Athletic Training for Korean EFL Learners’ Anxiety Resistance, Pragmatic Awareness, and Motivation for English Learning

"Salim Bullen", "Young Woo Cho" 培材大學校 人文科學硏究所 2015 人文論叢 Vol.32 No.-

This study investigated whether athletic training, in the form of soccer, may improve Korean college-level EFL learners’ anxiety resistance, pragmatic awareness, and motivation. Fifty-six Korean college students divided into two groups (control and treatment) completed a questionnaire on their self-evaluations of anxiety, pragmatic ability, and motivation. The treatment group (n=28) participated in a soccer training program for two months led by the researcher, who was a native speaker of English, and a bilingual Korean/English speaking assistant. The control group (n=28) received no athletic training during the same period, but practiced English in their regular English courses. At the completion of the program, both groups completed the same questionnaire. Results from ANCOVA analyses showed significant improvements in the two areas: anxiety resistance and pragmatic awareness for the treatment group. However, no significant improvement was found in motivation. These results suggest that athletic training may be used as part of regular EFL instruction to help L2 learners lower anxiety and raise pragmatic awareness. However, motivation is a more complex issue that needs to be addressed from a broader perspective. 운동훈련은 제2언어학습과 커뮤니케이션을 보조할 수 있는 독특한 언어학습 도구이다. 운동훈련을 통하여 제2언어학습자들은 교실 밖 환경에서 실시간으로 의사소통을 하는데 필요한 의사소통 기술을 발달시킬 수 있으며 이를 통하여 영어를 통한 의사소통이 더 의미 있게 된다. 그러나 운동과 제2언어학습 및 의사소통을 통합했을 때 얻을 수 있는 유익을 반영하는 기존연구는 없었다. 따라서 본 연구는 운동의 한 형태로서 축구를 사용하여 제2언어학습자들의 불안에 대한 저항력과, 학습동기, 화용적 인식을 강화할 수 있는 가능성을 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 대학 영어강좌를 수강하는 56명의 한국 성인 영어학습자들이 본 연구에 참여하였다. 학습자들은 처치집단과 통제집단 두 집단으로 나뉘어 연구가 시작되기 전 학습불안과, 화용능력, 학습동기에 관한 스스로의 인식에 관한 설문지를 작성하였다. 처치집단(n=28)은 원어민인 연구자와 한국어/영어 이중언어를 구사하는 연구보조원이 이끄는 축구훈련 프로그램에 두 달 동안 참여하였다. 통제집단(n=28)은 같은 기간 어떤 종류의 운동훈련도 받지 않았으며 정규영어강좌에서 학습하였다. 프로그램 종료 후 두 집단은 처음과 동일한 설문지를 작성하였다. 두 집단의 응답을 비교했을 때 처치집단이 학습불안에 대한 저항력과 화용적 인식에서 통제집단보다 더 높은 수준의 유의미한 향상이 있음이 나타났다. 그러나 학습동기에서는 유의미한 향상에 관한 차이점이 발견되지 않았다. 이 결과들은 운동을 통하여 제2언어학습자들이 영어사용자들과 의사소통할 때 느끼는 불안감을 완화시킬 수 있고 화용적 인식을 증대시킬 수 있지만 운동과 제2언어학습동기와의 관계를 더 잘 이해하기 위해서는 추가적인 연구가 필요함을 시사한다.

Development of crash modification factors for intersections in Toowoomba city

Mohammad Nour Al-Marafi,Kathirgamalingam Somasundaraswaran,Frank Bullen 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2021 도시과학국제저널 Vol.25 No.1

This research outlines the analytical approaches that may be employed to recommend multiple treatments for application to improve safety level at hazardous intersections in regional areas. Data from 106 intersections in the regional city of Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia were used in modelling and subsequent analysis. Specifically, crash prediction models were developed to estimate crash modification factors that could be used to propose remedial measures. A total of sixteen geometric and operational conditions were used as explanatory variables including the number of legs at an intersection, the availability of entering and exiting via through lanes, the presence of left-turning lanes, right-turning lanes, slip lanes, median islands, traffic control, and speed limits on the feed roads. The Empirical Bayes approach was employed to identify five hazardous intersections in Toowoomba for further investigation. The four most suitable techniques for estimating combined crash modification factors were reviewed and then used to propose effective road safety measures for the five selected hazardous intersections. Finally, this research suggests four future areas worthy of further investigation.

