균류 분화과정의 유전적 조절기작

박범찬,이환희,박윤희,박희문 충남대학교 생물공학연구소 2003 생물공학연구지 Vol.9 No.1

Fungi are well suited for studying mechanism controlling development and cell differentiation in multicellular eukaryotes. The asexual and sexual reproductive cycles are tightly coordinated during the life cycle of Aspergillus nidulans. The asexual (mitotic) reproductive cycle involves the formation of a number of differentiated cell types. Successful formation of multicellular reproductive structures and spores (conidia) requires the establishment of spatiotemporal gradients in essential transcriptional regulators, such as brlA, abaA and wetA. Altered gene expression is coordinated with critical changes in the movement of nuclei and the regulation of the cell division cycle. Therefore, it has been proposed to define a central regulatory pathway. Several early regulatory genes involved in signal transduction pathway controlling asexual sporulation are also required for activating the central pathway. Sexual (meiotic) reproduction is more complex, requiring the differentiation of several specialized tissue types. Although technical difficulties have limited efforts to study the genetics of sexual fruiting-body formation directly, some recent progress has been made. With the recent availability of mutants blocked in sexual development, understanding the genetic interactions between genes that function primarily in determining sexual sporulation will be achieved in the near future.

네이티브 광고의 브랜드 및 제품 노출이 수용자의 광고 인지와 태도, 공유 의도에 미치는 영향

이수범(Lee, Soo?Bum),송민호(Song, Min?Ho),문원기(Moon, Won?Ki),신명희(Shin, Myoung?Hee) 한국광고홍보학회 2016 광고연구 Vol.0 No.111

본 연구는 60명을 대상으로 아이트래킹과 실험연구를 병행하여 네이티브 광고의 효과를 파악하기 위해 네이티브 광고에 대한 인지, 수용자 태도, 공유 의도를 검증하였다. 구체적으로 네이티브 광고를 콘텐츠와 브랜드 및 제품의 노출 형태(직접 노출/간접 노출)를 고려하여 두 유형의 네이티브 광고에 대한 시각적 주의가 피험자들의 광고 인지에 미치는 영향을 비교하였다. 또한 두 유형의 네이티브 광고에 대한 태도(콘텐츠 태도, 브랜드 태도, 공유 의도)를 측정하여 각 유형에 따른 차이를 비교하였다. 분석결과, 직접 노출 형태의 네이티브 광고의 구성 요소 중 콘텐츠 본문에 브랜드 관련 문구를 포함하였을 때 피험자들의 광고 인지에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 각 노출 유형별 콘텐츠 태도의 차이는 유의미하지 않았으나, 직접 노출일 때 브랜드 태도가 더 호의적인 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 직접 노출일 때 네이티브 광고의 공유 의도는 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 종합하여 네이티브 광고 제작을 위한 실무적 제언을 담았다. This study explored the effects of native advertising on readers’ recognition, attitude, and sharing intention. This study used both quasiᐨexperiment and eyeᐨtracking for 60 participants to analyze advertising effectiveness (Attitudes toward contents/brands, and sharing intention) of two types native advertisements such as brand exposure (direct/indirect). According to the result of this study, direct exposure type ads had a high advertisement recognition that included brand wording in ad contents. In addition, there was no significant difference of attitudes toward contents among each ad types but direct exposure type ads had more favorable brand attitude than indirect type ads. Finally, this study also showed that the sharing intention of direct exposure type ads were higher than indirect type ads. Based on the findings, this study provided a practical implication for the production of native advertising.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

소화기 Behcet병: 13예의 임상분석

정희원,유빈,문희범,이인철,김병식,박건춘,김진천 대한대장항문학회 1995 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.11 No.1

수도권 지역 대학병원과 재활병원의 인턴물리치료사간 인턴 만족도 비교

강순희,전수진,정민현,정은송,이범승,최용진 韓國交通大學校 2013 한국교통대학교 논문집 Vol.48 No.-

The purpose of this study was to compare internship satisfaction of intern physical therapists working in the university hospitals with that of them working in the rehabilitation hospitals in Seoul metropolitan area. The questionnaire for internship satisfaction survey that amended from vocational interest test [Strong Interest Inventory(SII)] was used to examine satisfaction of intern physical therapists and the questionnaire was used to ask general characteristics, educational and work environment. Thirty nine intern physical therapists working in university hospital and fifty nine intern physical therapists rehabilitation hospital in Seoul metropolitan area responded. Frequency analysis, χ² test and independent t-test were conducted to evaluate differences between groups about variables of internship satisfaction survey, general characteristics, work and educational environments with using the PASW 18.0 statistical program. The results of the study were as follows. There were significant differences of intern physical therapists between university hospitals and rehabilitation hospitals in overall scores of internship satisfaction and scores of all sub-items such as duty, supervision, working condition, work mates and wages. Intern physical therapists working in the university hospitals showed higher satisfaction than that of Intern physical therapists working in the rehabilitation hospitals.

