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Function of MST1/2 in the Regulation of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation
BUI THI CHAU PHUONG 세종대학교 대학원 2018 국내석사
Mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1/2 (MST1/2)는 종양 형성에 중요한 역할을 하지만, 유방암 발병 시 MST1/2의 기능은 완전히 밝혀진 것은 아니다. 이 연구에서 MST1/2-siRNA를 이용한 MST1/2 억제를 통해 ER가 존재하는 MCF-7 유방암 세포주의 세포 증식이 효과적으로 억제됨을 확인하였고, ER, cyclin D1, pS2와 같은 유방암세포 성장에 중요한 인자들이 MST2억제로 인해 감소함을 확인할 수 있었다. 게다가 breast invasive carcinoma datasets (from Gene Expression Omnibus) 와 The Cancer Genome Atlas (from Gene set Enrichment Analysis)를 통하여 MST2의 발현과 세포주기 조절에 관련된 gene set의 발현 패턴이 양성적으로 관련이 있음을 확인 할 수 있었고, Kaplan Meier plotter를 통하여 MST2 발현에 따른 유방암 환자의 생존률을 확인한 결과 MST2 발현이 낮은 유방암 환자 그룹이 예후가 더 좋음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 연구는 MST2와 유방암의 진행과의 관계를 이해하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이라 생각된다. Mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1/2 (MST1/2), upstream kinase of Hippo pathway, plays important roles in tumorigenesis, yet the function of this factor in breast cancer development is not fully characterized. In this study, I utilized distinct methods of checking cell viability by knock down of MST1/2 to show that the ablation of this kinase dramatically suppresses the proliferation of ER -positive breast cancer cell line (MCF7). I also identify some key proteins that regulate breast cancer cell growth, which are ER, cyclin D1, pS2, are downregulated specifically by MST2 elimination. In addition, breast invasive carcinoma datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) (NCBI) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), which were subjected to Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), suggested that high expression values of STK3 (MST2) were positively coordinated with expression of cell cycle related gene sets. My observations are firmly supported by Kaplan Meier plotter which demonstrates that breast cancer patients with high expression of MST2 have a poorer prognosis than the low-expressed group. This investigation provides a new insight into the relationship between MST2 and the mediation of breast cancer progression. Mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1/2 (MST1/2)는 종양 형성에 중요한 역할을 하지만, 유방암 발병 시 MST1/2의 기능은 완전히 밝혀진 것은 아니다. 이 연구에서 MST1/2-siRNA를 이용한 MST1/2 억제를 통해 ER가 존재하는 MCF-7 유방암 세포주의 세포 증식이 효과적으로 억제됨을 확인하였고, ER, cyclin D1, pS2와 같은 유방암세포 성장에 중요한 인자들이 MST2억제로 인해 감소함을 확인할 수 있었다. 게다가 breast invasive carcinoma datasets (from Gene Expression Omnibus) 와 The Cancer Genome Atlas (from Gene set Enrichment Analysis)를 통하여 MST2의 발현과 세포주기 조절에 관련된 gene set의 발현 패턴이 양성적으로 관련이 있음을 확인 할 수 있었고, Kaplan Meier plotter를 통하여 MST2 발현에 따른 유방암 환자의 생존률을 확인한 결과 MST2 발현이 낮은 유방암 환자 그룹이 예후가 더 좋음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 연구는 MST2와 유방암의 진행과의 관계를 이해하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이라 생각된다. Mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1/2 (MST1/2)는 종양 형성에 중요한 역할을 하지만, 유방암 발병 시 MST1/2의 기능은 완전히 밝혀진 것은 아니다. 이 연구에서 MST1/2-siRNA를 이용한 MST1/2 억제를 통해 ER가 존재하는 MCF-7 유방암 세포주의 세포 증식이 효과적으로 억제됨을 확인하였고, ER, cyclin D1, pS2와 같은 유방암세포 성장에 중요한 인자들이 MST2억제로 인해 감소함을 확인할 수 있었다. 게다가 breast invasive carcinoma datasets (from Gene Expression Omnibus) 와 The Cancer Genome Atlas (from Gene set Enrichment Analysis)를 통하여 MST2의 발현과 세포주기 조절에 관련된 gene set의 발현 패턴이 양성적으로 관련이 있음을 확인 할 수 있었고, Kaplan Meier plotter를 통하여 MST2 발현에 따른 유방암 환자의 생존률을 확인한 결과 MST2 발현이 낮은 유방암 환자 그룹이 예후가 더 좋음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 연구는 MST2와 유방암의 진행과의 관계를 이해하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이라 생각된다.
