"I Know I'm Not Alone" : The Cultural Context of Spirituality and Religion among African American Women Coping with HIV/AIDS

Bonita Hampton Research Institute of Asian Women Sookmyung Women' 2005 Asian Women Vol.21 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to describe the cultural context within which African American women embrace spirituality and religion as coping strategies to deal with clinical diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. The paper is part of an on going research project began in 1992 to investigate the impact of HIV/AIDS on the lives of African American women with the virus. It utilizes data collected in face to face audio taped interviews with respondents obtained from three New York State agencies that provide services to people with the virus.

Effect of water on the stability of zinc in 1-butyl-1- methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquid

Bonita Dilasari,정여진,권경중 한국공업화학회 2017 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.45 No.-

Ionic liquids are considered as a potential electrolyte for rechargeable zinc–air battery due to nonvolatility,high ionic conductivity, and so on. Electrochemical measurements are conducted to investigatethe redox behavior of zinc electrode in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide([BMPyr] [NTf2]) ionic liquid and the effect of water in the ionic liquid is also studied. Cyclic voltammetryof zinc electrode in [BMPyr] [NTf2] shows a reversible redox peak, and the presence of water givessignificant effects particularly on the cathodic current of zinc electrode. Different surface reactionmechanism on zinc electrode depending on the presence of water in ionic liquid is suggested.

Electrodeposition of Some Selective Metals Belonging to Light, Refractory and Noble Metals from Ionic Liquid Electrolytes

Bonita Dilasari,권경중,이철경,김한수 한국전기화학회 2012 한국전기화학회지 Vol.15 No.3

Ionic liquids are steadily attracting interests throughout a recent decade and their application is expanding into various fields including electrochemistry due to their unique properties such as non-volatility, inflammability, low toxicity, good ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical potential window and so on. These features make ionic liquids become an alternative solution for electrodeposition of metals that cannot be electroplated in aqueous electrolytes. In this review, we classify investigated metals into three categories, which are light (Li, Mg), refractory (Ti, Ta) and noble (Pd, Pt, Au) metals, rather than covering the exhaustive list of metals and try to update the recent development in this area. In electrodeposition of light metals, granular fine Li particles were successfully obtained while the passivation of electrodeposited Mg layers is an obstacle to reversible deposition-dissolution process of Mg. In the case of refractory metals, the quality of Ta and Ti deposit particles was effectively improved with addition of LiF and pyrrole, respectively. In noble metal category, EMIM TFSA ionic liquid as an electrolyte for Au electrodeposition was proven to be effective and BMP TFSA ionic liquid developed a smooth Pd deposit. Pt nanoparticle production from ionic liquid droplet in aqueous solution can be cost-effective and display an excellent electrocatalytic activity.

U.S. Retirement Plans and Taxation

Bonita Qian Wang 한국국제조세협회 2013 조세학술논집 Vol.29 No.2

Generally speaking, in the United States, there are two categories of work-related retirement plans. One type is the tax qualified retirement plan (including some variations discussed below), and the other type is commonly referred to as the nonqualified retirement plan. For today’s Americans, the most common sources of retirement funds are derived from (i) work related retirement plans, (ii) personal savings and investment, and (iii) Social Security benefits. This article focuses on the mechanics of the first source . work related retirement plans, which is discussed in the Section II of this article. Section II contains three subsections. Subsection A covers two types of popular work-related retirement plans . defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans, and their tax consequences. Subsection B discusses certain individual retirement accounts and simplified retirement plans for small employers. Subsection C describes nonqualified retirement arrangements, which are more commonly used by employers to fund retirement for highly compensated employees. Qualified retirement plans have two general categories: defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans. By definition, a defined contribution plan means contributions to the plan are fixed. A defined benefit plan means the benefits (i.e., distributions) received by the plan participants are fixed. The latter was more popular in the past. Nowadays, a vast majority of qualified plans in the United States are of the defined contribution plan type. A nonqualified deferred compensation plan, thus, provides a lot more flexibility in terms of plan provisions and operation. For instance, it may be offered only to highly compensated employees and executives (as opposed to all eligible rank and file employees as required for a 401(k) plan). The United States has implemented many tax breaks to encourage employers to sponsor qualified retirement plans for their employees. It also has similar tax advantages for individuals to encourage them to save for retirement. Participating in a retirement plan is just one component of retirement planning. Retirement planning should take a variety of forms, and start early.

Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steel 304, Titanium, Nickel and Aluminium in Non-Aqueous Electrolytes

Bonita Dilasari,박제식,Priyandi Kusumah,권경중,이철경 한국전기화학회 2014 한국전기화학회지 Vol.17 No.1

The corrosion behavior of stainless steel 304 (SS 304), titanium, nickel and aluminiumis studied by immersion and anodic polarization tests in non-aqueous electrolytes. Tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate is used as a supporting electrolyte in the three kinds ofsolvents. The immersion test shows that chemical corrosion rate in propylene carbonate-basedelectrolyte is lower than those in acetonitrile- or γ-butyrolactone-based electrolytes. Surfaceanalyses do not reveal any corrosion product formed after the immersion test. In the anodicpolarization tests, a higher concentration of supporting electrolyte gives a higher current density. In addition, a higher temperature increases the current density in the active region and reducesthe potential range in the passive region. SS 304 shows the highest corrosion potential whileAl shows the lowest corrosion potential and the highest current density in all studied conditions. Based on the conducted corrosion tests, the corrosion resistance of metal substrates in theorganic solvents can be sorted in descending order as follows: SS 304 - Ti - Ni - Al.

Uncast in stone: Inspired by absence to build a solid museum practice

Bonita Bennett 국립민속박물관 2022 International Journal of Intangible Heritage Vol.17 No.-

Museums all over the world have accepted that intangible heritage has a valuable place in the memory of the world. However, tangible and intangible heritage are often regarded as dichotomous – located at opposite ends of a spectrum, leaving many custodians of intangible heritage struggling to occupy a firm place in a sector dominated by objects, physical sites and other forms of material culture. District Six Museum (D6M) in Cape Town, South Africa, has built a strong memory practice that rests on a constant affirmation of the synergies that can exist between tangible and intangible heritage when engaged as part of a dynamic continuum. It leans strongly towards privileging intangible heritage, advocating for it to be acknowledged as valid and substantive in its own right. In this article, I reflect on three projects of the D6M, which serve as lenses into this methodology, demonstrating that working with intangible heritage can make sustainable impacts. At the same time, I draw on the project plans to show that conceptualising, crafting and implementing actions collaboratively with the community that is the museum’s most natural and closest constituency – in this case, the displaced people of District Six – can contribute to building community cohesion and psychosocial healing. The D6M initiatives discussed in this article demonstrate the powerful possibilities inherent in processes that work closely with memory keepers as co-curators rather than as source communities.

Electrodeposition of Some Selective Metals Belonging to Light, Refractory and Noble Metals from Ionic Liquid Electrolytes

Dilasari, Bonita,Kwon, Kyung-Jung,Lee, Churl-Kyoung,Kim, Han-Su The Korean Electrochemical Society 2012 한국전기화학회지 Vol.15 No.3

Ionic liquids are steadily attracting interests throughout a recent decade and their application is expanding into various fields including electrochemistry due to their unique properties such as non-volatility, inflammability, low toxicity, good ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical potential window and so on. These features make ionic liquids become an alternative solution for electrodeposition of metals that cannot be electroplated in aqueous electrolytes. In this review, we classify investigated metals into three categories, which are light (Li, Mg), refractory (Ti, Ta) and noble (Pd, Pt, Au) metals, rather than covering the exhaustive list of metals and try to update the recent development in this area. In electrodeposition of light metals, granular fine Li particles were successfully obtained while the passivation of electrodeposited Mg layers is an obstacle to reversible deposition-dissolution process of Mg. In the case of refractory metals, the quality of Ta and Ti deposit particles was effectively improved with addition of LiF and pyrrole, respectively. In noble metal category, EMIM TFSA ionic liquid as an electrolyte for Au electrodeposition was proven to be effective and BMP TFSA ionic liquid developed a smooth Pd deposit. Pt nanoparticle production from ionic liquid droplet in aqueous solution can be cost-effective and display an excellent electrocatalytic activity.

Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steel 304, Titanium, Nickel and Aluminium in Non-Aqueous Electrolytes

Dilasari, Bonita,Park, Jesik,Kusumah, Priyandi,Kwon, Kyungjung,Lee, Churl Kyoung The Korean Electrochemical Society 2014 한국전기화학회지 Vol.17 No.1

The corrosion behavior of stainless steel 304 (SS 304), titanium, nickel and aluminium is studied by immersion and anodic polarization tests in non-aqueous electrolytes. Tetraethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate is used as a supporting electrolyte in the three kinds of solvents. The immersion test shows that chemical corrosion rate in propylene carbonate-based electrolyte is lower than those in acetonitrile- or ${\gamma}$-butyrolactone-based electrolytes. Surface analyses do not reveal any corrosion product formed after the immersion test. In the anodic polarization tests, a higher concentration of supporting electrolyte gives a higher current density. In addition, a higher temperature increases the current density in the active region and reduces the potential range in the passive region. SS 304 shows the highest corrosion potential while Al shows the lowest corrosion potential and the highest current density in all studied conditions. Based on the conducted corrosion tests, the corrosion resistance of metal substrates in the organic solvents can be sorted in descending order as follows: SS 304 - Ti - Ni - Al.