수소 자기 공명 분광 영상으로 확인된 후두엽성 중첩성 복합 부분 간질에 의한 뇌신경 세포의 손상

서범천,김옥준,김현숙,최철희,김서현,이병인 대한신경과학회 1999 대한신경과학회지 Vol.17 No.1

COUBERTIN의 敎育思想과 體育思想에 對한 考察

金凡熙 濟州敎育大學校 1989 論文集 Vol.19 No.-

I studied on the contribution of Coubertin who had rendered great survices in education, physical culture, and sports of France. I tried to reinvestigate his educational philosophy and his thought of physical training through his career and words. Mondern Olympic Games which are festival of mankind have been restored by Coubertin. The result of the study is as follows: (1) Coubertin made his critical comparision of intellectualism and authoritarianism of France and indepeneent education of Britain through his studying abroad(Britain, America etc.), and carried out the educational reform adopting physical training in their curriculum of French education. (2) Educational philosophy of Coubertin is equalitarianism and education for the whole man, through which they can improve personal ability, think with freedom, demonstrate their individuality, extend mutual understanding with reliance and respect. (3) Coubertin did not look upon sports as being within physical education for a part of school education, but being one of the greatest responsibilities among the entire education. (4) His thought of physical training was an educational philosophy for the whole man based on the improvement of mental, physical monism, which promoted the growth of individuality synthetically and made a man have a mental, moral, physical capacity. (5) His work made a turning point in the sports world; with Olympic Games they have transferred sports from a regional event to the international sports events, and sports is having been popularized and extended widely. Olympic Games have provided just one place not only for playing the various games, but for gathering the worldwide culture, for understanding each other to everyone of global village.