Effective Tracking Algorithm for Human Following of Mobile Robot with Kinect Sensor
BUI QUANG TAN 경희대학교 대학원 2017 국내석사
Abstract EFFECTIVE TRACKING ALGORITHM FOR HUMAN FOLLOWING OF MOBILE ROBOT WITH KINECT SENSOR By Bui Quang Tan Master in Mechanical Engineering Graduate Shool of Kyung Hee University Advised by Ph.D. Soon-Geul Lee Almost half of jobs in the United States are likely to be automated within the next 20 years. That is the prediction from researchers at the University of Oxford in England. They think more and more machines will be given jobs that people traditionally performed. Robots now work in the food industry and build cars. Other robots can be programmed to welcome people as they arrive at a store or hotel. Imagine that you are in an airport and you have to take care your children. You will be very happy if there is a robot it can follow you and help you to carry your luggage. To do the task the robot must have ability to detect, following human and collision a voidance. In this paper, a vacuum cleaning robot platform equipped by Kinect camera sensor to follow a moving human. The system is defined as the Tracking Human Robot System (THRS). This robot is used as a service robot it can track a person quickly and smoothly on a flat floor and maintain a safe distance to that person. There are several sensors they can be used for human tracking. Ultrasonic sensors transmit and receive ultrasonic waves and determine the distance to an object by calculating the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the echo. They are used to track a human and avoid obstacles by developing an ultrasonic-sensor array. However, ultrasonic-sensors cannot distinguish human from object. RGB cameras, which can deliver the three basic color components (red, green, and blue), are frequently used some image processing software for object detection and tracking. For example, OpenCV, Matlab, and Point Cloud Library (PCL) can be used for image processing. However, 3D motion sensors (or depth sensors) are very likely to supersede other sensors in human tracking due to their reliability and depth sensing ability. A 3D motion sensor is a device that can capture motions in 3D. There are two popular commercial 3D motion sensors, Kinect from Microsoft and Xtion PRO Live from Asus. The Kinect sensor has high resolution (1–75mm) and is more adaptable than the Xtion PRO Live. Human-tracking is easy to realize with 3D motion sensors because they usually come with a software development kit (SDK) that processes color, depth, and skeleton data. With these data, it is convenient to create human-tracking applications. Key Words Tracking Human Robot System (THRS), Kinect sensor, vacuum cleaning robot, collision avoidance.
Preparation of aminoclay-polymer nanocomposite hydrogels
BUI KHAC HOANG VU Gachon University 2017 국내석사
Aminoclay has been revealed to have potential in many applications. In this research, we used freezing-thawing method for 3 consecutive cycles to prepare poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels composite with magnesium organophyllosilicate (MgAC) and zinc organophyllosilicate (ZnAC-[Cl2]). These hydrogels were tested by gel fraction, swelling ratio and SEM observation. In general, the presence of aminoclay materials reduced the gel fraction but increased the swelling ratio and porous size of hydrogels. The radial diffusion method was applied for antimicrobial test. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were chosen as harmful bacteria. The ZnAC-[Cl2]/PVA hydrogels have stronger antimicrobial activity compared to MgAC/PVA hydrogels. We also prepared MgAC/PVA hydrogels with silver nanowire (AgNW) at different concentration. From initial experiments, silver nanowire enhanced antimicrobial activity but did not affect gel fraction and swelling ratio ability
A Study on Automatic Ship Berthing System Design with Side Thrusters
Van Phuoc Bui 부경대학교 2010 국내석사
This thesis contains some analyses and new results on the problem of automatic ship berthing system design. The main motivation driving this work is to propose a new approach for ship berthing automatically by using only bow and stern thrusters. In this thesis, the ship steering model is considered and simplified to suit the proposed system. Prediction Error Method, one of System identification techniques, is used to estimate the hydrodynamic coefficients of ship motion model. The two-degree-of-freedom servosystem incorporating observer is described. It satisfies two purposes: - Optimal tracking response to step reference by using linear optimal regulator - Robust stability with the uncertainty of model and effect of environmental disturbances In order to evaluate the efficiency of proposed steering model and designed controller, the ship control experiments are performed in model basin. Motion of ship is measured and controlled based on SIMTOOL program through DAQ board. Experimental results show good performances with reduced overshoot and steady state error as well as robustness against environmental disturbances.
