conducted to clarify the inhibitory effect of flurbiprofen, prednisolone, and gabexate mesilate on the synthesis of prostaglandin F2a and thromboxane B2 in the tissue of electrical burn. one hundred sixty Sprague-Dawley rats, 250gm of body weight in average, were divided into 4 groups of control, flurbiprofen, prednisolone and gabexate mesilate administred group. Fourty rats of the each group were subdivided into 1st, 2nd, 4th, 7th postburn day with 10 rats in each subgroup. Ten rats were used for normal values of prostaglandin F2a and thromboxane B2. Flurbiprodfen 30mg/kg was given per mouth, and prednisolone acetate 5mg/kg and gabaxate mesilate 50mg/kg were administred intramuscularly 5 minutes after burn injury and then once a day. All but bone tissue of within 2cm area of the current entry were harvested and ground into homogenate. The levels of prostaglandin F2a and thromoboxane B2 were measured by Radioimmunoassay. The results were as followings: In normal rat tissue, the level of prostagland F2a and thromboxane B2 were 15.8±1.8 and 17.6±2.8ng/mg protein in each. In the control group the levels of both prostaglandin F2a and thromboxane B2 increased abruptly to 5 times and 7 thimes in the first day and maintained the same level in the second day. After then they rapidly decreased and returned to a near normal level in the fourth day. The increase of thromboxane B2 was more remarkable than that of prostaglandin F2a. In the flurbiprofen group, the level of thromboxane B2 was not inerease but kept at a normal level. The average level of prostaglandin F2a in the post-burn first and second day was 59.5% lower than of the control group. The average level on the post-burn first and second day was 61% lower in thromboxane B2 and 33% lower in prostaglandin F2a in the prednisolone group, and 68% lower in throboxane B2 and 48% lower in prostaglandin F2a in the gabexate mesilate group, compared to the control group. These findings suggest that electrically injured tissue is vigrously progressive due to rapid increase of thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin F2a, as inflammatory mediators, in the post-burn first and second day, is nonprogressive after the post-burn fourth day. The flurbiprodfen was the most effective of the three drugs(flurbiprofen, gabexate mesilate, prednisolone in order of effectiveness) to suppress the synthesis of thromboxane B2 prostaglandin F2a of the electrieally injured tissue.