Enchanced production, purification and characteriz

Park, Hyun-Dong,Glatz, Bonita A. 한국산업미생물학회 1995 생물산업 Vol.8 No.1

Propionibacterium thoenii strain P127 produces propionicin PLG-1 in liquid culture at. relatively low concentrations and slow production rates. Previous reports indicated detectable activity in culture broth only after 10 days of incubation. Goals of this study were to increase the sensitivity of the standard well diffusion assay system for bacteriocin activity, to improve production of propioncin PLG-1 under controlled conditions in a fermenter, and to obtain the amino acid sequence and composition of the purified bacteriocin. _Agar concentration, well diameter, addition of Tween 80 to the agar, nature of the indicator organism and composition of the base agar were varied in an attempt to improve sensitivity and reproducibility of the well diffusion assay. Best results were obtained with a 5-mm deep base layer that contained 2.5% agar, 0.85% NaCl ande 0.1% TNT een 80. To aid diffusion, plates were incubated at 37V for 2hr before adding bacteriocin samples to the wells. Larger and clearer zones of inhibition were observed when Lactobacillus delbnteckii ATCC 4797 rather than Yropionibacterittm acidipropionici P5 was used as indicator strain, and results could be read in 12 hr rather than 48 hr. Recovery of bacteriocin from the culture supernatant was improved by adding 0.1% Tween 80 to buffer used for dialysis and resuspension of precipitated protein. Strain P127 was grown in six different media under controlled conditions in fermenter : 12.5% beet molasses : 9% corn steep liquor, combinations of beet molasses and corn steep liquor at. 1:3, and 1:1 and 3:1 vol:vol ratios : and the standard growth medium, sodium lactate broth. Cell population reached 1W cells/ml in all media. Maximum production of propionicin PI-G-1 was obtained in 3:1 beet in molasses : corn steep liquor, and was 5 times greater than in sodium lactate broth . Measurable activity was detected after 4 days of culture incubation rather than after 10 days. This improvement was probably due both to increased production by the culture and to increased sensitivity of the assay system. Culture growth, organic acid production and bacteriocin synthesis by t'roj)ionihacleriuni llwenii P127 were studied during fed-batch fermentations conducted for 504 h in semi-defined medium sodium lactate broth. In two small-scale fed-batch fermentations, average concentrations of viable cells were higher than in batch infermentations : 2.2 X 109 cells / ml vs. 3.72 X 108 cell/ml. Propionic acid concentrations averaged 35.75 g/1 at the end of fed-batch fermentation. Bacteriocin activity was significantly greater in batch fermentation , 184.32 AU/ml and 145.92 AU/ml in the two fed-batch fermentations, compared to 7.83 AU/ml in batch fermentation. After reaching the maximum value, bact.eriocin activity dropped sharply with continued incubation. Large quantities of propionicin PI,G-1 could be obtained in large-scale fed-batch fermentations. The fed-batch fermentation process is a promissing method to obtain high concentrations of organic acids and bacteriocin from the propionibact.eria. Propionicin PLG-1 was purified to homogeneity by 75% ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion exchange column chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The amino acid comtx)sition indicated that propionicin PLG-1 had a calculated molecular weight of 9,327.7 and contained approximately 99 amino acid residues, of which 42% was hydrophobic (Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, and Pro). A ten amino acid sequence from the N-terminal end was identified : Nlt: -'Asn -2Va] -`Asp -4Ala(Thr) -`'Arg -`" Hir(Cys) -~Ala(Thr) -8Arg -`)Thr(Ala) _'olio. No homology of this sectuence to sequences of other bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria w is seen in search of the SWISS-PROT data bank.

Room Temperature Magnesium Electrorefining by Using Non-Aqueous Electrolyte

Jesik Park,Yeojin Jung,Priyandi Kusumah,Bonita Dilasari,Heesuk Ku,Hansu Kim,Kyungjung Kwon,Churl Kyoung Lee 대한금속·재료학회 2016 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.22 No.5

The increasing usage of magnesium inevitably leads to a fast increase in magnesium scrap, and magnesium recycling appears extremely beneficial for cost reduction, preservation of natural resources and protection of the environment. Magnesium refining for the recovery of high purity magnesium from metal scrap alloy (AZ31B composed of magnesium, aluminum, zinc, manganese and copper) at room temperature is investigated with a non-aqueous electrolyte (tetrahydrofuran with ethyl magnesium bromide). A high purity (99.999%) of electrorefined magneisum with a smooth and dense surface is obtained after potentiostatic electrolysis with an applied voltage of 2 V. The selective dissolution of magnesium from magnesium alloy is possible by applying an adequate potential considering the tolerable impurity level in electrorefined magnesium and processing time. The purity estimation method suggested in this study can be useful in evaluating the maximum content of impurity elements.