Impact of Saving and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) on the Income of Smallholder Farmers in Rwanda: A Case Study of Busasamana Sector

( Berna¸ M. ),( J. Y. Lee ),( S. H. Lee ) 강원대학교 농업생명과학연구원(구 농업과학연구소) 2020 강원 농업생명환경연구 Vol.32 No.S

Income generation is a constraint of smallholder farming; the best way to increase income generation in Rwandan agriculture is farmers’ accessibility to financial institutions. Saving and credit cooperatives (SACCOs) are the main providers of microcredit to smallholder farmers, and this study assesses the impact of SACCOs on income smallholder farmers in Rwanda. To achieve the objective, primary data were employed, and both descriptive and econometric models were adopted to achieve the research objective. The findings revealed that members of SACCOs earn more income than non-members, and a bi-directional relationship between income and participation in SACCOs was discovered. However, 62% of smallholder farmers participated in SACCOs and a small percentage of members requested loans. The government and SACCOs initiate insurance schemes for the members to smallholder farmers to join SACCOs as more use of financial services/products.

Karl Kraus und Goethe

Bernd Auerochs 한국괴테학회 2016 괴테연구 Vol.0 No.29

Welche Kriterien liegen diesem eigentümlichen Individualkanon von Karl Kraus zugrunde? Welche Haltung artikuliert sich in ihm? Nun, das auszeichnende Moment an all diesen Dichtern liegt darin, dass sie ihrer Verantwortung vor der Sprache gerecht werden: sie schaffen Poesie, sie überraschen durch Witz, und sie gelangen zur Erkenntnis. Damit sind sie so etwas wie Bollwerke gegen den Sprachverfall, den Kraus in seinem täglichen Kampf gegen den Journalismus in Wien und in der Welt nicht müde wird zu diagnostizieren. Zugleich wohnt diesem Kanon ein starker Traditionalismus inne. Shakespeare und Goethe repräsentieren eine absolute sprachliche Norm, die für die eigene Gegenwart von Karl Kraus immer noch unmittelbare Geltung beanspruchen kann, ungeachtet allen historischen Wandels. Die Avantgarden des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts mit ihren sprachlichen (aber nicht nur sprachlichen) Experimenten spielen für Kraus gar keine Rolle. Schließlich ist es auch kein Wunder, dass der Kanon von Karl Kraus, je mehr wir uns seiner Gegenwart nähern, immer unkonventionellere Züge annimmt. Eine Gesellschaft, die so durch sprachlichen und geistigen Verfall gekennzeichnet ist wie für Karl Kraus das Österreich des ersten Drittels des 20. Jahrhunderts, muss sich selbstverständlich auch im Urteil über seine eigene Literatur täuschen. Es sind notwendig die Außenseiter wie Wedekind oder Else Lasker-Schüler, die für Kraus das gefährdete Erbe der Poesie in der Gegenwart bewahren.

Iron oxide nanopowder synthesized by electroerosion dispersion (EED) – Properties and potential for microwave applications

Bernd Halbedel,Tatiana Prikhna,Pamela Quiroz,Jens Schawohl,Thomas Kups,Mykola Monastyrov 한국물리학회 2018 Current Applied Physics Vol.18 No.11

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) have attracted considerable interest in many fields of research and applied science due to their impressive properties. In the past, especially biomedical problems have promoted the development of MNPs. For technical applications e.g. wastewater treatment and absorption of electromagnetic waves, the existing synthesis approaches are too expensive and/or the producible quantities are too low. In this work we present a method for simple preparation of size-controlled magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by electroerosion dispersion (EED) of carbon steel in water. We describe the synthesis method, the laboratory installation and discuss the structural, chemical and electromagnetic properties of the synthetized EED powders as well as their applicability for microwave absorption compared to other available ferrite powders.

Piercing

Bernd HALBHERR 한국색채학회 2021 International Invitation Exhibition of Color Works Vol.- No.-

제 12 회 국제학술 독일경제의 세계화와 기업전략

(Bernd Lieberoth Leden),(Martin Gutzat) 한독경상학회 1994 經商論叢 Vol.12 No.-

N/A

Flexibilisierung, Individualisierung und Dezentralisierung - Neuere Entwicklungen im niederlandischen Arbeitsrecht

Bernd Waas, Hagen 노동법이론실무학회 2009 노동법포럼 Vol.- No.2

North Korean Unification Policy in the Early 1970s(as documented in East German Archives)

Bernd Schaefer 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 역사문화연구소 2005 역사문화연구 Vol.23 No.-