교통사고후 정신과로 장애감정 의뢰된 환자의 임상적 특징

김병철,김성곤,박제민,김명정,정영인 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.2

1994년 1월부터 1996년 12월까지 3년간에 걸쳐 교통사고후 법원으로부터 장애감정 의뢰되어, 부산대 학교병원 정신과에서 정신장애감정을 받았던 88명의 환자를 대상으로 임상적 특징을 조사하였던 바. 그 결과를 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있었다 1) 대상 환자 88명 가운데 58명(65.9%)이 남자, 30명(34.1%)이 여자였다. 낮은 교육과 사회경제적 수준을 가진 환자가 많았으며, 21세에서 50세까지의 사회 활동층이 과반수를 넘었다. 2) 수상당시 환자의 71.6%에서 뇌37상이 있었고, 다음으로 두개골 골절(36.4%), 뇌출혈(33.7%), 뇌혈종(26.1%). 뇌진탕(12.6%) , 축삭손상(10.2%) 등이 있었으며. 대상 환자의 9.1%에서는 뇌손상의 증거가 없었다. 3) 환자나 환자의 보호자가 주관적으로 호소하는'자각적 증상은 인지증상이 가장 많아 전체 대상 환자의 85.2%에서 있었고. 다음으로 신체증상(83.0%), 행동증상(69.3%), 정서증상(58.0%) 순이었던 반면에, 감정의가 판단한 탄각적 증상은 정서증상(80.7%7)이 가장 많았고, 다음으로 행동중상(77.3%). 인지 증상(63.6%), 신체증상(40.9%) 순이었다 4) 대상 환자의 48.8%에서 수상후 1개월과 6개월 사이에 정신의학적 증상이 발현하였고.6개월 이후에 나타난 경우는 9.1%에 불과하였다. 또한, 대상 환자의 61.4%에서는 증상이 있음에도 불구하고 감정 당시까지 정신의학적 치료를 받은 적이 없었고. 정신의학적 치료를 받았던 환자의 23.5%에서는 증상 발현 후 6개월이 경과한 뒤에야 치료를 받았다. 5) 감정시 모든 대상 환자에서 뇌영상겋사와 뇌파검사가 실시되었고, 이들 가운데 47.7%에서 비정상적인 뇌영상 소견을 보였다. 이상소견으로서는 뇌연화증이 가장 많았고, 다음으로 뇌위축, 축삭손상. 낭종 등의 순이었다. 뇌파는 환자의 86.4%에서 정상소견을 보였고, 뇌파 소견과 뇌영상 소견간에는 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 6) 감정당시 대상 환자의 95.5%에서 최종적으로 정신장애가 확인되었고, 이중 두부외상에 의한 인격 변화가 가장 많았으며, 다음으로 두부외상에 의한 치매, 적응장애, 두부외상에 의한 우울장애, 뇌진탕후장애. 외상후 스트레스 장애 등의 순으로 많았다. 정신장애가 확인되었던 환자의 38.1%에서는 추후 계속적인 정신의학적 치료의 필요성이 인정되었다. 7) 외상 후유증으로 인한 지능의 변화 정도에 있어서 두부외상 관련인자 유무간에 차이가 있는지를 알아본 결과. 수상당시의 의식소실 유무간이나 외상후 섬망 유무간에는 차이가 있었고, 감정당시 실시되었던 뇌 영상검사상의 이상소견 유무간에도 차이가 있었다. In an attempt to obtain the basic data for mental disability evaluation in psychiatric casualties by traffic accidents,88 cases referred from the court for the purpose of mental disability evaluation for 3 years from 1974 to 1996 were surveyed. The results are summarized as fellows : 1) Among the 88 cases, 58 cases(65.9%) were male and 30(34.1%) were female. Cases with low educational and socioeconomic levels outnumbered those with high educational and socioeconomic levels. More than half of the cases were in socially active group with ages of 21 to 50years. , 2) At the time of accidents,11.6% of the whole cases were diagnosed as cerebral contusion, Which was the most common diagnosis. The next common diagnoses were skull 7acture(36.4%), brain hemorrhage(33.0%), brain hematoma(26.1%), cerebral concussion(12.6%), and axonal injury(107%) in order of frequency. In 9.1% of the cases there was no definite evidence of head injury was found. 3) During talc period of mental disability evaluation, the most common symptom was cognitive symptom(85.2%), and the next common symptoms were somatic(83.0%), behavioral(69.3%), and affective(58.0%) ones in order of frequency. On the other side, the most common psychopathology recognized by talc psychiatrists was affective symptom, which was present in 80.7% of the cases manifested during the period of evaluation, and the next common psycho-pathologies were behavioral(77.3%), cognitive(63.6%), and somatic(40.9%) symptoms in order of frequency. 4) Nearly half(48.8%) of oft whole patients manifested psychiatric symptoms such as cognitive, affective, behavioral, and somatic symptoms between the first and sixth months after traffic accidents. Only 9.1% of the cases developed psychiatric symptoms after six months of traffic accidents. Meanwhile,61.4% of the cases were never given psychiatric treatments despite the presence of psychiatric symptoms, and 23.5% of the cases given psychiatric treatments visited psychiatrists after six months of symptom development. 5) All of the cases took neuroimging studies such as brain CT or MRI and EEG during the period of mental disability evaluation. In 47.7% of the cases there were abnormal findings in neuroimaging studies among which encephalomalacia was the most frequent. The next abnormal findings were brain atrophy, axonal injury, cyst, and so on in order of frequency. On file other hand, in 86.4% of the cases EEG findings were within normal limit. 6) In 95.5% of the cases, mental disorders were confirmed, among which personality change due to head trauma was the most common, and the next common mental disorders were dementia due to head trauma, adjustment disorder, depressive disorder due to head trauma, postconcussional disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and so on in order of frequency. Mere than one third of the casts(38.1%) given psychiatric diagnoses were considered to need continuous psychiatric treatments at the time of mental disability evaluation. 7). Posttraumatic decline in intelligence tended to be affected by loss of consciousness and delirium, but not b? skull fracture and brain surgery. In brain imaging .and EEG studies performed during the period of mental disability evaluation, posttraumatic decrease in intelligence tended to be influenced by abnormal findings on brain imaging, but not EEG findings.

