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Harris, Thomas R.,Ryu, Mee-Yi,Yeo, Yung Kee,Beeler, Richard T.,Kouvetakis, John Elsevier 2014 CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS Vol.14 No.1
The electrical properties of p-type Ge, Ge1-ySny, and Si0.09Ge0.882Sn0.028 samples grown on n-type Si substrates using ultra-high vacuum chemical vapor deposition have been investigated as a function of temperature. Degenerate parallel conducting layers were found in all Ge/Si, Ge1-ySny/Si, and Si0.09Ge0.882Sn0.028/Si samples, which are believed to be associated with dislocation defects at the interface produced by the lattice mismatch between the two materials. These degenerate conducting layers affect the electrical properties of all the thin epitaxial films. Additionally, temperature dependent Hall-effect measurements show that these materials exhibit a conductivity type change from p to n at around 370-435 K. The mobilities of these samples are generally lower than that of bulk Ge due to carrier scattering near the interface between the epitaxial layer and the Si substrate and also due to alloy scattering. Detailed behavior of temperature-dependent conductivity of these samples is also discussed. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Social Innovation: Thinking about Changing the System
Jay J. Caughron,Amanda S. Shipman,Cheryl K. Beeler 대한사고개발학회 2009 The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Vol.19 No.1
Complex social systems are increasingly faced with dynamic, emergent changes in the environments in which they exist. Some social systems appear to implement changes that allow them to adapt to their environment while others seem to struggle. There is reason to suspect that the application of mental models by multiple individuals across a given social system may influence the detection of change events as well as the nature of a social system’s response (or lack thereof) to changing conditions. It is argued that the analysis of causal variables, the avail-ability of relevant case-based knowledge, and the motivation to pursue social change will influence an individual’s ability to design and promote a social change effort as well as others’ responses to it. Implications for complex social systems, such as organizations, are discussed.
Shawn D. Flanagan,William H. DuPont,Lydia K. Caldwell,Vincent H. Hardesty,Emily C. Barnhart,Matthew K. Beeler,Emily M. Post,Jeff S. Volek,William J. Kraemer 한국식품영양과학회 2018 Journal of medicinal food Vol.21 No.1
The effect of GINST15, an enzyme fermented ginseng supplement, on hormonal and inflammatory responses to physical stress in humans is unknown. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the constitutive and stress-induced effects of GINST15 supplement on hypo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and antioxidant activity in addition to muscle damage. Ten women (age: 38.7 ± 7.8 years; height: 163.81 ± 4.4 cm; body mass 76.0 ± 11.6 kg) and nine men (age: 41.2. ± 9.7 years; height: 177.4 ± 5.3 cm; body mass: 88.5 ± 5.0 kg) participated in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced within-group study. Participants completed three 14-day treatment cycles with different doses (high: 960 mg; low: 160 mg; placebo: 0 mg) separated by a 1-week washout period. At the end of treatment, physical stress was imposed with intense resistance exercise work stress. Participants provided blood at rest and various time points after exercise (immediately [IP], 30 min [30], 60 min [60], 24 h [+24HR]). Cortisol (CORT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total glutathione, nonspecific antioxidant activity, total antioxidant power (TAP), and creatine kinase were measured. GINST15 supplementation produced stress-inducible dose-dependent reductions in circulating cortisol and increased enzymatic and nonspecific antioxidant activity. Twenty-four hours after intense exercise, a high dose GINST15, a bioactive ginsenoside metabolite, significantly reduces muscle damage and HPA responses to physical stress in humans; these effects may result from increased antioxidant expression.