http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Kim, Sang Min,Park, Seung Woo,Lee, Jeong Jae,Benham, Brian L.,Kim, Hak Kwan Taylor Francis 2007 Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part Vol.42 No.3
<P> Two models were used in concert to predict nutrient loads in a waterbody receiving irrigation return flows from a rice paddy production system. Two irrigation scenarios were simulated, one using reclaimed wastewater as the irrigation water source, the other using water from a surface reservoir designed to supply irrigation water. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loads in irrigation return flows from the rice paddy fields were simulated using the field-scale water quality model Chemical, Runoff and Erosion from Agricultural Management System model for rice paddy fields (CREAMS-PADDY). The output from CREAMS-PADDY was then used as input data for Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) model. HSPF was used to evaluate TN and TP loads in the receiving waterbody at the watershed-scale. CREAMS-PADDY and HSPF were calibrated for both hydrology and water quality using observed data. Both CREAMS-PADDY and HSPF showed good agreement between the observed and simulated data during the calibration and validation periods. Simulation indicated that TN and TP loads from the study paddy fields increased by 207% and 1022% when reclaimed wastewater was used for irrigation compared to conventional irrigation. Irrigating paddy fields (18.8% of the 385 ha study watershed) with reclaimed wastewater increased the TN load at the watershed outlet by 10.3% and TP by 14.0%. The increase in nutrient loads was the result of the high nutrient concentration in the reclaimed wastewater. The procedures used in this research can be used to develop wastewater reuse strategies that minimize environmental impacts on watershed water quality.</P>
Kim, Young Yong,Jung, Sungmin,Kim, Changsub,Ree, Brian J.,Kawato, Daisuke,Nishikawa, Naoki,Suemasa, Daichi,Isono, Takuya,Kakuchi, Toyoji,Satoh, Toshifumi,Ree, Moonhor American Chemical Society 2014 Macromolecules Vol.47 No.21
<P>A series of miktoarm star polymers, [poly(<I>n</I>-hexyl isocyanate)(12K)]–[poly(ε-caprolactone)<SUB>1–3</SUB>(5K)] (PHIC–PCL<SUB>1–3</SUB>) (composed of a rigid self-assembling PHIC arm and one to three flexible crystallizable PCL arms), were investigated to examine the polymers’ thermal properties and nanoscale thin film morphologies. The miktoarm polymers were stable up to 180 °C. The PHIC and PCL arm components underwent phase separation during the solution casting, drying, and post toluene-annealing processes, forming interesting but very complex thin film morphologies. The resulting thin film morphologies were examined in detail for the first time using synchrotron grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS) measurements and quantitative data analysis. All of the miktoarm star polymer films formed vertically well-oriented lamellar structures, regardless of the number and length of PCL arms. These structures were quite different from the cylindrical structures commonly observed in conventional flexible diblock copolymer films having comparable volume fractions. The individual PHIC and PCL lamellar domains self-assembled to form their own respective morphological structures. The PHIC lamellae consisted of a mixture of horizontal and vertical multibilayer structure domains, as observed in the PHIC homopolymer film. The PCL lamellae formed fringed micelle-like crystals and/or highly imperfect folded crystals that differed significantly from the structures found in a PCL homopolymer film composed of typical folded lamellar crystals. These PCL crystals were formed with a mixture of vertical and horizontal orthorhombic lattices. Overall, the GIXS analysis revealed that the parameters that characterized the hierarchical structures in the thin films depended significantly on the number and length of the PCL arm and its crystallization characteristics as well as the chain rigidity and multibilayer structure formation characteristics of the PHIC arm.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/mamobx/2014/mamobx.2014.47.issue-21/ma501695b/production/images/medium/ma-2014-01695b_0011.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ma501695b'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Phospholipase C activator m-3M3FBS protects against morbidity and mortality associated with sepsis.
Kim, Sang Doo,Kim, Hak Jung,Shim, Jae Woong,Lee, Ha Young,Lee, Sung Kyun,Kwon, Soonil,Jung, Young Su,Baek, Suk-Hwan,Park, Joon Seong,Zabel, Brian A,Bae, Yoe-Sik American Association of Immunologists 2012 Journal of Immunology Vol. No.
