THE UNITED NATIONS AND ETHNIC CONFLICTS

Bolton, John R THE INSTITUTE OF EAST AND WEST STUDIES YONSEI UNIV 1998 Global economic review Vol.27 No.4

The involvement of the United Nations in ethnic conflicts is relatively new, made possible only by the end of the Cold War gridlock that enveloped the Security Council. Scholars are searching this recent history for theoretical insights to guide future decision making, but the empirical evidence-examined here in Cyprus, former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda/Burundi-suggests caution before making large theoretical judgment. The evidence does suggest that to be successful in ethnic conflicts, the United Nations requires strong and consistent American leadership, a leadership which in some cases will contradict the UN's dominant culture of negotiation and compromise.

The First Australian Republicans

Bolton, Geoffrey Australian Studies Institute 1997 Journal of Australian studies Vol.4 No.1

Republicanism has always been in the Australian background. Ever since the British founded a convict colony in New South Wales in 1788 Australians had before them the example of Britain's American colonies, who in 1776 declared their independence to found the United States of America. Writing in the Edinburgh Review as early as 1803, Sydney Smith envisaged the 'thief colony' developing into an independent nation capable of laying down the law to the Chinese Empire (Smith, 1869 : 34). In 1829 Edward Gibbon Wakefield's A Letter from Sydney (1929 edition : 10) sketched the character of a working-man who had made good in New South Wales : 'He is now one of the most consequential persons in the Colony, has grown enormously fat ... damns the Governor, and swears by all his gods, Jupiter, Jingo, and Old Harry, that this Colony must soon be independent'. Australian republicanism was usually seen as arising out of working-class nationalism inspired by the American precedent. There could be little real idea of republicanism until convict transportation ceased in 1840 in New South Wales. Shortly afterwards several grievances stirred discontent against British authority, among them control of land policy, the demand for self-government on the Canadian model, and an attempt to restore convict transportation in 1849. Orators at protest meetings sometimes hinted at rebellion. Robert Lowe, MLC told his audience : 'As in America, oppression was the parent of independence, so would it be in this colony' (Knight, 1966 : 231). Such talk was not followed by action. The most consistent republican in those years was the Presbyterian minister and veteran trouble-maker John Dunmore Lang, who after returning from a visit to England in 1850 gave a well-attended series of lectures entitled : 'The Coming Event : or the United Provinces of Australia' (Baker, 1987 : 489-90). In these lectures, subsequently published as a pamphlet, he argued for the federation of New South Wales, Van Diemens Land (Tasmania), South Australia, New Zealand, and the new colony of Victoria, together with two new provinces in what later became Queensland. (Western Australia was excluded, having just become a penal colony). The new federation would flourish as a republic, and like the Americans with their Monroe Doctrine, the Australians would extend their hegemony over the neighbouring islands of the Southwest Pacific ; a dreams of regional imperialism which often formed part of the 19th century republicanism. The response to Lang's lectures emboldened him to form a society for promoting a federal republic, the Australian League ; but it did not last long although Lang cherished his dream until his death in 1878.

The 3rd International ITA/EA Conference: Enterprise Architecture for Next Generation of Informatization : E-Government and Enterprise Architecture: Organizational Maturity and Characteristics

( Patrick Bolton ) 한국ITA학회 2005 학술대회 Vol.2005 No.-

The ‘-Pacific’ part of ‘Asia-Pacific’: Oceanic diplomacy in the 2017 treaty for the prohibition of nuclear weapons

Matthew Bolton 서울대학교행정대학원 2018 Asian Journal of Political Science Vol.26 No.3

The 2017 Treatyfor the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) was negotiated at the UN over the objections of nuclear-armed and -allied states and established a global categorical ban on nuclear weapons framed in terms of humanitarianism, human rights and environmentalism. The TPNW also placed ‘positive obligations’ on states to assist victims of nuclear weapons use and testing and remediate contaminated environments. States and NGOs from the Pacific region advocated for a strong treaty text, particularly its positive obligations. They were influenced by the region’s history as a site of nuclear weapons testing in Marshall Islands, Kiribati and French Polynesia/Te Ao Maohi; the 1985 South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone’s precedent; and earlier diplomatic efforts and activism linking denuclearization with decolonization. In doing so, Pacific and other formerly colonized states flipped the ‘standard of civilization’ script embedded in humanitarian disarmament law and applied it to their former colonizers. The paper demonstrates the agency of small states—the ‘-Pacific’ part of ‘Asia-Pacific’—in multilateral policymaking on peace and security, often overlooked in international relations scholarship. It draws on my participant observation in the Nobel Peace Prize-winning advocacy of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) during the TPNW negotiations.