이산화질소 및 아황산 가스에 노출된 흰쥐에 대한 連翹敗毒散과 수종 한약물에 대한 실험적 연구

崔仁和,蔡炳允 慶熙大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.26 No.-

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are two major air pollutants. As it has been well known, the former plays indispensible role in London type smog incident and the latter is one of major components of photochemical oxidants. In the of industrial toxicology these two noxious gases are classified as irritant gas physiologically. And many reports on the acute and chronic intoxication by these two gases have been filed. Especially,a strong irritating nitrogen dioxide effect on the epithelium of air way tract are the formation or methemoglobin has been known as the main toxic action. Clinically pulmonary edema and congestion are beli-eved to main causes of death. Yongyopaedoksan(연요패독산) has been used in the oriental medical treatment of acute and chrom respiratory diseases, including laryngeal disorders and ocular irritant symptoms such as congestion burning, itching and scratch and so on. In order to investigate the clinical effect of Yongyopaedoksan(연요패독산), Maekmundong(麥門冬) Saengjihwang(生地黃) and Ilhwangyon(日黃連) on the rats exposured to 50ppm SO_2 & NO_2 for 5 hours an experimental study was done on hematologic changes, organ water contents and histopathologic pictures. The experimental groupe are the normal group, control group, S-1 group(oral medication Yongyopaedoksan), S-2 group(oral medication of Maekmundong), S-3 group(oral medication of Saengjihwang) and S-4 group(oral medication of Ilhwangyon). The results were summarized as follows; 1. On the hematologic change in the rats exposured to SO_2 in the Yongyopaedoksan group compared to the control, the increase in the value of hemoglobin & leucocytes was significant. In Maekmundong group, the number of leucocytes & eosinophil ratio were different significantly. In Saengjihwang group, the hematocrit values were increased significantly. 2. On the hematologic change in the rats exposured to NO_2 in the Yongyopaedoksan group compared to the control the hemoglobin hematocrit values and eosinophil ratio were decreased significantly. However the number of leucocytes was increased significantly. In the Maekmundong group, the reduction of hemoglobin & hematocrit values was significant. In the Saengjihwang group, the value of hemoglobin was reduced significantly. In the Ilhwangyon group, the decrease of the eosinophil ratio was significant. 3. On the change of water contents of left lung in the SO_2 exposure group, the Yongyopaedoksan Maekmundong & Saengjihwang group as compared to the control. the reduction was significant. 4. In the laryngeal histopathologic changes of SO_2 exposure group, all the sample groups were admitted of significant difference at congestion & inflammatory infiltrates as compared to the control. The edema of trachea in Saengjihwang & Ilhwangyon group as compared to the control were improved significantly. The congestion & inflammatory infiltrates of trachea ti four sample groups as compared to the control were improved significantly. 5. In the case of NO_2 exposure group, the edema and inflammatory infiltrates of larynx in Ilhwangyon on group as compared to the control were improved significantly. The edema of trachea in Saengjihwang & Ilhwangyon group as compared to the control was improved significantly. And the congestion & inflammatory infiltrates of trachea in all the sample groups as compared to the control were improved significantly.

동북아경제협력과 중국동북3성의 역할

박병인 韓國外國語大學校 外國學綜合硏究센터 中國硏究所 2004 中國硏究 Vol.33 No.-

Generally speaking, Northeast Asia(NEA) includes the Russian Far East (RFE), the Northeast provinces (Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang Provinces) of China, Both Koreas, Mongolia and Japan. The countries of NEA are highly heterogeneous in terms of various factors. There are differences in the stages of economic development and in living standards. Population density, natural resource endowment, economic system and structure, political system, historical and cultural background, and languages differ from country to country. Therefore, it is dangerous to generalize or over-simplify the features of Northeast Asia. This diversity for economic cooperation within the region. Simply speaking, if the rich resources of Russia and Mongolia, the labor forces of China and the DPRK, and the capital and technology of Japan and the POK are combined, NEA could form an economic community. There are three provinces in the region Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. In general, soils in the Northeast region are fertile and productive. That is why people in China very often refer to the Northeast region as the "Grain Base" of China. In the past year, revitalization of China's Northeast industrial base has become a rallying point for the government of transforming China's economy from the state-controlled model of the past into a self-sustaining, demand-led engine of growth. The three northeastern provinces were the cradle of China's industrialization. Building on the infrastructure and facilities left behind after the collapse of Japanese colonial occupation at the close of World War Ⅱ, the oil fields, coal mines, steel mills and chemical plants of the region underpinned the drive to bring modern industry to China in the early years of the economic reform period the three northeast provinces contributed 14.3% of China's total output. There are also considerations of international trade underlying the focus on the Northeast. The three provinces lie in the geographical centre of Northeast Asia and are in a key position to promote China's participation in economic integration with its neighbours. The rejuvenation and development of the Northeast, therefore, supports Beijing's efforts to strengthen regional economic co-operation to take advantage of globalization and regional economic integration.

