Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify the hub genes related to hypoxic adaptation in yak (Bos grunniens)

Bao Qi,Zhang Xiaolan,Bao Pengjia,Liang Chunnian,Guo Xian,Chu Min,Yan Ping 한국유전학회 2021 Genes & Genomics Vol.43 No.10

Background As a mammal living at the highest altitude in the world, the yak has strong adaptability to the harsh natural environment (such as low temperature, scarce food, especially low oxygen) of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) after a long process of natural selection. Objective Here, we used Weighted Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA), a systematic biology method, to identify hypoxic adaptation-related modules and hub genes. The research of the adaptability of yak against hypoxia is of great signifcance to identify the genetic characteristics and yak breeding. Methods Based on the transcriptome sequencing data (PRJNA362606), the R package DESeq2 and WGCNA were conducted to analyze diferentially expressed genes (DEGs) and construct the gene co-expression network. The module hub genes were identifed and characterized by the correlation of gene and trait, module membership (kME). In addition, GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were used to explore the functions of hub genes. Results Our results revealed that 1098, 1429, and 1645 DEGs were identifed in muscle, spleen, and lung, respectively. Besides, a total of 13 gene co-expression modules were detected, of which two hypoxic adaptation-related modules (saddlebrown and turquoise) were found. We identifed 39 and 150 hub genes in these two modules. Functional enrichment analyses showed that 12 GO terms and 18 KEGG pathways were enriched in the saddlebrown module while 85 GO terms and 22 KEGG pathways were enriched in the turquoise module. The signifcant pathways related to hypoxia adaptation include FoxO signaling pathway, Thermogenesis pathway, and Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling pathway, etc. Conclusions In this study, we obtained two hypoxia-related specifc modules and identifed hub genes based on the connectivity by constructing a weighted gene co-expression network. Function enrichment analysis of two modules revealed mitochondrion is the most important organelle for hypoxia adaptation. Moreover, the insulin-related pathways and thermogenic-related pathways played a major role. The results of this study provide theoretical guidance for further understanding the molecular mechanism of yak adaptation to hypoxia.

Rapamycin Inhibits Expression of Elongation of Very-long-chain Fatty Acids 1 and Synthesis of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Guo, Zhixin,Wang, Yanfeng,Feng, Xue,Bao, Chaogetu,He, Qiburi,Bao, Lili,Hao, Huifang,Wang, Zhigang Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.11

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism and is sufficient to induce specific metabolic processes, including de novo lipid biosynthesis. Elongation of very-long-chain fatty acids 1 (ELOVL1) is a ubiquitously expressed gene and the product of which was thought to be associated with elongation of carbon (C) chain in fatty acids. In the present study, we examined the effects of rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTORC1, on ELOVL1 expression and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). We found that rapamycin decreased the relative abundance of ELOVL1 mRNA, ELOVL1 expression and the level of DHA in a time-dependent manner. These data indicate that ELOVL1 expression and DHA synthesis are regulated by mTORC1 in BMECs.

Isochaetomium A2, a new bis(naphthodihydropyran-4-one) with antimicrobial and immunological activities from fungus Chaetomium microcephalum

Guo-Bo Xu,Tao Yang,Jin-ku Bao,Dong-Mei Fang,Guo-You Li 대한약학회 2014 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.37 No.5

Isochaetomium A2 (1), a new bis(naphthodihydropyran-4-one), along with chaetochromins A (2) and B(3), was isolated from the solid-state fermented rice cultureof Chaetomium microcephalum. The structure of compound1 was elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMRspectral data, and the relative configuration was confirmedby CD spectrum. Compounds 1–3 possessed significantantimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli 1.044,Staphylococcus aureus 1.252, and Bacillus subtilis 1.079. Moreover, compounds 1–3 showed obvious inhibitoryeffects on mouse spleen cell proliferation with successiveIC50 values of 0.52, 0.19, and 0.24 lM.

Highly Chemo- and Regioselective Reaction of Hydroxybenzenes in Acidic Ionic Liquid

Guo, Hui,Zhuang, Yu Wei,Cao, Jian,Zhang, Guo Bao Korean Chemical Society 2013 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.34 No.9

Highly chemo- and regioselective reaction of hydroxybenzenes with ${\alpha},{\beta}$-unsaturated compounds in acidic ionic liquid l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate ([BMIM]HSO4) was reported for the first time. A series of oxa-Michael adducts and Friedel-Crafts alkylated products were synthesized with good yields. The acidic ionic liquid could be easily recycled for at least 5 times with only minor loss in activity.