Thi Hong Hieu BUI 서울시립대학교 2017 국내석사
Landfills should not be planned in urban areas where populations are densely populated as it is a source of pollutants for the environment. A landfill after reaching its limits will be closed to stop receiving waste, and a matter of concern here is how to reuse the landfill site efficiently. Developers and communities are beginning to consider closed landfills as a potential asset to the community and plan to use the landfill site for different purpose. Many closed landfills have been transformed to new land uses. The new land uses include peon space recreational uses such as parks, wildlife areas, and golf courses and more construction intensive applications such as hard end uos of parking lots and goverment or commercial buldings, woodland for forestry, energy generation, and agricultural land use. The purpose of the study is to find the best land use of a closed landfill site after studying the characterisitics of landfill site by suing Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The data used in the study collected from local people surveys and the fifteen experts in three fields such as environment, urban planning, and policy development, the final results were based on their experience in evaluating the weight of criteria and alternatives in the same survey. To achieve the purpose of the study, three main criteria, six sub-criteria, and five alternatives were identified as being relevant to the redevelopment of Dong Ngo landfill site. Hierarchy of of decision levels for Dong Ngo case study has been tested and developed from a real source data and has successfully assessed the best use option as energy generation option for the landfill site under a scenario of decision-making. Keywords: Closed landfill site, redevelopment, after-options, AHP 매립은 환경오염원이기 때문에, 인구가 밀집된 도심지역에서는 피해야 한다. 한계점에 다다른 이후 쓰레기를 더 이상 매립할 수 없는 사용 종료 매립지는 향후 효율적인 이용 문제가 남게 된다. 최근 개발자들과 지역사회는 사용 종료 매립지를 지역사회의 잠재적 자산으로 생각하기 시작하였으며, 다른 용도로 활용할 계획도 수립한다. 이에 수많은 사용 종료 매립지가 새로운 용도의 땅으로 변화하여 왔다. 즉 공원, 야생동물 지역, 골프장, 등의 레크리에이션 목적의 공간으로 활용되거나, 주차장이나 정부청사, 상업 빌딩, 임업을 위한 삼림 지대, 에너지 재생 지역, 농업용지 등으로 재탄생되기도 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 단계적 분석과정(Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP)을 사용하여, 매립지의 특성을 연구한 다음 사용 종료 매립지를 가장 잘 활용할 수 있는 방법을 모색하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 현지인 조사 및 환경, 도시+J47계획, 정책개발 분야의 15명의 전문가로부터 수집한 데이터를 사용했고, 동일 조사에서 기준의 가중치 및 대안 평가에서 그들의 경험에 기반하여 최종 결과를 내놓았다. 본 연구의 목적상, 동엔고(Dong Ngo)매립지의 재개발과 관련하여 나온 세 개의 1차적 기준, 6개의 2차적 기준 및 5개의 대안을 사용하였다. 동엔고 사례 연구와 관련한 결정 수준의 계층을 실질원 데이터에서 개발, 시험하였고, 의사결정 시나리오 하에서, 매립지에 대한 에너지 생산 옵션으로서, 최선의 활용 옵션을 평가하는 데에 성공했다. 주요 용어: 사용종료 매립지, 재개발, 사용 후 옵션, AHP
BUI NGOC ANH 세종대학교 대학원 2020 국내석사
In Vietnam, adventure tourism is a promising market which defined as a trip combined of travel, sport and outdoor recreation. Adventure tourism is divided into two subgroups based on the level of risk: soft adventure tourism refers to lowest risk activities whereas hard adventure tourism (hardy tourism) contains high risk and requires skills and sometimes heavy physical activities from participants. This study attempts to investigate the antecedents influencing Vietnamese adventure tourist’s intention to participate in Hard adventure tours. This research extends the Model of goal-directed behavior by adding two new variables named social media consumption and hardy tourism knowledge to examine how the participation in social media and understanding of hard adventure tourism product could impact tourist’s decision-making process. Carrying out the survey with the population for this study is Vietnamese tourists, including those who have been or have not been participated in a hard adventure tour, the sample consisted of 441 questionnaires in total, 307 of those are usable responses after calculating and screening process. