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Burkett, J.L.,Stalder, K.J.,Powers, W.J.,Bregendahl, K.,Pierce, J.L.,Baas, T.J.,Bailey, T.,Shafer, B.L. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2009 Animal Bioscience Vol.22 No.9
Concentrated livestock production has led to soil nutrient accumulation concerns. To reduce the environmental impact, it is necessary to understand current recommended livestock feeding practices. Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of trace mineral supplementation on performance, carcass composition, and fecal mineral excretion of phase-fed, grow-finish pigs. Crossbred pigs (Experiment 1 (Exp. 1), (n = 528); Experiment 2 (Exp. 2), (n = 560)) were housed in totally-slatted, confinement barns, blocked by weight, penned by sex, and randomly assigned to pens at approximately 18 kg BW. Treatments were allocated in a randomized complete block design (12 replicate pens per treatment) with 9 to 12 pigs per pen throughout the grow-finish period. In Exp. 1, the control diet (Io100) contained Cu as $CuSO_{4}$, Fe as $FeSO_{4}$, and Zn (of which 25% was ZnO and 75% was $ZnO_{4}$) at concentrations of 63 and 378 mg/kg, respectively. Treatment 2 (O100) contained supplemental Cu, Fe, and Zn from organic sources (Bioplex, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) at concentrations of 19, 131, and 91 mg/kg, respectively, which are the commercially recommended dietary inclusion levels for these organic trace minerals. Organic Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations from O100 were reduced by 25% and 50% to form treatments 3 (O75) and 4 (O50-1), respectively. In Exp. 2, treatment 5 (Io25) contained 25% of the Cu, Fe, and Zn (inorganic sources) concentrations found in Io100. Treatment 6 (O50-2) was identical to the O50-1 diet from Exp. 1. Treatment 7 (O25) contained the experimental microminerals reduced by 75% from concentrations found in O100. Treatment 8 (O0) contained no trace mineral supplementation and served as a negative control for Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, tenth-rib backfat, loin muscle area and ADG did not differ (p>0.05) between treatments. Pigs fed the control diet (Io100) consumed less feed (p<0.01) compared to pigs fed diets containing organic trace minerals, thus, G:F was greater (p = 0.03). In Exp. 2, there were no differences among treatment means for loin muscle area, but pigs fed the reduced organic trace mineral diets consumed less (p<0.05) feed and tended (p = 0.10) to have less tenth-rib backfat compared to pigs fed the reduced inorganic trace mineral diet. Considering that performance and feed intake of pigs was not affected by lower dietary trace mineral inclusion, mineral excretion could be reduced during the grow-finish phase by reducing dietary trace mineral concentration.
( Maxine Burkett ) 서울대학교 미국학연구소 2010 미국학 Vol.33 No.2
Communities across the globe experience, and will continue to experience, climate change impacts unevenly. The most vulnerable-the `climate vulnerable` in the U.S. and abroad-are set to suffer first and worst. Public concern in the United States at the collapse in livelihood of the vulnerable is, however, absent. Instead, the belated climate discourse has been dominated by talk of "caps," "trades," and "costs to the average consumer." This is the result of who has had the power to frame the content and pace of the climate change discourse. Indeed, in the context of the climate crisis, two kinds of American elites emerge: (1) the powerful industry leaders who have been a continuing obstacle to addressing climate impacts, particularly vis-a-vis the most endangered; and, (2) those within the environmental movement who fail to emphasize within the discourse the grave and inequitably distributed human impacts. Because of this active and passive obfuscation of the underlying crisis, the deep challenges to our democratic processes and the ethical framework that undergirds them become clear. At present, the United States and its elites endorse a notion of justice and fairness in its democratic processes of law and governance. Yet the invisible plight of the `climate vulnerable` exposes an obvious failure. Emergent climate justice theory addresses the issues and concerns that arise from the intersection of climate change with race, poverty and pre-existing environmental risks. Climate justice, as I will demonstrate, provides a means to understand the moral dilemma at the base of the climate crisis and helps craft sound methods of repair for the climate vulnerable-all the while aiding in the (re)construction of a true democracy.
China in the Context of Uneven and Combined Development
Martin Hart-Landsberg,Paul Burkett 한국사회경제학회 2004 Korean journal of Political Economy Vol.2 No.-
China's record of rapid export-led growth has led many progressive scholars and activists to promote China as a development model whose growth strategy could and should be emulated by other countries This paper argues that this celebration of China is a serious mistake, one that reflects a misunderstanding not only of the Chinese experience but also of the dynamics and contradictions of capitalism as an international system An examination of the effects of China's economic transformation on the region's other economies makes clear that the country's growth is intensifying competitive pressures and crisis tendencies to the detriment of workers throughout the region, including China.
Sweeney, Colin L.,Zou, Jizhong,Choi, Uimook,Merling, Randall K.,Liu, Alexander,Bodansky, Aaron,Burkett, Sandra,Kim, Jung-Woong,De Ravin, Suk See,Malech, Harry L. Elsevier 2017 Molecular therapy Vol.25 No.2
<P>X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) is an immune deficiency resulting from defective production of microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS) by phagocytes. Causative mutations occur throughout the CYBB gene, resulting in absent or defective gp91(phox) protein expression. To correct CYBB exon 5 mutations while retaining normal gene regulation, we utilized TALEN or Cas9 for exon 5 replacement in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients, which restored gp91phox expression and ROS production in iPSC derived granulocytes. Alternate approaches for correcting the majority of X-CGD mutations were assessed, involving TALEN- or Cas9-mediated insertion of CYBB minigenes at exon 1 or 2 of the CYBB locus. Targeted insertion of an exon 1-13 minigene into CYBB exon 1 resulted in no detectable gp91phox expression or ROS activity in iPSC-derived granulocytes. In contrast, targeted insertion of an exon 2-13 minigene into exon 2 restored both gp91phox and ROS activity. This demonstrates the efficacy of two correction strategies: seamless repair of specific CYBB mutations by exon replacement or targeted insertion of an exon 2-13 minigene to CYBB exon 2 while retaining exon/intron 1. Furthermore, it highlights a key issue for targeted insertion strategies for expression from an endogenous promoter: retention of intronic elements can be necessary for expression.</P>