Eigenvalue problems of rotor system with uncertain parameters

Bao-Guo Liu 대한기계학회 2012 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.26 No.1

A general method for investigating the eigenvalue problems of a rotor system with uncertain parameters is presented in this paper. The recurrence perturbation formulas based on the Riccati transfer matrix method are derived and used for calculating the first- and secondorder perturbations of eigenvalues and their respective eigenvectors for the rotor system with uncertain parameters. In addition, these formulas can be used for investigating the independent, and repeated, as well as the complex eigenvalue problems. The general method is called the Riccati perturbation transfer matrix method (Riccati-PTMM). The formulas for calculating the mean value, variance, and covariance of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the rotor system with random parameters are also given. Riccati-PTMM is used for calculating the random eigenvalues of a simply supported Timoshenko beam and a test rotor supported by two oil bearings. The results show that the method is accurate and efficient.

BYPATHS IN LOCAL TOURNAMENTS

Guo, Yu-Bao Korean Mathematical Society 1999 대한수학회지 Vol.36 No.2

A digraph T is called a local tournament if for every vertex x of T, the set of in-neighbors as well as the set of out-neighbors of in-neighbors of x induce tournaments. Let x and y be two vertices of a 3-connected and arc-3-cyclic local tournament T with y x. We investigate the structure of T such that T contains no (x,y)-path of length k for some k with 3 k V(T) -1. Our result generalized those of [2] and [5] for tournaments.

Isochaetomium $A_2$, a new bis(naphthodihydropyran-4-one) with antimicrobial and immunological activities from fungus Chaetomium microcephalum

Xu, Guo-Bo,Yang, Tao,Bao, Jin-Ku,Fang, Dong-Mei,Li, Guo-You 대한약학회 2014 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.37 No.5

Isochaetomium $A_2$ (1), a new bis(naphthodihydropyran-4-one), along with chaetochromins A (2) and B (3), was isolated from the solid-state fermented rice culture of Chaetomium microcephalum. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectral data, and the relative configuration was confirmed by CD spectrum. Compounds 1-3 possessed significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli 1.044, Staphylococcus aureus 1.252, and Bacillus subtilis 1.079. Moreover, compounds 1-3 showed obvious inhibitory effects on mouse spleen cell proliferation with successive $IC_{50}$ values of 0.52, 0.19, and $0.24{\mu}M$.

