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      • Cross-modal plasticity and speech perception in individuals who use a cochlear implant

        Buckley, Kristi Ann The University of Texas at Dallas 2008 해외박사(DDOD)

        RANK : 247343

        Duration of auditory deprivation is inversely related to speech perception performance after cochlear implantation in individuals with severe-to-profound sensorineural-hearing loss. In deaf adults, auditory areas in the right temporal lobe process peripheral visual motion stimuli. Remapping of auditory cortex to process visual stimuli may limit speech perception performance in individuals who experience prolonged periods of auditory deprivation prior to receiving a cochlear implant. We suggest the development of cross-modal plasticity during prolonged periods of auditory deprivation plays a role in limiting the brain's ability to process speech, once the sensation of hearing is restored through a cochlear implant. This study examines the relationship between the development of visual/auditory cross-modal plasticity and speech perception with a cochlear implant. We assess cross-modal plasticity through the amplitude of visual cortical evoked potential in response to peripheral visual motion, measured over the right temporal lobe. Speech perception ability is measured as percent-correct words and sentences in quiet and noise. Results indicate speech perception scores decline significantly as the amplitude of the cortical evoked response to peripheral visual motion increases for pre-lingually deaf cochlear implant users. No relationship between speech perception scores and the amplitude of the cortical response to peripheral visual motion is found in post-lingually deaf cochlear implant users. Further, no relationship between cross-modal plasticity and the duration of auditory deprivation is observed. Results indicate that cross-modal plasticity negatively influences speech perception ability with a cochlear implant for pre-lingually deaf individuals and that the time during development that auditory deprivation takes place is more important than the duration of auditory deprivation.

      • Title 1: Does it serve the at-risk child? A case study

        Buckley, Susannah Elizabeth Arizona State University 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

        RANK : 247343

        This case study examined the implementation of Title 1 programs at an elementary school site and the experiences of all those involved. The purpose of the study was to generate substantive theories grounded in data about the perceptions, implementation, and expectations of all those involved in after-school and intersession classes. One of the problems with assuming that simply allowing for more instructional time will result in higher achievement is that what should be demonstrated empirically is presupposed. There is no mention of the quality or relevancy of the time on a task. Title 1 reaches more than 12.5 million students enrolled in both public and private schools. Minority students participate at rates higher than the general student proportion population. Title 1 services provide more than two million students with limited English proficiency. The purpose of this study was to learn how the after-school programs at Englewood school had been developed and staffed in ways which did, or did not, support the goals of Title 1. The goals of Title 1 emphasize improving reading and math skills (though there is not a formal assessment dictated). So one would expect the developed programs to reflect these goals as well as be staffed by certified, experienced personnel whenever possible. This study examined the implementation and practices used in intersession and after-school classes and the experiences of the Limited English Proficient (LEP) and English-speaking students. It specifically looked at the Spanish-speaking student to see how, and if, their specific language needs were being met. As this study demonstrates, tracking is occurring at the primary level. At Englewood the tracking is school wide during the intersession and after-school classes. All of the students observed were receiving extra time in school because they fell under the label of being “at-risk” and their teachers had recommended them. Thus, there did not exist an upper and lower track, but, rather one large track of perceived low achievers. Furthermore, students seen as having behavior problems, those at a potential greater risk of failure, were not served.

      • Genetic regulation of RNAi inheritance in the Caenorhabditis elegans germ line

        Buckley, Bethany The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

        RANK : 247343

        Small RNAs can regulate the expression of other cellular RNAs. RNA interference is a process by which small RNAs `silence' genes by inhibiting transcription or degrading messenger RNAs, preventing the gene from making functional products. RNAi induced silencing is epigenetic, the DNA sequence is left unaltered. Interestingly, RNAi induced silencing can be heritable for multiple generations. The nematode <italic>C. elegans</italic> is the perfect model for studying this epigenetic phenomenon <italic>C. elegans</italic> are amenable to RNAi and RNAi induced silencing of genes in the germ line can be heritable for many (>10) generations. This thesis aims to better understand the mechanism and genetics of RNAi inheritance in the <italic>C. elegans</italic> germ line. Chapter 2 of this thesis presents the identification of a novel nuclear Ago that promotes germline RNAi inheritance. Chapter 2 also highlights the importance of nuclear silencing in multigenerational RNAi inheritance and suggests that heterochromatin and siRNAs might act as heritable agents of RNAi memory. RNAi inheritance does not last forever. Chapter 3 explores the idea that the reason RNAi inheritance does not last forever might be because it is under negative regulation. Chapter 3 presents preliminary results from a forward genetic screen that was conducted to identify mutants in which RNAi inheritance is no longer limited and RNAi silencing can essentially become permanent.

      • Colliders, cosmology, and problems in the Standard Model

        Buckley, Matthew Robert University of California, Berkeley 2008 해외박사(DDOD)

        RANK : 247343

        The Standard Model of particle physics is one of the most successful scientific theories in history. However, despite an impressive track record of matching experimental results, the Standard Model is in many ways aesthetically dissatisfying, with finely tuned parameters which seem to require explanation via some overarching theory. In addition, the experimental facts of neutrino mass and dark matter cannot be explained in the unmodified Standard Model. In this thesis, I will describe the failings of the Standard Model and original work that helps test proposed solutions. The problems addressed herein are: the hierarchy problem; dark matter; the strong CP problem; and neutrino oscillation observation. I then demonstrate how the next generation of collider and cosmological experiments can serve to test the proposed solutions to these issues. I describe a new method for the measurement of particle spin at collider experiments, a necessary measurement in order to discriminate the signatures of various solutions to the hierarchy problem and shed light onto one possible source of dark matter. I then demonstrate that astronomical detection of a dark matter axion associated with the strong CP problem is affected by recent results from quark physics. Finally, I outline series of experimental results from colliders and underground experiments that would help test the seesaw mechanism for neutrino masses, generally held to be extremely difficult, if not impossible.

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