<P>Although phospholipase C (PLC) is a crucial enzyme required for effective signal transduction and leukocyte activation, the role of PLC in polymicrobial sepsis remains unclear. In this study, we show that the direct PLC activator m-3M3FBS treatment significantly attenuates vital organ inflammation, widespread immune cell apoptosis, and mortality in a mouse sepsis model induced by lethal cecal ligation and puncture challenge. Mechanistically, m-3M3FBS-dependent protection was largely abolished by pretreatment of mice with the PLC-selective inhibitor U-73122, thus confirming PLC agonism by m-3M3FBS in vivo. PLC activation enhanced the bactericidal activity and hydrogen peroxide production of mouse neutrophils, and it also enhanced the production of IFN-γ and IL-12 while inhibiting proseptic TNF-α and IL-1β production in cecal ligation and puncture mice. In a second model of sepsis, PLC activation also inhibited the production of TNF-α and IL-1β following systemic LPS challenge. In conclusion, we show that agonizing the central signal transducing enzyme PLC by m-3M3FBS can reverse the progression of toxic shock by triggering multiple protective downstream signaling pathways to maintain organ function, leukocyte survival, and to enhance microbial killing.</P>
Kim, Sung-Jo,Han, Doseon,Yu, Hye-Weon,O'Rourke, Brian E.,Kobayashi, Yoshinori,Suzuki, Ryoichi,Hwang, Moonhyun,Kim, In S. Elsevier 2018 Desalination Vol.432 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>To comprehensively investigate the correlation between free volume properties (size and distribution) in the interior of polyamide (PA) active layer and mass transport mechanism, six polyamide thin film composite (TFC) membranes were characterized using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). In case of pressurized filtration conditions, the rejection rate of boron across all PA membranes was found to be inversely proportional to the free volume size. The more boron transport occurred at the membrane containing larger free volume. In addition, the transition of the neutral boron transport mechanism from convection to diffusion was found to occur at a membrane free volume radius around 0.275nm within the applied pressure range (2 and 10bar), as verified by PALS and the dimensionless Peclet number. We believe that mass transport mechanism transition from convection to diffusion is caused by the compression of polyamide active layer due to applied hydraulic pressure (10bar), resulting in lowering the convective mass transport pathway inside polyamide active layer. These membrane free volume size criteria and experimental filtration results may subsequently be used as new design guidelines for the development of high boron rejection polyamide TFC membranes having a low energy consumption.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The free volume characterization of several polyamide membranes by PALS were performed to evaluate boron transport. </LI> <LI> The transition of boron transport mechanism was observed at a free volume radius around 0.275nm. </LI> <LI> Free volume properties measured by PALS could be used as new design criteria for high boron rejection membranes. </LI> </UL> </P>
Kim, Sung-Jo,Kook, Seungho,O'Rourke, Brian E.,Lee, Jinwoo,Hwang, Moonhyun,Kobayashi, Yoshinori,Suzuki, Ryoichi,Kim, In S. Elsevier 2017 Journal of membrane science Vol.527 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We systematically investigate the pore structure of cellulose triacetate (CTA) and polyamide (PA) forward osmosis (FO) membranes with positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and fractional rejection (FR) method to better understand the relationship between membrane pores (atomic-scale free volume) and separation performance. The results reported in this study suggest a range of membrane pore sizes and inner structures appropriate for the osmotic membrane process regardless of membrane materials. The PALS data suggest that the active layer of both FO membranes is mainly composed of generally uniform pores of larger size (0.29−0.30nm) compared to seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) (0.20−0.24nm) membranes. The membrane pore size distribution (PSD) deduced by the FR method suggest that the PSD of both FO membranes are significantly shifted to smaller sizes under pressurized conditions, possibly due to the overall compression of the FO membranes. The effects of applied pressure on the structure and performance of active layer should be further investigated along with other properties such as thickness, swelling and sorption properties.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> This research provide first suggestion about the active layer pore size and structure of FO membranes. </LI> <LI> Both FO membranes are consisted of active layer with larger free-volume than commercial SWRO and NF membranes. </LI> <LI> The mean pore radius determined by FR method was smaller than the PALS due to hydraulic compression. </LI> <LI> Both PALS and the FR method can be utilized to investigate the dense active layer. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Regulating exocytosis of nanoparticles <i>via</i> host–guest chemistry
Kim, Chaekyu,Tonga, Gulen Yesilbag,Yan, Bo,Kim, Chang Soo,Kim, Sung Tae,Park, Myoung-Hwan,Zhu, Zhengjiang,Duncan, Bradley,Creran, Brian,Rotello, Vincent M. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Vol.13 No.8
<P>Prolonged retention of internalized nanoparticulate systems inside cells improves their efficacy in imaging, drug delivery, and theranostic applications. Especially, regulating exocytosis of the nanoparticles is a key factor in the fabrication of effective nanocarriers for chemotherapeutic treatments but orthogonal control of exocytosis in the cellular environment is a major challenge. Herein, we present the first example of regulating exocytosis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), a model drug carrier, by using a simple host–guest supramolecular system. AuNPs featuring quaternary amine head groups were internalized into the cells through endocytosis. Subsequent <I>in situ</I> treatment of a complementary cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) to the amine head groups resulted in the AuNP-CB[7] complexation inside cells, rendering particle assembly. This complexation induced larger particle assemblies that remained sequestered in the endosomes, inhibiting exocytosis of the particles without any observed cytotoxicity.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Regulating exocytosis of AuNPs by using host–guest interactions between AuNPs and CB[7] molecules. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c4ob02433h'> </P>
( Brian Woohyun Kim ) 서울대학교 미국학연구소 2012 미국학 Vol.35 No.2
This paper examines how second-generation Korean Americans` perceptions of the United States and South Korea affect their identity formation. It focuses primarily on Korean Americans working at hakwons in South Korea and how their American identities are shaped outside of the United States. Many Korean Americans move to South Korea in the hope of understanding their identities and for economic purposes. Through interviews with Korean Americans living in South Korea, this paper evaluates the complex process of a “Korean American” identity shaped by Korean Americans` formative years in the United States and their latter experiences in South Korea. In the United States, Korean Americans identify as “Korean” to acknowledge their ethnicity and to dis-identify with the white American mainstream. While living in South Korea, they describe themselves as “American” according to their nationality and perceived cultural differences with Korean nationals. As such, the process by which Korean Americans identify themselves is a result of dis-identification with the majority population or the culture of the country they reside in.