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Barlow Brooke,Thompson Bastin Melissa L.,Shadler Aric,Cook Aaron M. 대한신경집중치료학회 2022 대한신경집중치료학회지 Vol.15 No.2
Background: Chloride-rich fluid administration is frequently employed in the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). However, the incidence and consequences of hyperchloremia in aSAH remain poorly defined. This study aimed to describe the incidence of hyperchloremia in aSAH, the contribution of fluid sources to chloride exposure, and the potential associations of hyperchloremia with patient outcomes.Methods: This was a single-center retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to a neurointensive care unit with aSAH. The primary outcome was incidence of hyperchloremia (chloride >109 mEq/L). Secondary outcomes included incidence of severe hyperchloremia (chloride >115 mEq/L), incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, and in-hospital mortality.Results: Of the 234 patients included in the analysis, hyperchloremia occurred in 75% (n=175), and 58% (n=101) developed severe hyperchloremia. Median time to onset was 3 days (interquartile range, 1–5) after admission. Hyperchloremia was associated with prolonged ICU LOS (12 vs. 8 days, P<0.001), duration of mechanical ventilation (16 vs. 10 days, P<0.001), hospital LOS (15 vs. 9 days, P<0.001), and in-hospital mortality (14.3% vs. 0%, P=0.002) compared to no hyperchloremia. No significant difference was observed in the incidence of AKI or the need for RRT. Maintenance intravenous fluids accounted for the highest proportion of the cumulative chloride burden.Conclusion: Hyperchloremia occurs at a high frequency in aSAH and is associated with poor patient outcomes. Maintenance intravenous fluids accounted for the highest proportion of cumulative chloride burden.
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Traffic Engineering Based on Local States in Internet Protocol-Based Radio Access Networks
Barlow David A.,Vassiliou Vasos,Krasser Sven,Owen Henry L.,Grimminger Jochen,Huth Hans-Peter,Sokol Joachim The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2005 Journal of communications and networks Vol.7 No.3
The purpose of this research is to develop and evaluate a traffic engineering architecture that uses local state information. This architecture is applied to an Internet protocol radio access network (RAN) that uses multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) and differentiated services to support mobile hosts. We assume mobility support is provided by a protocol such as the hierarchical mobile Internet protocol. The traffic engineering architecture is router based-meaning that routers on the edges of the network make the decisions onto which paths to place admitted traffic. We propose an algorithm that supports the architecture and uses local network state in order to function. The goal of the architecture is to provide an inexpensive and fast method to reduce network congestion while increasing the quality of service (QoS) level when compared to traditional routing and traffic engineering techniques. We use a number of different mobility scenarios and a mix of different types of traffic to evaluate our architecture and algorithm. We use the network simulator ns-2 as the core of our simulation environment. Around this core we built a system of pre-simulation, during simulation, and post-processing software that enabled us to simulate our traffic engineering architecture with only very minimal changes to the core ns-2 software. Our simulation environment supports a number of different mobility scenarios and a mix of different types of traffic to evaluate our architecture and algorithm.
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Gender and Usage in the Units of Spoken Discourse
Michael Barlow,Vaclav Brezina 한국코퍼스언어학회 2018 Corpus Linguistics Research Vol.4 No.-
In this article we examine gender differences in the spoken usage using a selection of files from the British National Corpus (BNC). Our aim is twofold. First, to report on some similarities and differences in the words and phrases used by men and women in conversation. Secondly, we address some methodological issues related to the study of gender and to corpus linguistics research in general. In particular, we aim to address what we call the “bag of words, bag of people’ problem. In many studies a corpus is treated as a bag of words in common techniques such as a keyword analysis. Such frequency-based analyses have led to many discoveries about the nature of language, but the backgrounding of discourse and text structure is problematic in obscuring some patterns of language usage. In addition, corpora are necessarily compiled using the language output of many individuals---a bag of people---and the individual contributions, and hence variation in usage, are often overlooked. These issues are explored with reference to some linguistic elements known to potentially sensitive to gender variation.
