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Barker, Terry E Indiana University 2001 해외박사(DDOD)
This research projects seeks to provide a link between what is known about professional development trends and successful practices for teachers, in a generic sense, to the needs of teachers at the beginning of their teaching careers. By focusing on current professional development trends of networking, reflection, and dialogue, this project seeks to link those elements to beginning teachers as a method of identifying those factors which influence their professional development, either negatively or positively. This case study research involved a small group of five first and second year teachers at the intermediate and middle school grade levels. Through observing and recording their interactions and conversations within small group sessions and though interviewing each as an individual, the researcher sought to identify, along with the participants, those factors which have the greatest influence on their professional growth. The information gained from this case study becomes another piece of information that can be used to assist districts in developing induction programs that will better meet the needs of first and second year teachers and assist them in being successful during their first years of teaching.
Barker, Melanie Marie The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2001 해외박사(DDOD)
While <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> rRNA promoters can be exceptionally strong, they are also tightly regulated to ensure that energy is not wasted synthesizing excess translation machinery under less favorable conditions. Upon amino acid starvation, high levels of guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) strongly inhibit rRNA promoter activity (“stringent response”). “Growth rate-dependent regulation” ensures that rRNA transcription increases with increasing growth rate. “Homeostatic regulation” keeps total rRNA synthesis relatively constant under conditions that might be expected to perturb it. rRNA promoters are directly regulated by the concentration of their initiating nucleotide triphosphate (NTP). “NTP-sensing” might be responsible, at least in part, for growth rate-dependent and homeostatic regulation. This dissertation addresses the mechanisms mediating rRNA promoter regulation. Whereas most promoters form long-lived open complexes with RNA polymerase (RNAP), open complexes formed on rRNA promoters are exceptionally short-lived, allowing for regulation by factors that alter complex half-life. I found that ppGpp reduces the half-lives of open complexes formed on all promoters. However, ppGpp only inhibits transcription from promoters, like the rRNA promoter <italic> rrnB</italic> P1, that form intrinsically short-lived complexes. I have proposed that inhibition of rRNA transcription by ppGpp might lead to increased free RNAP pools that might lead to increased transcription of promoters, including several amino acid biosynthesis promoters, that are rate-limited for binding RNAP. I found that open complex half-life and the concentration of the initiating NTP required for efficient transcription in vitro of a particular promoter correlate with its susceptibility to growth rate-dependent and homeostatic regulation in vivo. My results are consistent with the model that rRNA promoters can be regulated by changes in NTP pools in vivo (or by hypothetical factors that work at the same kinetic steps that make the promoter sensitive to NTPs). The mechanisms of regulation of <italic>rrn</italic> P1 promoter activity by ppGpp and NTPs provide insights into how the cell can accomplish complex and specific regulation in a manner distinctly different from the typical mechanism in which regulation is localized to particular promoters based on the position(s) of transcription factor binding sites.
The European Economic Community, the Catholic church, and the transition to democracy in Spain
Barker, Mary Kate Columbia University 2004 해외박사(DDOD)
This thesis examines the role of the European Economic Community and the Catholic Church in the creation of a consensus for democratic government in Spain prior to the death of General Francisco Franco. It argues that the Community and the Church served as central actors within their respective circles of influence (the economic elite and the faithful) in shaping the discourse, and ultimately the interests, of Spaniards. Moreover, the Community and the Church fostered the creation of Spanish identities as Europeans, contemporary Christians, and democrats.