經濟開發과 經濟體制

朴喜範 서울大學校商科大學 韓國經濟硏究所 1966 經濟論集 Vol.5 No.4

Economic system is a social order in which the economic institutions as its component factors are not only consistent with each other but form an integrated organization. There may be some economic institutions which defend and support the interests of existing ruling economic powers. But if those private interests conflict with national interest, that is, the development of national productivity, the economic institutions must be changed to be appropriate for the development of national productivity and in the result the character of the economic system is changed. In this way, the economic powers based on the old institutions will be substituted for the other economic powers suitable for the new institutions. The relation between the national productivity and the economic institutions forming an economic system is divided into two cases: in general case, the development of national productivity determines the character of economic system; and in special case, on the contrary, the reform of economic system brings the development of national productivity. The advanced economies, I think, belong to the former, and the backward to the latter. In other words, in the advanced economy the development of national productivity has acted as an independent variable in reforming the economic institutions or system; in the backward economy the reform of the institutions or system has played a role of independent variable in the development of the national productivity. The series of the systems of the advanced economy, in the reform of which the development of national productivity has played a ruling role, may usually be understood as mercantilism, industrial capitalism, monopolistic capitalism, and modified capitalism. And also the series of the systems of the backward economy, in which the reform of economic institutions has played a ruling role in the development of national productivity, can be understood as physiocracy, protectionism, Sunwenism (a kind of ideal type), and backward countries' type of mixed economic system. Therefore, in spite of the background of the same age there may well be the difference in the economic systems between the advanced and the backward countries according to the individuality of national economy. The backward countries who created the economic systems suitable for their individuality which is different from that of the advanced countries have achieved the rapid development of national productivity; on the contrary, the backward countries without their suitable systems did not break away from economic backwardness. This is a historical lesson. The economic systems in backward countries which conquered successfully their economic backwardness have coped and coexisted with those of advanced countries; namely, physiocracy with mercantilism, protectionism, with industrial capitalism, Sunwenism, with imperialism, and finally backward countries' type of mixed economic system with modified capitalism. There is no doubt that this contrast or distinction has not the same exactitude as in natural science. It is also obvious that the implications of economic system vary to a large extent according to the peculiarity of cultural tradition and national individuality. We have so far described the factors to change advanced economic systems in relation to the different stages of economic development, and backward economic systems in relation to the difference of individuality-economic backwardness- in national economy. For that reason, by the difference of individuality many countries in the same development stage of productive power have adopted different economic systems respectively. Succeeding to the same monopolistic capitalism inview of the development stage of productive power, the "Have Nations" whose resources were rich have been transformed into modified capitalism on one hand, and the "Have-not Nations" whose resources were poor were transformed into fascism on the other hand. This historical fact proves that the difference of national individualities accrues partly from natural environments. Here is, however, an economic system based on the theory of Marxian socialism. The series of economic systems in backward countries which I mentioned above, though they are historical facts, can be considered as one of the alternatives in viewing from the theoretical aspects. For example, economic system other than protectionism might have opposed to the industrial capitalism of advanced countries, have developed their national productivity rapidly, and have wiped out economic backwardness; and in the result, the above economic systems might have brought up the countries to become members of advanced group in the near future as the protectionism has done. In the same way, the economic system which could have opposed to imperialism-the highest stage of monopolistic capitalism, and protected its national interest, may not imply only Sunwenism. We can say that the economic system of Marxism-Leninism was one of the possible systems in backward countries. Why Marxian socialism could not but be born in the most economically backward country, Russia, contrary to the prophecy of Marx, can not be explained without standing on the different theoretical ground from Marxism. It seems to me that the deep-rooted foreign capital unable to be eliminated by laissez-faire, the sudden introduction of modern institutions shocking the feudal semi-serfdom, the secret police system of Imperial Russia, and other cultural traditions, etc. were the factors to have made out the economic system of Marxism-Leninism which is a sort of socialism having Russian individuality. From the viewpoint of the exclusion of humanity and other cultural values, that system has many faults. But that ruthless and violent system has accomplished economic modernization. On the contrary, Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles which is more rational and ideal than Marxism-Leninism has ended in a failure. Though Marx and Schumpeter were based on the different theoretical ground, both foresaw the coming world after capitalism to be socialist society. But they emphasized only the generality of history based on the advanced capitalist economies which had played a leading role in modern history; they neglected the various effects of the supporting role of a number of backward economies on the modern history. In this sense, they have forgotten the individuality of historical phenomena. It can be known from the fact that the proposition of Marx-the most advanced capitalist economies will transform into socialism in the first place-was denied by the very man, Lenin, his genuine successor. In spite of long and boring explanation by the socialists, the historical fact that in the most economically backward country, Russia, was born socialism for the first time, contradicts the proposition of Marx. I do not doubt that Marxian socialism is one of the alternative ways in economic development of backward countries. But this system may be irrational economic system as well as abnormal. Marxian socialism cannot destroy the general law that the connotation of a term varies according to the development stages of productive power. Marxian socialism is classified into advanced and backward types, as same as advanced type of industrial capitalism implied laissez-faire and backward type of it protectionism. Soviet Union has recently transformed into revised socialist system, but Red China is to stick to Stalinism. In this very point the economic factor of Sino-Soviet ideological dispute is believed to lie. Soviet Union could not but transform into revisionism for her national interest, the development of productive power, on the contrary, to Red China Stalinism seems rather appropriate. Various types of economic