정기 건강진단 결과와 THI 증상군과의 관련성 연구

조인숙,안규동,이병국 순천향대학교 1992 논문집 Vol.15 No.2

For the purpose of obtaining basic information about health status of white collar workers, authors studied 11,266 subjects who were employed for government organization and private educational institute in Seoul, Kyungbuk and Chungnam areas. All the subjects visited hospitals to take biannual health examination provided by Medical Insurance Association to screen several importan adult diseases. Todai Health Index(THI)questionnaire which is modified questionnaire of Conell Medical Index by Todai was selected for the quwstionnaire form of this study. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The abnormal rate of screening test was 22.6% in male, and 8.3% in female. The rate was increased more significantly in female subjects by the increase of age. 2. While the prevalence of male subjects was 6.1% in cardiovascular disease, 4.2% in liver disease, 2.5% in diabetic disease and 2.3% in pulmonary disease, that of female subjects was 1.5% in cardiovascular and anemic disease respectively, 1.2% in liver disease and 0.5% in pulmonary disease. 3. The mean weight of male and female subjects were 65.3 ±6.6㎏ and 52.9 ±6.6㎏ and the mean Broka's index of those were 68.4 ±5.3㎏ and 57.6±4.7㎏ respectively. 4. The mean diastolic pressure of male and female subjects were 82.2±11.2 and 74.9±10.4mmHg, and the mean serum systolic pressure of those were 125.8±15.5 and 115.4±13.7mmHg respectively. The mean total cholesterol in male was 178.8±35.9 and that in female subject was 167.9±34.6. 5. The mean SGOT of male and female subjects were 23.9±18.0 & 17.9±8.2, the mean of SGPT of those were 22.4±21.1 & 15.1±13.2 respectively. 6. Concerning to the question of present health condition, while 57.7% of males with age of less than 29 years old answered their health in good condition, 47.7% of female with age of 30-39 answered their health in good condition which is the lowest rate among total subject group. On the other hand, only 4.9% of female with age under 29 answered their health as bad, and 14.0% of male with age over 40 answered that their health was in bad condition. 7. Concerning to the question of health management, 50.9% of male and 44.1% of female whose age were over 40 years old answered that they were doing sonthing for their health with food diet, taking nutrient medicine and proper exercise. 8. The diet habit of young age group was irregular compared to older age group. The older age group was fond of salty food. 9. While the smoking rate of male was 65.4% in age group under 29 years, 61.8% in age group of 30-39 years and 52.6% in age group of over 40 years, that of female subjects were 0%, 0.3% and 1.6% respectively. 10. The highest prevalence rate of symptoms and signs during current 3 moths was observed in the age group of 30-39 in males and in the age group over 40 years in female and there was no differences of prevalence between normal group and diseased group. 11. While the most frequent symptom category of THI in male was mental instability, and depression symptoms, nervousness and respiratory symptoms were next in order of frequency, that of THI in female was mental instability, and depression symptoms, nervousness and multiple subjectve symptoms were next in order of feequnecy.