E-Government and Enterprise Architecture : Organizational Maturity and Characteristics

Patrick Bolton 한국EA학회 2005 한국EA학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2005 No.11

The Credit Ratingd Game

( Patrick Bolton ),( Xavier Freixas ),( Joel Shapiro ) 한국금융연구원 2012 금융리포트 Vol.2012 No.2

The collapse of so many AAA-rated structured finance products in 2007-2008 has brought renewed attention to the causes of ratings failures and the conflicts of interest in the Credit Ratings Industry. We provide a model of competition among Credit Ratings Agencies (CRAs) in which there are three possible sources of conflicts: 1) the CRA conflict of interest of understating credit risk to attract more business; 2) the ability of issuers to purchase only the most favorable ratings; and 3) the trusting nature of some investor clienteles who may take ratings at face value. We show that when combined, these give rise to two fundamental equilibrium distortions. First, competition among CRAs can reduce market efficiency, as competition facilitates ratings shopping by issuers. Second, CRAs are more prone to inflate ratings in boom times, when there are more trusting investors, and when the risks of failure which could damage CRA reputation are lower. We argue that regulatory intervention requiring: i) upfront payments for rating services (before CRAs propose a rating to the issuer), ii) mandatory disclosure of any rating produced by CRAs, and iii) oversight of ratings methodology can substantially mitigate ratings inflation and promote efficiency.

How customer experience management reconciles strategy differences between East and West

Ruth N. Bolton,Anders Gustafsson,Crina O. Tarasi,Lars Witell 한국마케팅과학회 2021 마케팅과학연구 Vol.31 No.3

This paper studies how customers of a global firm evaluate their experiences within and across 44 countries. It focuses on customers’ emotional, cognitive, sensory and behavioral responses to the catalog experience. It develops a theory-based model of satisfaction with the catalog experience as a function of experiential attributes and control variables. A second model captures how each experiential attribute’s contribution to the customer experience is influenced by market and customer characteristics. The models were operationalized using survey data from 366,185 customers who used the firm’s catalog across different trade areas in 44 countries, yielding 571 equations that describe satisfaction with the customer experience. Consistent with theoretical work on context-dependent judgments, nine contingency factors explain significant and substantial amounts of variation (30% on average) in the elasticities of the 12 experiential attributes. East and West can appear similar when market characteristics are similar – or when they are different. Emotional, cognitive, sensory, and behavioral responses to the customer experience systematically differ due to economic, demographic, technological, cultural and consumer characteristics. East and West especially differ in terms of responses to emotional and sensory experiences. Customer experience management can help to shape a strategy that resolves strategy differences between East and West.

Porous Materials for Sound Absorption and Transmission Control

J. Stuart Bolton,Yeon June Kang 한국소음진동공학회 1998 한국소음진동공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.1998 No.11

Materials and Systems for Noise Control

J. Stuart Bolton 한국소음진동공학회 2010 한국소음진동공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2010 No.4

Korea, the U.S., China and Japan:The Rise of Asian Regionalism

Claude Barfield and Jason Bolton 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2005 Pacific Focus Vol.20 No.1

The goal of this article is to analyze evolving trade and investment patterns between Korea, the United States and China, against the background of rising East Asian regionalism. The article will also suggest optimal responses for Korea and the United States to these new trends and policy shifts. The article is organized as follows. After the Introduction, the second section will describe the growth of Korea as a trading nation. Section three will analyze in more detail the bilateral trade relationships between Korea and its four largest trading partners: the United States, Japan, China, and the ASEAN nations. The fourth and final section will trace the growth of Asian regional trading patterns and the evolution of institutional arrangements that accompany these tightening trade relations. It will analyze negotiated and proposed bilateral, subregional and regional free trade agreements (FTAs). The article will conclude with recommendations regarding the optimal responses for Korea and the United States to these new realities of Asian trade and regionalism.