Involvement of 4-1BB (CD137)−4-1BBligand interaction in the modulation of CD4⁺ T cell-mediated inflammatory colitis

Maerten, P.,Kwon, B. S.,Shen, C.,De Hertogh, G.,Cadot, P.,Bullens, D. M. A.,Overbergh, L.,Mathieu, C.,Van Assche, G.,Geboes, K.,Rutgeerts, P.,Ceuppens, J. L. Blackwell Science Ltd 2006 Clinical and experimental immunology Vol.143 No.2

<P>Summary</P><P>4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) expressed on antigen-presenting cells interacts with 4-1BB on activated T cells (especially CD8<SUP>+</SUP> cells) and co-stimulates the latter to secrete cytokines and to proliferate. The role of 4-1BB−4-1BBL interaction was studied here in a model of colitis based on naive CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cell transfer to SCID mice, a disease model in which CD8 cells do not take part. We found that CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells from 4-1BB-deficient mice, after transfer in SCID mice, proliferated more rapidly compared to wild-type CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells. Mice reconstituted with naive CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells from 4-1BB-deficient mice developed colitis, however, with a mixed Th1/Th2 response, in contrast to the Th1-type response in mice reconstituted with wild-type naive CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells. Importantly, this altered cytokine response did not temper colitis severity. Although it has been reported previously that 4-1BB co-stimulation may contribute to regulatory T cell functioning, we found that CD4<SUP>+</SUP>CD25<SUP>+</SUP> regulatory T cells from 4-1BB-deficient mice were perfectly able to prevent naive CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cell-induced colitis. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that 4-1BB−4-1BBL interaction modulates the effector CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cell-driven immune response and cytokine production in experimental colitis without affecting regulatory T cell function.</P>

Comparison of limited- and large-volume cone-beam computed tomography using a small voxel size for detecting isthmuses in mandibular molars

de Souza Tolentino, Elen,Andres Amoroso-Silva, Pablo,Alcalde, Murilo Priori,Yamashita, Fernanda Chiguti,Iwaki, Lilian Cristina Vessoni,Rubira-Bullen, Izabel Regina Fischer,Duarte, Marco Antonio Hungar Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology 2021 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.51 No.1

Purpose: This study was performed to compare the ability of limited- and large-volume cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to display isthmuses in the apical root canals of mandibular molars. Materials and Methods: Forty human mandibular first molars with isthmuses in the apical 3 mm of mesial roots were scanned by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and their thickness, area, and length were recorded. The samples were examined using 2 CBCT systems, using the smallest voxels and field of view available for each device. The Mann-Whitney, Friedman, and Dunn multiple comparison tests were performed (α=0.05). Results: The 3D Accuitomo 170 and i-Cat devices detected 77.5% and 75.0% of isthmuses, respectively (P>0.05). For length measurements, there were significant differences between micro-CT and both 3D Accuitomo 170 and i-Cat(P<0.05). Conclusion: Both CBCT systems performed similarly and did not detect isthmuses in the apical third in some cases. CBCT still does not equal the performance of micro-CT in isthmus detection, but it is nonetheless a valuable tool in endodontic practice.

Cone-beam computed tomography artifacts in the presence of dental implants and associated factors: An integrative review

Terrabuio, Bianca Rodrigues,Carvalho, Caroline Gomes,Peralta-Mamani, Mariela,da Silva Santos, Paulo Sergio,Rubira-Bullen, Izabel Regina Fischer,Rubira, Cassia Maria Fischer Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology 2021 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.51 No.2

Purpose: This study was conducted to review the literature regarding the types of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) artifacts around dental implants and the factors that influence their formation. Materials and Methods: A search strategy was carried out in the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases to identify published between 2010 and 2020, and 9 studies were selected. The implants included 306 titanium, titanium-zirconium, and zirconia implants, as well as 5 titanium cylinders. Results: The artifacts around the implants were the beam-hardening artifact, the streaking artifact, and band-like radiolucent areas. Some factors that influenced the formation of artifacts were the implant material, bone type, evaluated regions, distance, type of CBCT, field of view (FOV) size, milliamperage, peak kilovoltage (kVp), and voxel size. The beam-hardening artifact was the most widely reported, and it was minimized in protocols with a smaller FOV, larger voxels, and higher kVp. Conclusion: The risk and benefit of these protocols in individuals with dental implants must be considered, and clinical examinations and complementary radiographs play an essential role in implantology.