Reconciliation between the leaders of China and North Korea in 1969/70 was followed by rapprochement between Beijing in Washington in 1971/72. For Kim Il Sung this offered an opportunity to propagate Korean unification by peaceful means without foreign interference. After the Joint Declaration of North and South on 4th of July 1972, North Korea hoped to achieve reunification with the help of the Southern population in free elections following the establishment of a Korean confederation. Overestimating the Northern attractiveness to the South, Pyongyang had to concede miscalculations when Park-Chung Hee elevated himself to an absolute ruler in Seoul capitalizing on the pretext of Korean unification. The Soviet Union and the Eastern European socialist allies of North Korea were relieved about this failure, as they harbored grave concerns against the reunification concepts of Kim Il Sung. 1969에서 1970년에까지 이른 중국과 북한 지도간의 화해는 1971년에서 1972년에 베이징과 워싱턴간에 진행이 된 친교회복을 통해 가능했다. 김일성에게 있어서, 이러한 상황은 외국의 간섭 없는 평화적 수단을 통한 한반도 통일을 선전하는 기회를 제공했다 할 수 있다. 1972년 7월 4일에 발표된 남북 공동 성명 이후에 북한은 대한민국이 건설 된 이후 진행이 된 자유 선거에서 남한의 도움을 받아 재통일을 실현시키기를 원했다. 남한에 대해 북한이 가지고 있던 유인요소들을 과소 평가 했기 때문에, 평양은 박정희가 그 자신을 한반도 통일에 대한 구실로 이용한 서울의 절대적 통치자로 급부상 했을 때, 자신들의 계산 착오를 인정해야 했다. 북한 내에서 활동하고 있던 소련과 동유럽 계통의 사회주의자들은 김일성의 재통일이라는 개념에 대해 심각한 수준의 걱정을 가지고 있었기 때문에 이러한 실패에 대해 안도해 했다.

Weathering Moscow and Beijing

Bernd Schaefer 한국외국어대학교 역사문화연구소 2004 역사문화연구 Vol.21 No.-

1950년대부터 1989년 사이의 독일민주공화국과 북한의 양자관계는 모스크바와 베이징에 의해 영향을 받아왔다. 넓은 의미로 보면, 양 공산국가들은 1945년 이후 양분되어 온 독일과 한반도의 긴장을 반감시키며 견고한 상호관계를 유지해 왔다. 1986년까지 독일민주공화국은 모스크바의 영향을 받는 사이 북한은 소련으로부터의 군사적 원조 없이 주로 중국에 의존하고 있었다. 한국전 이후 독일민주공화국은 함흥시 재건을 위한 경제적 원조를 지원하였다. 이러한 관계가 정치적으로 발전되면서 1977년, 1984년, 1986년에는 호네커와 김일성 사이의 개별회담이 성사되기도 하였다. 평양에서의 이러한 만남이 이루어진 이후에 소련 고르바초프의 개혁으로 말미암아 1989년 동독이 멸망하기까지 양국 간에는 유례 없는 군사적 동맹관계가 형성된다. Bilateral relations between the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) between the 1950s and 1989 were contingent on respective relationships of East Berlin and Pyongyang with Moscow and Beijing. To a large degree, both communist halves of the post-1945 divided states of Germany and Korea weathered those overriding tensions and developed a mutually solid working relationship. Until 1986 the GDR followed Moscow’s course whereas the DPRK mostly tilted towards China without forsaking essential Soviet support in military terms. After the end of the Korean War, the GDR provided substantial economic aid and organized the reconstruction of the city of Hamhung. Gradually closer in a political sense became relations with personal meetings of leaders Erich Honecker and Kim Il Sung in 1977, 1984, and 1986. After this last encounter in Pyongyang, mutual distrust of Gorbachev’s reforms in the Soviet Union led to unprecedented military and intelligence cooperation between the DPRK and the GDR all the way through 1989 until the fall of the East German communists from power.

The Influence of Confifining Parameters on the Ground State Properties of Interacting Electrons in a Two-dimensional Quantum Dot with Gaussian Potential

Berna Gulveren 한국물리학회 2018 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.73 No.11

In this work, the ground-state properties of an interacting electron gas confined in a twodimensional quantum dot system with the Gaussian potential (r) = V0(1 exp(r2=p)), where V0 and p are confinement parameters, are determined numerically by using the Thomas-Fermi approximation. The shape of the potential is modified by changing the V0 and the p values, and the in uence of the confining potential on the system's properties, such as the chemical energy, the density profile, the kinetic energy, the confining energy, etc., is analyzed for both the non-interacting and the interacting cases. The results are compared with those calculated for a harmonic potential, and excellent agreement is obtained in the limit of high p values for both the non-interacting and the interacting cases.

Indirect Taxation in an Integrated Europe: Is There a Way of Avoiding Trade Distortions without Sacrificing National Tax Autonomy?

( Bernd Genser ),( Andreas Haufler ),( Peter Birch Sorensen ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 1995 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.10 No.2

The paper discusses the main arguments for destination- versus origin-based commodity taxation in the European Community`s Internal Market. Destination-based solutions distort commodity trade in the Community because cross-border purchases by final consumers can only be taxed in the origin country. On the other hand, an origin-based general consumption tax is neutral in a European context and it can be combined with destination-based taxation in third countries in a non-distortionary way. Furthermore, it is shown that the introduction of capital mobility does not affect the neutrality of an origin-based consumption tax. Finally, the paper addresses the administrative and political implications of a switch to the origin principle in the European Community.