영화 제목의 번역에 관한 이론 및 사례

손보국 ( Bao Guo Sun ),최창원 ( Chang Won Choi ) 아시아.유럽미래학회 2011 유라시아연구 Vol.8 No.4

본 논문은 영화 제목을 번역하는 과정에서 전문가들의 이론을 기초로 하여 문화시스템에 따른 영화 제목 번역의 유형을 밝히고, 그에 따른 다양한 사례를 소개하여 그 유형을 분석하였다. 즉 문화의 영향으로 어떻게 영화 제목 번역이 이루어지는지에 대해 살피는 것을 목적으로 하여, 영화 제목 번역 유형의 텍스트 언어학적 분석에 대한 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 특히 영화 제목의 문화적 번역 특징은 단순한 언어적 측면뿐만 아니라 영화에 내재되어 있는 함축된 창조성과 융합 문화의 함의까지 고려하였다. 영화 제목에는 문화 간 의사소통(intercultural communication)이 전제되어 있어 문화 번역의 특징과 가치 등을 언급함은 물론 언어 행동양식과 가치관 등이 내재된 문화적인 의미와 맥락에 적절한 번역을 대상으로 분석하였다. 즉 영화 제목 번역의 핵심은 원문이 갖고 있는 다양한 문화시스템 안에서 의미와 가치를 부여하는 기교와 영화가 유입되는 과정과, 그것을 수용하는 수용자의 반응이 갖는 미학성, 정치성, 상업성, 예술성의 의미를 실현하는 방법론도 제시하였다. 영화는 인기 있는 스타일에 예술과 문화적 소통의 형태로써 영화 제목은 그들의 눈이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 더빙된 영화로, 영화 제목은 특히 중요하다. 대부분의 사람들은 영화 제목을 번역하는 것은 하찮은 작업으로 간주할 수 있으나, 언어적 퍼포먼스의 독특한 대본으로도 문화적 개념과 모든 사회와 다른 민족의 미적 태도의 가치적 기호를 나타낼 수는 중요한 작업이다. 특히 계속해서 강조하여 언급한 요소인 문화 적응은 매우 중요하다. 미국이 다른 인종으로부터 널리 학습하는 특성으로 ``멜팅팟(인종의 용광로:Melting Pot)``이라고 부르는 동안, 중국은 넓고 깊은 역사를 가지고 있다. 중국 문화는 암시적이고, 미국 문화는 간단하다. 이문화 간의 소통에 있어 교량적 역할을 담당하는 영화 제목의 번역은 그들 자신의 언어로 번역하는 것은 물론 두 가지 문화를 소통시키려는 것이다. 영화 제목은 짧고 간결하며 보편적인 특성을 가진다. 번역은 심사숙고의 과정을 거치며 놀라운 효과를 나타내기 위해 여러 번의 원본 퇴고가 필요하다. 따라서 영화 제목 번역은 그리 쉬운 일은 아니다. 번역가는 원칙적으로 원본을 복사해서는 안 된다. 그 대신 그들은 상업적 가치의 원칙뿐만 아니라, 문화 지향적 요소를 고려해야 한다. 가치, 미학, 함축, 이념의 차이를 고려하고 이와 더불어 음역, 직역, 의역의 테크닉의 사용은 동서양의 창의적 융합을 실현하여 소통적 번역을 이끌어 낼 것이다. 따라서 이 연구는 외국 영화 제목을 중국어로 번역하는 문화에 따른 내용으로서 영화 제목 번역 유형의 텍스트 언어학적 분석에 대한 번역 자료를 제공함은 물론, 이를 통해 응용하여 융합문화를 고려한 영화 제목 번역에 대해 고민하는 작업이 활발히 이루어지기를 기대하는데 그 의의를 둔다. 또한 향후 영화산업에서의 수출·수입되는 영화가 성공하는 요인에 대한 분석에도 도움을 주고자 한다. This paper presents the translating characteristics of movie titles. The study of different translating characteristics of movie titles aims at elaborating the most significant characteristic-cultural orientation and its infuence. The paper starts with diverse theories concerning cultural orientation in the translation of movie titles, on the basis of some experts` theory and several vivid examples that demonstrate that the translation of movie titles are influenced by many factors, such as faithfulness and commercialization. Among all of them, culture is of great importance. Then, theories are discussed with examples to show the four components of cultural-orientation, including different values and aesthetic inclination. Different translating techniques are further introduced in the translation of movie title. In conclusion, after introducing that translators should not copy the original rigidly but to dig cultural factors, the paper presents the crucial role cultural factors play in the process of translating movie titles. Only taking into account differences of values, aesthetics, cultural connotation and ideology, using techniques of transliteration, literal translation, and free translation, can we realize the creative fusion of the eastern and western cultures and produce excellent translations. Movie is a form of art and of cultural communication in a popular style. A movie``s title is its eyes. To a dubbed film, movie title is especially essential. Many people may believe that the translation of movie titles is a trivial matter, however, as a unique text of linguistic performance, it can also reveal the cultural concept and value inclination of the whole society, and the different ethnic aesthetic attitudes . From many of the factors mentioned above, cultural orientation is definitely of great importance. China has a broad and profound history, while America is called melting pot with the characteristic of learning widely from others. Chinese culture is implicit and American culture is straightforward. Translation, as a cross-cultural communicational bridge, is not a work of translating languages themselves, but to translate two cultures. Movie titles have the characteristics of short, concision and generality. The process of translation requires consideration and polishing of the original text over and over again to make an astonishing effect. Consequently, the translation of movie titles is no easy job. Translators should not copy the original rigidly. Instead they should give consideration not only to the principle of commercial value, but also to culture-oriented factors. Only taking into account differences of values, aesthetics, connotation and ideology, using techniques of transliteration, literal translation, and free translation can we realize the creative fusion of the eastern and western cultures and produce excellent translations.

Highly Chemo- and Regioselective Reaction of Hydroxybenzenes in Acidic Ionic Liquid

Hui Guo,Yu Wei Zhuang,Jian Cao,Guo Bao Zhang 대한화학회 2013 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.34 No.9

Highly chemo- and regioselective reaction of hydroxybenzenes with α,β-unsaturated compounds in acidic ionic liquid l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate ([BMIM]HSO4) was reported for the first time. A series of oxa-Michael adducts and Friedel-Crafts alkylated products were synthesized with good yields. The acidic ionic liquid could be easily recycled for at least 5 times with only minor loss in activity.

Three Dimensional Reconstruction of Bone-Cartilage Transitional Structures Based on Semi-Automatic Registration and Automatic Segmentation of Serial Sections

Hua Guo,Zheng-Wei Xu,Bao-Rong He,Ding-Jun Hao,Wei-Guo Bian 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2014 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.11 No.5

A well-defined three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of bone-cartilage transitional structures is crucial for the osteochondral restoration. This paper presents an accurate, computationally efficient and semi-automated algorithm for the alignment and segmentation of two-dimensional (2-D) serial to construct the 3-D model of bonecartilage transitional structures. Entire system includes the following five components: (1) image harvest, (2) image registration, (3) image segmentation, (4) 3-D reconstruction and visualization, and (5) evaluation. A computer program was developed in the environment of Matlab for the semi-automatic alignment and automatic segmentation of serial sections. Semi-automatic alignment algorithm based on the position’s cross-correlation of the anatomical characteristic feature points of two sequential sections. A method combining an automatic segmentation and an image threshold processing was applied to capture the regions and structures of interest. SEM micrograph and 3-D model reconstructed directly in digital microscope were used to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of this strategy. The morphology of 3-D model constructed by serial sections is consistent with the results of SEM micrograph and 3-D model of digital microscope.