國民學校 敎師 自然 및 算數科 再敎育의 分析的 硏究 : Based on the Choong Buk Province

黃秉德,梁仁煥,崔炳文,趙璇衡,朴根生 淸州大學校 科學敎育硏究所 1977 淸州大學校 科學敎育硏究所 Vol.1 No.-

Our college has retrained many primary school teachers during 5 years is science, and during 4 years in case of mathematics. Many problems are found out in the process of retraining them in our school. This study is aimed to research the actual condition of the retraining and to find out the way to improvement from the problems. However, Our study will have some limitation as follows: (1) For our study, only 300 teachers are chosen from the total 1,869 attended at our college(Cheong Ju Teachers College) in 1976. (2) The administrational and financial affairs are analyzed only according to the Ministry of Education with UNICEF funds from 1972 to 1976, and (3) We didn't take any consideration of Ministry of Education Project in Suggesting the way of improvement. Following are some problems found in our study: 1) Throughout the nation, only 23% of primary school teachers were taught in science and mathematice reservice work during the 5 years, and it can be said that it takes about 20 years to retrained all the teachers without consideration of natural increase of teachers. 2) The proportion of selecting primary school teachers in all the country for this reservice training is extreme, for example, Jeju Province is 57.9%, Seoul 17.7%. 3) The proportion of woman teachers selected in Choong Buk primary school is only 3.5% of total woman teachers, who takes 32% of total Choong Buk primary teachers during 5 years. Therefore, it is said that the number is very little. 4) Some teachers have been reselected in the reservice training. In case of the Choong Buk Board of Education. the 6% of teachers selected once were reselected for 5 years. 5) When the test are enforced on attendants to get data before the reservice training. We could find that they didn't understand the basic concept of science except a grade under their charge. 6) In the process of inquiry study, they didn't know even the scientific terms of expectation and reasoning. 7) After 60 hours of reservice training course. We tested them about understanding of the contents of text, and their marks are from 10 to 100. the marks show large individual difference among them. 8) Some teachers may have neither teaching ability nor knowledge of the basic concept, that is 11.3% of total attendants are less than 30 marks in mathematics test. 9) It is too very large work to study reservice text during the 60 hours. 10) There are many difficult signs in the mathematics reservice text having no connection with the actual primary school mathematics text book. 11) In the reservice text of science, there are omitted the method of teaching materials production, the model of inquiry learning, and the evaluation method. 12) From the analysis of questionary response for finding the actual condition of administration of teaching materials, We could find out 15% of primary schools in Choong Buk Province do almost not prepare teaching materials, and 15% of its never put them to practical use. Therefore, We could say that total 30% of them have been teaching without teaching materials. 13) The 42% of attendants in mathematics class answer that they do not understand the new mathematical signs, and 42% of them answer the shortage of hours (60 hours) to understand their reservice text book. 14) The 25% of them answer that they teach children with cramming education, and almost of them want good teachers guide books. As mentioned above, there are found many problems to be solved for reservice training of science education in our country. Some of them will be solved in our study. So We find out its and We suggest the ways solving the problems as follows: A. On the administration of reservice training. 1) The reservice training work for primary school teachers is very significant and will have to be continued. 2) It will be done in not only summer vacation but also winter one for finishing immediatly all over the country. 3) The 60 hours of science reservice training course work are very short, and the classmember of attendants will be regulated. 4) The funds for reservice operation and travelling expenses for attendants will be realized. B. On selecting the attendants 1) When the attendants are selected, there will be consideration of age, rank, term of their service, sex and academic background. 2) as far as possible, it will be selected as homogeous groups, and it will be effective to teach them with division between class teacher and nonclass teacher. 3) When select attendants are it will be taken consideration of balance between city and province for the diffusion effect and parallel development in reservice training work. 4) It must give a chance to woman as same as to man teacher according to a rule of equal select chance. 5) The principal, instructor and school inspector will be reeducated for fixing of science curriculum. C. On reservice training text book 1) The text book must reedit moderatly for 60 hours, or the time of retraining for the text book finished will be extented. In our opinion, it is to be desired that the time have to be added. 2) The difficult signs must be omitted, taking into account for the mathematics knowledge and time of education period. 3) In the science reservice training text book, it must supplement the tack for framming of inquiry teaching plan, the method for making teaching materials, and the skill for replacing of teaching materials. D. For the curriculum management of science. 1) The Governmental Company must settle the shortage of science teaching materials in primary school. 2) For the charge of the old state of teaching method, the teachers must devote themselves to teach children without miscellaneous duties. 3) The authorities concerned (for example, Ministry of Education, Teachers College, etc.) must make guide books for science teachers, and supply them to primary school teachers. 4) It must be given the chance of long period reeducation to the incompetent primary school teachers, and problem will have to be studied under the situation of educational administration.