An introduction to stage movement for beginning actors through principles of French mime

Burdick, Jacques Otis University Microfilms 1967 국내박사

Regulation of tissue-specific expression in the C. elegans embryo

Burdick, Joshua University of Pennsylvania 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

Development proceeds through many stages, and requires genes to function at particular places and times. Knowing when and where a gene is expressed can predict its function. Furthermore, tissue-specific gene expression is regulated by many factors, whose expression patterns often overlap. Understanding this regulation would be helped by finding examples of regulatory targets of these factors, throughout the genome. The nematode C. elegans provides a model of how parts combine to form an organism. It develops into 558 cells during embryogenesis via an invariant lineage (pattern of divisions). Fluorescent markers are available for many well-defined groups of cells. Therefore, we asked how well we could "deconvolute" the expression genome-wide in each individual cell, based on expression measurements in overlapping sets of cells. Using simulated data, we compared the performance of several different methods for solving this problem. We found that we could estimate the possible range of expression throughout the embryo, using far fewer measurements than there are cells. Based on the performance simulations, we measured expression in eighteen populations of cells, flow-sorted by fluorescent markers expressed in the C. elegans embryo. Applying our deconvolution methods allowed us to estimate every gene's expression in every cell, although the accuracy of these predictions with our current sample size are not yet high enough to make them broadly useful. We clustered this dataset, and found that many genes known to be expressed in particular tissues cluster together. Comparison with existing annotation suggests that over a hundred of these clusters of genes are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. RNA-FISH confirms some of these expression predictions. Motifs corresponding to known C. elegans transcription factors were enriched upstream of the genes in many of these clusters. By combining motif enrichment with coexpression, we obtain many novel predictions about gene regulation. We have validated several of these predictions using RT-PCR in a mutant background. Our data and analysis provides a resource for improving our knowledge of tissue-specific expression and its regulation throughout C. elegans development. Furthermore, our results suggest a framework for inferring changes in gene expression and cell type composition in complex tissues.

Development and application of tools for structure-based library design

Burdick, Keith William University of California, San Francisco 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

Three-dimensional protein structures contain a formidable amount of information. The function of a protein is largely encoded in the structure. The scope of possible inhibitors is also dictated by the structure. More indirectly, the structure of related proteins can be inferred through comparative modeling. In the course of studying two enzyme families, the serine proteases and the sulfotransferases, all three of these types of analyses were performed. Much of the structural basis for serine protease specificity of serine proteases has previously been worked out, but surprises are still emerging. The structure of β-tryptase is an unusual tetrameric ring, and docking of an optimal substrate sequence reveals a role for this structure in determining substrate specificity. The mouse and human versions of granzyme A have very similar sequences, but a striking difference in substrate specificity is observed. Molecular docking reveals a possible reason for this difference by predicting a difference in substrate binding mode between the two homologs. In the area of inhibitor design, methods to interface molecular docking with combinatorial chemistry were developed and tested. Improved methods to position the scaffold of a combinatorial library and choose substituents were validated using a set of thermodynamic data for macromolecular serine protease inhibitors. This method was then applied to the design of two libraries directed against sulfotransferase enzymes, and the libraries have subsequently been shown to contain inhibitors of multiple sulfotransferases. Finally, comparative models were built in cases where structures of the proteins of interest were not available. In the case of granzyme A the models revealed possible structural determinants of the specificity difference between the mouse and human homologs. Local comparative modeling of the nucleotide-binding site in several families of sulfotransferases showed differences between the families that may impact both catalytic mechanism and inhibitor design.

"Women hold up half the sky": Is principal selection based on gender and leadership style?

Burdick, Deborah C Arizona State University 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

The purpose of this study was to determine if elementary school teachers selected their principals by gender or by leadership style. The study population was 64 elementary teachers in Arizona. Both gender issues and leadership were identified through a review of the literature, teacher ratings of fictitious principal candidates, coded written comments, and survey results. Mean ratings from the different samples were compared and independent samples t tests were used to determine whether mean differences were statistically significant. The criterion used for a statistically significant difference was where a equaled 0.05 or less, and all tests were two-tailed. The teachers chose their principals by leadership style, rating reform principals significantly higher than traditional principals. Although not statistically significant, after choosing principals by leadership style, female teachers rated female reform principals higher than males, and male teachers rated male reform principals higher than females. Also, male teachers rated traditional female principals higher than they did traditional males.