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Algorithmic Composition, illustrated by my own work
Clarence Barlow(클라렌스 발로) 한국전자음악협회 2011 에밀레 Vol.9 No.1
1971년, 14년 간의 즉흥 작곡 방식을 바꾸면서, 그 뒤로 나는 사실상 주로 알고리듬에 근거한 작품들을 썼다. 그중 일부는 하나의 알고리듬을 여러 번 사용하여 만들어졌고 그 결과물의 속성과 특징은 입력물로부터 비롯되었다. 반면, 한편의 작품만을 만들어 낼 목적으로 알고리듬을 한 번만 사용한 경우도 있다. 아울러, 언어적 지시 사항으로부터 복잡한 컴퓨터 프로그램에 이르는 알고리듬이 작곡 과정에 사용되었다. 1971년부터 작곡한 80여개의 작품 중 약 4분의 1은 언어로 된 악보 세 개를 이용해 작곡하였다. 그중 《Textmusic》은 쓰여진 글을 음으로 바꾸는 방식이고 《...until...》 은 음정 관계에 따라 조직적으로 작동하면, 《Relationship》은 화성과 박자의 맥락 안에서 선율과 장단의 복잡한 정도에 따라 작동한다. 다른 4분의 1에 해당하는 작품은 독립적인 컴퓨터 프로그램 세 가지를 이용해 작곡하였다. 그중 《TXMS》는 《Textmusic》을 소프트웨어화한 것이고, 《Autobusk》는 음계와 박자 아울러 조성의 박절과 같은 12개의 실시간 매개 변수를 사용하는 연속적인 미디 음들을 생성한다. 아울러 《PAPAGEI》는 즉흥 연주자와의 실시간 상호 연주를 바탕으로 미디 이벤트를 생성한다. 하지만, 또 다른 4분의 1은 한편의 작품을 위해 한 개의 알고리듬만을 사용하였다. 《Synthrumentator》와 말소리를 악기를 위한 악보로 변환하기 위한 《Spectasizer》와 같은 컴퓨터 프로그램의 경우 작품의 일부만을 위해 사용하기도 하였다. 이 글에서 필자는 《TXMS》, 《Autobusk》, 《Synthrumentator》에 대해 설명할 것이며, 아울러 전용 소프트웨어를 이용해 작곡한 작품 두 편 《...or a cherish’d bard...》와 《Approximating Pi》를 소개 한다. 전자의 경우 알고리듬이 음높이와 장단, 형식 등 모든 음악적 변수를 생성해내고 후자의 경우 대수적으로 정의된 알고리듬이 소리의 파형을 생성해낸다. Since 1971, marking my first departure from fourteen years of spontaneous composition, my work has been mainly algorithmic in nature. Some of it was generated by single algorithm sets developed for multiple use, the properties of the results deriving from the input. In other cases, the algorithms were used once only, with the dedicated purpose of generating a single work. The algorithms ranged from verbal instructions to complex computer programs. Of the eighty-odd pieces I have composed since 1971, about a quarter arose from three verbal scores, Textmusic (converting written text into notes), ...until...(working systematically with interval ratios) and Relationships (working with levels of complexity of melody and rhythm in the context of harmony and meter). Another quarter of the pieces were generated by three individual computer programs ? TXMS (Textmusic packaged into software), Autobusk(for the generation of MIDI pitch sequences from scales and meters as well as twelve as twelve real-time variable parameters such as tonal and metric field strength) and PAPAGEI (for the generation of MIDI events based on patchable live interaction with an improvising performer). Yet another quarter of my compositions since 1971 have resulted from dedicated sets of algorithms for one-time use. Further computer programs such as Synthrumentator and Spectasizer (for the conversion of speech sounds into instrumental scores) were used to generate parts of other compositions. In this paper I will refer to TXMS, Autobusk and Synthrumentator as well as to two compositions generated by dedicated software, ...or a cherish’d bard... (in which the algorithms generate all aspects of the piece from pitch and rhythm to the overall form) and Approximating Pi (in which algebraically defined algorithms generate the sound waves).
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