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze data, identify the best-fitting model and to test the proposed hypothesis relationship constructs. The result showed that desire and frequency of past behavior are two very important antecedents for behavior intention for Vietnamese hard adventure tourists. However, unlike previous researches, perceived behavioral control has no effect on behavior intention in Vietnam. The constructs of attitude, positive anticipated emotion, perceived behavioral control and hardy tourism knowledge play important roles to explain the variable of desire. In contrary, negative anticipated emotion and subjective norm have no relationship with desire. Positive anticipated emotion and hardy tourism knowledge had great influence on attitude. Frequency of past behavior had positive effect on social media consumption and social media consumption also have positive effect on hardy tourism knowledge. In conclusion, this study gives a deeper understanding about Vietnamese hardy tourists’ behavior intention under the involvement of social media.
Synthesis of aminoclay based nanocomposite materials for water/waste treatment
BUI KHAC HOANG VU Graduate School Gachon University 2020 국내박사
2-D nanomaterials were widely utilized to developed photocatalytic nanocomposite materials. In the previous study, magnesium aminoclay (MgAC), which was also one type of 2-D material, has been shown its potential for environmental treatment due to its high adsorption ability. In this thesis, we tried to develop nanocomposite/hybrid nanocomposites based on aminoclay including MgAC-TiO2, MgAC-Fe3O4, and MgAC-Fe3O4/TiO2. Different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), photoluminescence (PL), and UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) were used to characterize the nanocomposites. All of the mentioned nanocomposites/hybrid nanocomposites have high photocatalytic/photo-Fenton abilities compared to commercial products. The high photocatalytic/photo-Fenton of these materials could be attributed to the synergistic effects gained from the high adsorption ability of MgAC and photocatalytic/photo-Fenton activity of Fe3O4/TiO2 nanomaterials. However, this study remained some limitations. The structure and photocatalytic/photo-Fenton mechanism of nanocomposites/hybrid nanocomposites are not clear enough and should be confirmed in the future. Due to their potentials, these materials could be extended to biological applications such as microalgae harvesting or sensor.
2D, 3D nanostructure materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion
Bui Thi Hoa 한양대학교 대학원 2020 국내박사
Energy is an essential factor for sustainable development and poverty eradication. Due to the growing of global energy demand and increasing levels of greenhouse gases and pollutants, scientists nowadays are paying a huge attention to establish a new energy technology, which is clean, environmentally friendly, and cost effective. In my doctoral research, I have demonstrated on the development of 2D and 3D nano structure materials for energy storage and energy conversion technology in the lithium rechargeable batteries (Li-X batteries; X=S,Se) field, electrochemistry such as water splitting: oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER, OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In chapter 1, we introduced about two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. We discuss about the background, general information about synthesis methodology, physical/chemical properties, and potential applications of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Similarly, we also introduced about three-dimensional nanostructure materials Prussian Blue and Metals-based Prussian Blue. It provided information about the current research state of Prussian Blue and Metals-based Prussian Blue as preparation methods and application fields. Moreover, we have discussed about the tendency of research about energy storage and