Preparing urban students for college-level writing: A narrative inquiry and spatial analysis of two high school English teachers' professional knowledge

Burdick, Melanie Nichole University of Kansas 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

This qualitative study was a narrative inquiry (Clandinin & Connelly, 2006) into the storied landscapes of high school teachers' experiences and knowledge as they prepared their urban high school students for college level writing. The study took place during the last three months of the school year in a Midwestern urban high school and followed two English teachers as they taught junior and senior level classes focused on preparing students for college-level writing. Methodology included researcher-participant collaborative writing of classroom stories based upon interviews, classroom observation, teacher journals and classroom artifacts. These narratives were organized as meganarratives and small stories (Olson & Craig, 2009), illustrated through the use of story constellations (Craig, 2007) and analyzed through the use of theories of spatiality (Lefebvre, 1991). Five meganarratives were found: the narrative of transformation, the narrative of poverty, the narrative of relationship building, the narrative of testing and the narrative of teacher autonomy. Within these meganarratives were charted and analyzed four small stories of teachers' daily classroom work. Through the small stories it became clear that in the teaching of writing, there were constraining or "frozen" meganarratives such as those stories of testing and poverty. Other meganarratives allowed for movement, authorship and appropriation, such as those of relationship building, transformation and teacher autonomy.

Characterization of receptor-mediated interactions in inflammation and cancer metastasis under flow

Burdick, Monica Maki The Johns Hopkins University 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

Intercellular adhesion plays a pivotal role in numerous diverse biological processes that occur within the vasculature, ranging from inflammation to cancer metastasis. These cell-cell interactions must be highly specific in nature for proper regulation of the various physiological events. While the involvement of the adhesion molecule E-selectin on endothelial cells in these patho-physiological phenomena has been demonstrated, the kinetics and molecular constituents that govern these adhesive interactions under shear, as well as the influence of vascular cells such as platelets and red blood cells on these phenomena, remain to be fully characterized. Therefore, this study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanisms that mediate both leukocyte and tumor cell adhesion to endothelium under simulated physiological flow conditions. This work provides functional evidence that glycosphingolipids constitute ligands for E-selectin but not P-selectin. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing E-selectin (CHO-E) or P-selectin (CHO-P) were perfused in a parallel plate flow chamber over alpha2,3-sialyl Lewis X (alpha2,3-sLex ) presented as the hexaosylceramide glycosphingolipid, as a model of neutrophil membrane glycolipid, adsorbed in a monolayer containing phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. As monitored in real time by phase contrast microscopy, CHO-E cells tethered extensively and formed stronger adhesive interactions with alpha2,3-sLe x glycosphingolipid compared to CHO-P cells. Using a similar flow chamber/phase contrast microscopy technique, it was shown that tumor cell glycolipids on LS174T colon adenocarcinoma cells also participate in tumor cell adhesion to E-selectin on endothelial cells. Sialylated glycoproteins and a non-sialylated ligand also mediate E-selectin adhesion. The addition of platelets to the LS174T cell perfusions induced platelet-mediated secondary tumor cell tethering to endothelium, and the addition of red blood cells to the perfusions failed to eliminate secondary tethering. To further characterize the binding of LS174T cells and THP-1 cells with platelets, cell suspensions were subjected to a uniform shear field using a cone-and-plate rheometer. The results indicate that hydrodynamic shear-induced collisions augment platelet-LS174T cell binding. It was also found that exogenous plasma proteins such as fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor may exert an inhibitory effect on adhesion under the appropriate conditions. Collectively, these findings may provide insights for the rational development of novel therapeutics to effectively combat cellular processes such as inflammation and cancer metastasis.

Development of a tissue engineered heart valve

Burdick, Julie-Anne M Arizona State University 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

Heart valves assist the body in efficiently moving blood throughout the circulatory system. Sometimes these valves become diseased and need to be replaced. Currently, the choice of heart valves is limited to two types: mechanical and bioprosthetic. However, both types of valves can suddenly fail due to degraded components, and can cause other post-surgical complications requiring further treatment. Heart valves made of living tissue would improve the durability of the implant and the options available to patients facing this surgery. It was the specific objective of this research to fabricate a biologic scaffold material by digesting the resident cells from viable pericardium. With the biologic scaffold for living valves being made from human pericardium, this tissue was compared to bovine pericardium. Tissue viability was confirmed by culturing pericardial cells from the fresh tissue upon delivery of the tissue specimens to the laboratory. Fibulin-1, a protein in heart valves or blood vessels, was studied using immunoblots of protein samples from the intact pericardium. Histology of intact human pericardium was compared to biologic scaffolds created by digesting the resident cells. The mechanical properties of the intact tissue were contrasted with biologic scaffolds. The scaffold creation was done in a manner to conserve the collagen and elastin fibers found in intact pericardium. The Young's modulus was significantly different (p < 0.05) for all biomaterials except between de-cellularized bovine and intact human pericardium. When comparing the ultimate tensile strength for the four biomaterials, all were significantly different. An interesting finding was that fibulin-1 was detected in intact pericardium from bovine and human sources. From this study it was concluded that a biologic scaffold can be successfully made from pericardium. A scaffold made from unfixed tissue would leave histological features unaffected and would provide more desirable mechanical properties. These scaffolds would be appropriate to fabricate into valve leaflets and may have applicability in other tissue engineering applications.