system after industrial capitalism-protectionism, Sunwenism, Fascism, two kinds of Marxian socialism and all other possible socialist economic systems, can be defined as modern economic systems. The word 'modern' in this place means that it is not the traditional economic system the characteristic of which is the unproductive allocation of resources, but the economic system which is characterized by the productive allocation of resources and which makes, therefore, economic development possible. In other words, the word 'modern' does not imply the primitive accumulation of capital, i.e., merely one-way transfer of wealth, but the accumulation of industrial capital by private sector and/or government. Here I must emphasize the point that any economy has created a new economic system on the basis of historical inheritances. A new economic system as a new social order was established by modifying the system taken over as historical inheritance or lesson according to new principles, or by creating partly new institutions. It is proved by the fact that socialist economic systems which are utterly hostile to capitalism in ideology have adopted capitalist institutions in modified form suitable for their principles. Therefore, in case we discuss the economic system in the backward countries which were emerged as independent nations in our times, we must keep it in mind that all the economic institutions constituting it can not and need not be newly created. Now, let's summarize the analysis of the mixed economy which is supposed the most rational economic system for the backward countries. Above all, it is necessary to make clear some problems in the reformation of economic institutions in the backward countries. First, it is needed to remove some elements of traditional or pre-modern institutions which block the economic modernization of the backward countries. As for this point, Professor W. W. Rostow asserts that the control in the flow of income should be transferred from the unproductive class to the productive. So long as the control in the flow of income remains in the hands of unproductive or traditional economic powers, i.e., middlemen, brokers, foreign exchange or real estate speculators, etc., the economic surplus as once mentioned by P. Baran is laid out unproductively or penetrates into the same consumption process as redistribution in the end. Hence, the control must be transferred to the modern productive class, whether it is private and/or government. To say once more, the social and economic activities which pursue the primitive accumulation of capital must be changed into the other social and economic activities in which the accumulation of industrial capital plays a ruling role. To satisfy these social desires the existing economic system must be reformed or a new system must be created. Second, the economic system in the backward countries must have the same institutional arrangements which can assure the realization of policies for national interests as the protectionism of backward countries in the nineteenth century had. The backward countries in the nineteenth century could guarantee their national interests, i.e., the development of national productivity, only by protecting their infant domestic industries. But the case of the present emerging independent countries is very different from the above. Their domestic industries are not only infant, but economically subordinate to the industries of advanced countries. They are subordinate not entirely in the pattern of manufactured goods versus primary goods as in the colonial ages. Maintaining partly this type of subordination, they are subordinate mainly in the aspect that their domestic consumer-goods-processing industries constructed after their independence are dependent on the heavy machinery industries and heavy chemical industries of advanced countries in the demand side of their facilities and raw materials. And also those consumer-goods-processing industries are usually forming monopolistic or oligopolistic positions in the backward countries, and they have comprador characteristics acting only as the fixed merchandise market for advanced countries. Consequently, the industrialization policies in the backward countries must be ultimately focused on establishing economic independence. But in the present economic conditions they must necessarily pursue the inward-looking nationalism aiming at the intensive industrialization. The reasons are as follows: the international specialization in the latter half of the twentieth century has changed long before from north-south trade to east-west; the advanced countries which have lost their colonies are protecting their agriculture as one means of industry-diversification policies; the advanced countries including the United States which forms the backbone of international trade are suffering from the overproduction in the agricultural sector; and to make matters worse, by the invention of synthetic raw materials the industries of advanced countries do not so much depend on the raw materials of the backward countries as before. From the outside factors, the industrialization of emerging independent countries enforces the intensive industrialization. Moreover, the nationalism of those countries which were liberated from the colonial rule is naturally rushing into the inward-looking nationalism. The economic system in the backward countries, therefore, needs the institutional arrangements which can satisfy this inward-looking economic nationalism. The next problem is which economic system can defend the national interests of the backward countries. Of course, we can think of the variously possible economic systems; modern capitalism, Fascism and various types of socialist systems may be the adoptable in the point that they can change the traditional types of economic activities into the modern. But the economic system we intend to pursue must be one which is rational and normal to any extent on one hand, because the economic life is not all of the social life of man, and rather the economic activities are the mere means to accomplish the higher objectives; and which can maintain the nationalistic features on the other hand. It will be identified that the backward countries' type of mixed economic system as H. Myint defined can satisfy the above requirements. First, it needs the institutional reform related with the agricultural sector. The institutional framework must be arranged which can transform the economic surplus originated from agriculture into the productive investment by abolishing the semi-feudal tenant system through land reform. The institution need be arranged which can remove the control in the flow of income around the agriculture from the unproductive landlords to the farmers, so that the farmers can invest productively in agriculture or other sectors. Agricultural revolution, however, cannot be fulfilled only by the land reform. The economic surplus in agriculture has been expropriated not only by the traditional feudal forces, but also by the precapitalistic merchant capital. Moreover, in the agricultural sector without landlords there are so many owner cultivators or petty cultivators that minor middlemen versus major cultivators form the selling or purchasing market for the necessaries of life and the agricultural products. As the result, the oligopolistic competition peculiar in the backward countries occurs in the marketing process, and the expropriation of farmers by the middlemen becomes more excessive. Hence, the marketing mechanism for the farm products and the necessaries of farmers need be modernized. The marketing revolution in the agricultural sector must be focused on the following policy: the agricultural cooperatives must take charge of the former function of middlemen so that the economic