energy conversion technology. In chapter 2, we introduced a new strategy to fabricate multi-layered graphene structure embedding in situ generated selenides active cathode materials for high-power Li-Se battery by exploiting the MoSe2- multilayered graphene (Gr- MoSe2) structure. The MoSe2 has been synthesized by applying a reflux system and selenoacetamide were used as Se precursor without using any reduced reagent. Moreover, this strategy also introduced the generation in situ a layer of graphene in the interlayer of MoSe2, which improves the Litium -Selenium battery’s performance. Moreover, the shuttle effects can be effectively controlled, and the multi-layered graphene structure becomes a promising cathode platform for Li-Se batteries. In chapter 3, we presented a strategy to successfully synthesize the hybrid MoS-Se-multilayered graphene (MoS-Se-Gr) composite by applying a closed reflux system with two different S and Se precursor ratios of 1:1 and 5:1, then multilayered graphene was formed by calcination processes in inert conditions. The multi-layered graphene structure generated an in situ SSe active cathode material for high performance and long cycling life Li/S-Se battery by electrochemically reduction (lithiation) of MoS-Se-multilayered graphene (MoS-Se-Gr) structure. The multilayered graphene became an ideal platform to reduce shuttling effects by providing the space for the formation of intermediate lithium S-Se during discharging/charging processes. In addition, with the existence of multilayer graphene and the hybrid structure of coupled S and Se in composite materials improves electrical properties and reduce the internal resistance of cathode for getting high capacities and long cycle lifetime of Lithium /Sulfur-Selenium battery. In chapter 4, we developed an aqueous-solution based chemical transformation approach for the formation of cobalt hexacyanoferrate (Co-HCF= Co3[Fe(CN)6]2). Cobalt hexacyanoferrate has been deposited as a Prussian blue analog metal–organic-framework on a substrate using an ion-exchange chemical transformation route. When the Co-HCF film was investigated as a catalyst for electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The Co-HCF crystals has demonstrated the superior electrocatalytic performance on water-oxidation from alkaline and neutral electrolytes, which is competitive to the catalytic performance demonstrated by the many outstanding water-oxidation catalysts. In chapter 5, we designed the thin film of nickel based Prussian blue analog hexacyanoferrate (Ni-HCF: Ni3[Fe(CN)6]2), particularly via electrochemical anodization route. Hydrogen is one of the friendly fuels to the environment, and the most widely used in key industrial process. Consequently, hydrogen is going to play an important role in energy carrier economy in the future. The production of molecular hydrogen by electrochemical splitting of water is becoming very promising for the development of clean energy technology. Unfortunately, the cathodic process for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in electrochemical water splitting devices are traditionally facilitated by noble metals such as platinum. However, due to the rising cost of platinum, significant advances have been achieved to identify HER electrocatalysts in alternate to platinum. The obtained Ni-HCF film achieved high performance for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction, suggesting an interesting candidate and promising routes for identifying highly active HER electrotrocatalysts with high performance for electrochemical HER in 1 M KOH electrolyte with the long-term electrochemical durability. Furthermore, this work reports on designing the metal-HCF electrode based on full-water splitting device consisting of the binder-free Ni-HCF film on Ni-plate and Co-HCF film on carbon paper, as HER and OER electrodes, which is promising for overall water splitting.