Synthesis and characterization of osteoinductive photocurable scaffolds: A tissue engineering approach to enhance bone regeneration

Burdick, Jason Alan University of Colorado at Boulder 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

Synthetic bone graft materials that form directly in the body via a photoinitiated polymerization may provide a future alternative to current treatment options for bone defects in the musculoskeletal system. Photoinitiated polymerizations are very rapid and form 3-dimensional structures on a clinically acceptable timescale, are readily controlled through changes in the initiation conditions, and are able to polymerize under physiological temperatures and in the presence of body fluids without using potentially toxic solvents. These advantages suggest that photopolymerization is a promising technique to in situ form orthopaedic biomaterials, but the photopolymerization of thick networks is extremely complex due to factors such as light attenuation with sample depth. Thus, experimental approaches were used to investigate network conversion, temperature rises, and structural heterogeneities at various depths during reaction to demonstrate the photopolymerization of thick biomaterials employing appropriate initiation conditions. Photopolymerized networks formed from novel multifunctional lactic acid based oligomers were synthesized and characterized in this thesis and determined to have controllable physical properties (i.e., degradation and mechanics), osteconductive properties similar to tissue culture polystyrene, and only a mild inflammatory response when implanted in the dorsum of adult rats. When implanted in a critical-sized cranial defect with osteoinductive growth factors, bone regeneration increased substantially in the scaffolds. All of the scaffolds had significantly higher radiopacity than untreated control defects 9 weeks after implantation, and thus, show great promise in the realm of tissue regeneration. Injectable and photopolymerizable poly(ethylene glycol) based hydrogel networks were also investigated to elicit their potential as a synthetic bone graft material. When growth factors were delivered from the hydrogel networks, the <italic>in vitro</italic> differentiation of primary rat calvarial osteoblasts was enhanced, and ectopic bone tissue was formed in the dorsum of rats. Osteoblasts encapsulated in the hydrogels survived the photoencapsulation process and remained viable in cultures up to 4 weeks. When an adhesive peptide was tethered to the network, both the attachment and cytoskeleton organization of osteoblasts on hydrogel surfaces were enhanced in addition to augmented mineralization and gene expression by photoencapsulated osteoblasts.

OLAP over uncertain and imprecise data

Burdick, Doug The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation extends the multidimensional OLAP data model to represent data ambiguity. OLAP stands for ONline Analytical Processing. Each fact in the OLAP data model consists of two types of attributes: dimensions and measures. Examples of dimensions include location and time, while measures are numeric quantities like price, sales, or cost. We extend the multidimensional OLAP data model in three fundamental ways. First, we relax the restriction that dimension values are completely specified to model imprecision. For example, we can denote that a particular repair took place in Wisconsin without specifying which city. Clearly, this has implications for how we answer queries---for a query that aggregates repair costs in Madison, should the example repair be included, and if so, how? Our second extension is to introduce a new kind of measure attribute that represents uncertainty in the measure value. Intuitively, an uncertain value encodes a range of values and our belief in the likelihood of each value. Specifically, the measure value as a probability distribution function (pdf) over values from an associated "base" domain. For example, we believe the repair cost is either $100 or $200 with probability 0.6 and 0.4 respectively, but are not sure which is the true value. Finally, we relax the assumption that all facts are independent by representing correlations between facts. We introduce a simple yet powerful language to model domain constraints, then define the semantics of answering OLAP queries in the presence of such constraints. For example, our answer to a query asking for the sum of repair costs in Wisconsin can reflect the domain constraint that all repairs with the same customer name on the same date must have the same cost. This dissertation describe how these extensions are realized. We describe a formal framework for incorporating imprecision and uncertainty into OLAP, and an operational framework implementing this formal framework. We also extend these frameworks to represent dependencies between facts.

The influence of French Baroque dance on the cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach

Burdick, Adam David University of Washington 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

Recent scholarship has shown that performers who understand dance characteristics in Johann Sebastian Bach's music can apply a more nuanced approach to the performance of that music. Though many performers would likely welcome the opportunity to learn more about expressing dance qualities in performance of Bach's music, few resources exist to guide them. This dissertation aims to encourage performers of Bach's cantatas to explore the richness of the dance elements in them. Investigation into the context of the dances, the technical details of the dance steps, and their qualities of momentum, helps build a vocabulary with which to discuss specific instances of dance characteristics in Bach's cantatas. When the performer can identify ways in which a dance influences a musical composition, he has gained an array of specific musical insights about the piece, which will help him make expressive decisions about articulations, ornamentation, affect, and other musical issues. Interpretations gain greater clarity and shape, and the infectious kinesthetic quality of the dance comes to the fore in the music. The dissertation focuses specifically on the impact on Germany and Bach's music of French Baroque dances popularized in the court of Louis XIV. Study of French Baroque cultural influence on Germany will also expose a practice in musicology of dismissing and suppressing French influence on German music and culture, especially in the works of Bach. Bach's titled dances have prompted fruitful discussions on the significance of the dance in performance of Bach's dance-influenced music, and this paper will closely examine this topic. The dissertation will focus most intently on Bach's sarabande- and minuet-influenced titled dances and cantata movements. Several dances and movements will be explored for their dance characteristics, and implications for dance-inflected performance will be discussed.