surplus can be resolved to the farmers or cooperatives themselves, or mobilized into production in the form of government tax revenues. Central Marketing System in Malaysia, Farmer's Association System in Taiwan, and State Marketing System(or State Trade System) in Burma and India, are the good examples. As the land reform or marketing revolution aims ultimately at the productive transformation of the semi-feudal land capital, middle merchant capital or usury capital, such an agricultural revolution must coincide with the industrialization plan which makes possible the productive mobilization of unproductive capitals. Second, the marketing revolution is needed not only in the agricultural sector but also in the industrial sector or other commerce and service sectors. In order to remove the control in the flow of income from the unproductive classes to the productive classes, modern marketing system must be established in the overall marketing sector. The principles of institutional reform in this sector are the same as those in agricultural cooperatives: the intermediate marketing system excluding retail trade must be undertaken by the producer's associations which are organized respectively by occupations. This will transfer the incomes of excluded middlemen to the producers associations or the producers themselves; and therefore, it will be conducive to the reduction of tax-collecting expenses and the increase of government revenues, because the taxation policies can be executed against the producer's associations. To efficiently administer the producer's associations and to block the evasion of taxes by the exact grasping of the production and circulation of goods, the financial institutions must be arranged. All the transactions excluding those with the final demanders must be regulated in the check exchange and balanced through the current deposit accounts of banks, so that the evasion of taxes by the usurpation on raw materials or finished goods and by the unfairness in the allocation of raw materials can be prevented. Third, the government organization must be so reformed that it can orientate and supervise producer's associations in accordance with the policies and can accomplish the objectives of them, because the occupational producer's association are not the production organization but the regulation organization. The marketing mechanism and the government organization of Fascism which, allowing in principle the priviate property system and the freedom of enterprise in the production activities, could obstruct the waste of resources by allocating the resources productively according to the government plan, may be utilized for the mixed economic system of the backward countries. Here we must keep it in mind that the ideology of Fascism is one thing and the economic institutions of it are another. It would be a good lesson that the Soviet socialism adopts many capitalistic institutions in various sectors, but administers them entirely differently from capitalism. The fourth is the problem about the monopolistic and oligopolistic financial cliques. The monopoly and oligopoly in the backward countries are formed not only in the marketing sector as already mentioned, but tend to be formed in the manufacturing sector, especially in the consumer-goods-processing industries or the durable consumer-goods-processing industries. These financial cliques generally have subordinate and comprador subcontract relations with the heavy machinery industries, the heavy chemical industries and the exact machinery industries of advanced countries in the aspect of facilities, raw materials and technology. As long as these subcontract relations are continued, the investment in these sectors can not expect the derived investments by linkage and/or multiplier effects. In spite of these features, the financial cliques have received the special favor in finance under the name of industrialization and have generally formed family companies. In having formed the financial cliques, their creative entrepreneurship must have played a large role, but their connection with the political powers may have been a much more direct factor. The formation of family financial cliques largely impedes the automatic mobilization of private capital. Low interest loans, even if there is not progression of inflation, give enormous opportunities for vested interests along with other subsidies. So long as such a loan system exists, the development of the automatic mobilization machinery of private capital, i.e., the stock market, will be blocked, and the popularization of stocks will be impossible. Though the theoretical discussion on the development bank is still continuing, it is a general trend of many countries that loan policy is being substituted for investing policy. Development bank will be able to make the automatic mobilization of private capital and the popularization of stocks possible, for it can invest directly in the stock market. Consequently, the reformation of financial institutions is desired. In the particular economic sectors or industries which private capital can not undertake, government will be able to invest directly and dispose of the enterprises to private capitalists; this case was historically the state capitalism in the initial stage of modernization of Japan. Fifth, various problems can be appeared in the transitory period. As the modernization of backward countries implies the change of social powers in the sociological and political aspects, there must be social frictions. Especially, the present backward countries which were liberated from the colonial rules must fight against the domestic traditional powers on one hand as in the industrialization process of advanced countries; and must fight against the oppression by the advanced countries' monopolistic capital which is linked with the domestic subordinate processing industries on the other hand. The maintenance of traditional, commerce capitalistic or usury capitalistic institutions are favorable to both of the domestic traditional powers and the monopolistic capital of the advanced countries. Therefore, the coalition of these two powers is the most important factor blocking the modernization of backward countries. Here is one of the reasons why nationalism is so prevalent in the present backward countries. The unemployment problem in the transitory period may not be very important. Though frictional unemployment will occur temporarily, the more creation of productive employment opportunities will make it easier. The frictional unemployment in the retail trades or other services business which give the most of employment opportunities will be affected little by the marketing revolution. The exclusion of middlemen or brokers will be compensated by the employment opportunities created in the modern marketing organization by the producer's associations. Consequently, the frictional unemployment cannot be an important social problem. It is a quite different problem how the mass communication defending the existing economic powers will treat this problem. It is already mentioned that the industrialization of backward countries can not but have the intensive character and advance to the inward-looking nationalism. To realize the inward-looking nationalism; first, on the side of policy measures the intensive industrialization plan is necessary, second, on the side of institutions the tariff system and the adjustment of domestic price mechanism able to support the industrialization plan must be established. And the institutional arrangements will be necessary which can systematically carry forward the plan in order to form the social overhead capital and to establish the basic industries essential for the intensive industrialization.

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