Bui Vinh Hau 충북대학교 2019 국내박사
Chapter 1: Neoproterozoic deposition and provenance of metasedimentary rocks from the Nam Co complex, Son La area, Song Ma suture zone, northwestern Vietnam: Constraint on the U–Th–Pb ages of detrital zircon U–Pb geochronological studies of detrital zircon from the Nam Co complex in the Son La area, Song Ma suture zone, northwestern Vietnam, were investigated in order to constrain the depositional age and provenance of sediment from the Nam Co complex. The U–Pb isotopic dating on detrital zircons from metasedimentary rocks show that the Nam Co complex have maximum depositional age of 833 ± 8 Ma (2σ)and major population (>50%) around ~850 Ma with minor population scattered between 1.0 to 3.0 Ga. The age spectra as well as the morphologies, internal structures and geochemical features of detrital zircon are accounted for by magmatic activities prevalent at the convergent plate margin during the Neoproterozoic. The U–Pb age distribution pattern of detrital zircon in the Nam Co Complex is compatible with that of the South China craton rather than that of the Indochina craton. This indicates that sedimentary protoliths of the Nam Co complex were deposited in a convergent-related basin along the southwestern margin of the South China craton during the Neoproterozoic. Chapter 2: P-T conditions and monazite U–Th–Pb ages of metapelite, Nam Co complex, Son La area, Song Ma suture zone, northwestern Vietnam High-pressure metapelites have gained a great deal of interest for the possibility to shed some light on the tectonic development of convergent tectonic boundaries. In this chapter, the metamorphic evolution and monazite geochronology of metapelitic schists from the Nam Co complex, Son La area, central Song Ma suture zone, were investigated in order to reveal: (1) the predominance of chlorite + white mica + albite + quartz ± garnet + monazite assemblage (M2) in metapelite; and (2) two-stage metamorphism and deformation records during the Indosinian orogeny. Earlier event (M1) was partly recorded by relict mineral inclusions inside albite porphyroblasts such as garnet + white mica + chlorite + ilmenite + rutile + monazite and graphitic material. Their internal fabrics (S1) are variable from straight to sigmoidal in shape, and are discontinuous to the major foliations (S2) defined by aggregates of white mica and chlorite in the matrix, suggesting their pre-S2 formation. Porphyroblastic garnet contains paucity of inclusions such as quartz, rutile needles in the core and corona of chlorite, white mica and biotite at the rim, and shows compositional zonation typified by a bell-shaped spessartine profile balanced by increasing almandine. Rare garnet inclusion inside prophyroblastic albite is homogeneous in composition, rich in almandine content, but low in spessartine, pyrope and grossular contents. The P–T conditions of the M1 based upon isochemical phase diagrams are estimated as 15–17 kbar and 460–475 oC, whereas those of M2 as 11–12.5 kbar and 460–585 oC. Those of the M2 are consistent with conventional geothermobarometric results (8–12 kbar, 440–490 oC), suggesting blueschist facies metamorphism followed by the epidote amphibolite facies. Monazite grains in the matrix (M2) apparently aligned subparallel to the S2 whereas monazite inclusions (M1) within albite porphyroblasts subparallel to S1. The former is depleted in Th and Si, and is enriched in P, La, Ce relative to the latter. The U–Th–Pb isotopic compositions of the M1 and M2 monazite grains using an ion probe defined common Pb mixing lines and their lower intercept 206Pb/238U ages were 244 ± 10 (2σ) and 234 ± 10 Ma (2σ), respectively. On the other hand, those using a LA–MC–ICP–MS yielded the weighted mean 208Pb/232Th ages of 241 ± 5 (2σ) and 221 ± 4 Ma (2σ), respectively. The results from the supracrustal subduction of metasedimentary protolith and the subsequent collision between the Indochina and South China cratons accompanied by the closure of the Song Da Ocean. Chapter 3: Hf isotopic compositions of detrital zircon from the Nam Co complex, Son La area, Song Ma suture zone and reconstruction of Rodinia supercontinent To constrain the paleopositions of the Indochina and South China cratons in the Rodinia supercontinent during Neoproterozoic, we performed in-situ U–Pb and Hf analyses of detrital zircon from Nam Co complex, Song Ma suture zone, northwestern Vietnam. The U–Pb isotopic dating on detrital zircons show that the Nam Co complex have major population (>50%) around ~850 Ma with minor population scattered between 1.2 to 3.0 Ga. The Neoproterozoic age group exhibit a large range of εHf(t) from strong negative to positive values (-17.418022 to 14.600527), suggesting the source of magma from this age group were not only derived from reworking of Archean basement rocks, but also generated from juvenile material. The U–Pb age distribution pattern and Hf isotop data of detrital zircon in the Nam Co Complex is compatible with that of the South China craton rather than that of the Indochina craton. The data also indicate that sedimentary protoliths of the Nam Co Complex were deposited in a convergent-related basin along the southwestern margin of the South China craton during the Neoproterozoic. Combining with the similarity of the detrital zircon age between western Cathaysia, Indochina, East Antarctica and East India suggesting that the South China craton was situated at the margin of the Rodinia supercontinent, and in close proximity to Indochina, East Antarctica and East India