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Christopher K. Butler,Jessica L. Jones 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2016 International Area Studies Review Vol.19 No.3
Are levels of sexual violence committed by government security forces in a country prior to conflict predictive of levels of sexual violence in that country during conflict? Most of the scholarship on sexual violence focuses on the phenomenon during armed conflict, and in general the assumption made by these scholars is that conflict exacerbates the sexual violence problem. Cross-sectional analysis appears to support this assertion; however, we argue that the comparison group used by cross-sectional analyses is inappropriate for answering the question of whether conflict impacts the amount of sexual violence in a country. Instead, we propose that the appropriate comparison is between peacetime levels of sexual violence and conflict levels of sexual violence for the same country. To test this relationship, we employ data on sexual violence committed by government security forces in a sample of 170 countries for the time period 1999–2011, using a measure similar to that from Butler, Gluch, and Mitchell. Then, we use a variety of descriptive and inferential statistical tests to examine the relationship between conflict from the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset and the level of sexual violence in a country. We find that for cases with variation in conflict across our time period, pre-conflict levels of sexual violence are predictive of conflict levels but, contrary to the common assumption, the prediction is no change in the level of sexual violence for most cases.
Butler, Daniel P,Leckenby, Jo I,Miranda, Ben H,Grobbelaar, Adriaan O Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2015 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.42 No.6
Background Botulinum toxin (BT) chemodenervation and anterior belly of digastric muscle (ABD) transfer are both treatment options in the management of an isolated marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve (MMB) palsy. We compare the patient satisfaction following either BT injections or ABD transfer in the management of their isolated MMB palsy. Methods Patients in the ABD-arm of the study were identified retrospectively from September 2007 to July 2014. The patients in the BT-arm of the study were identified prospectively from those attending the clinic. Both groups of patients completed a validated patient satisfaction survey. Statistical analysis was performed and a P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Seven patients were in the ABD-arm and 11 patients in the BT-arm of the study. The patient satisfaction in both groups was high with 45% of ABD-arm patients and 40% of BT-arm patients rating their overall outcome as 'better' or 'much better', which was significantly more than the proportion rating their outcome as 'worse' or 'much worse' (P<0.001), although there was a significant trend towards those in the ABD-arm being more likely to be dissatisfied with their outcome (P=0.01). Conclusions BT therapy is a good first-line intervention in the management of isolated MMB palsy. We have, however, shown that the overall satisfaction in both groups is high. Therefore, in patients who would prefer a more permanent solution to manage their facial asymmetry, ABD transfer remains a satisfactory treatment option with a good level of patient satisfaction.
Computational materials design of crystalline solids
Butler, K.,Frost, J.,Skelton, J.,Svane, K.,Walsh, A. Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Chemical Society reviews Vol.45 No.22
<P>The modelling of materials properties and processes from first principles is becoming sufficiently accurate as to facilitate the design and testing of new systems in silico. Computational materials science is both valuable and increasingly necessary for developing novel functional materials and composites that meet the requirements of next-generation technology. A range of simulation techniques are being developed and applied to problems related to materials for energy generation, storage and conversion including solar cells, nuclear reactors, batteries, fuel cells, and catalytic systems. Such techniques may combine crystal-structure prediction (global optimisation), data mining (materials informatics) and high- throughput screening with elements of machine learning. We explore the development process associated with computational materials design, from setting the requirements and descriptors to the development and testing of new materials. As a case study, we critically review progress in the fields of thermoelectrics and photovoltaics, including the simulation of lattice thermal conductivity and the search for Pb-free hybrid halide perovskites. Finally, a number of universal chemical-design principles are advanced.</P>
ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF DWARF GALAXIES
Butler, Kirsty M.,Obreschkow, Danail,Oh, Se-Heon American Astronomical Society 2017 ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS - Vol.834 No.1
<P>We present measurements of baryonic mass M-b and specific angular momentum (sAM) j(b) in 14 rotating dwarf Irregular (dIrr) galaxies from the LITTLE THINGS sample. These measurements, based on 21 cm kinematic data from the Very Large Array and stellar mass maps from the Spitzer Space Telescope, extend previous AM measurements by more than two orders of magnitude in M-b. The dwarf galaxies show systematically higher j(b) values than expected from the j(b) proportional to M-b(2/3) scaling of spiral galaxies, representative of a scale-free galaxy formation scenario. This offset can be explained by decreasing baryon mass fractions f(M) = M-b/M-dyn (where M-dyn is the dynamical mass) with decreasing M-b (for M-b < 10(11) M-circle dot 11). We find that the sAM of neutral atomic hydrogen (H I) alone is about 2.5 times higher than that of the stars. The M-j relation of H I is significantly steeper than that of the stars, as a direct consequence of the systematic variation of the H I fraction with M-b.</P>
The future of English education at primary schools in East Asia: local and global influences
Butler, Yuko Goto 한국초등영어교육학회 2009 초등영어교육 Vol.15 No.2
While English education as a foreign language at primary schools (referred to herein as EFLPS) has gained increasing popularity, countries and regions face a number of challenges in implementing EFLPS in their formal education systems. Language-in-education policies around EFLPS are deeply embedded in their global and local contexts. As a result, some challenges have been common to multiple countries whereas others are specific to local contexts. In drawing from the experiences of three East Asian countries (namely, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan) and the challenges that they face in implementing EFLPS, the present paper aims to illustrate the complicated ways in which both global and local factors influence EFLPS implementations. Among the various challenges, this paper focuses on the following three most notable ones: (1) accounting for diversity while providing equal access; (2) hiring native English speaking teachers versus training local teachers; and (3) the use of popular ELT methods and their adaptation to local contexts.
Ferroelectric materials for solar energy conversion: photoferroics revisited
Butler, Keith T.,Frost, Jarvist M.,Walsh, Aron The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Vol.8 No.3
<P>The application of ferroelectric materials (<I>i.e.</I> solids that exhibit spontaneous electric polarisation) in solar cells has a long and controversial history. This includes the first observations of the anomalous photovoltaic effect (APE) and the bulk photovoltaic effect (BPE). The recent successful application of inorganic and hybrid perovskite structured materials (<I>e.g.</I> BiFeO<SUB>3</SUB>, CsSnI<SUB>3</SUB>, CH<SUB>3</SUB>NH<SUB>3</SUB>PbI<SUB>3</SUB>) in solar cells emphasises that polar semiconductors can be used in conventional photovoltaic architectures. We review developments in this field, with a particular emphasis on the materials known to display the APE/BPE (<I>e.g.</I> ZnS, CdTe, SbSI), and the theoretical explanation. Critical analysis is complemented with first-principles calculation of the underlying electronic structure. In addition to discussing the implications of a ferroelectric absorber layer, and the solid state theory of polarisation (Berry phase analysis), design principles and opportunities for high-efficiency ferroelectric photovoltaics are presented.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Ferroelectric materials offer opportunities for unconventional solar energy conversion. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c4ee03523b'> </P>
An Implementation of Spectrum Usage Rights for Liberalization of the Radio Spectrum
Butler Joe M.,Webb William T. The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2006 Journal of communications and networks Vol.8 No.2
This paper presents one possible approach for liberalization of the radio spectrum based around spectrum usage rights (SURs) which are technology and usage neutral. This is challenging technically because of the complexity of defining rights which are flexible and technology-neutral while retaining sufficient safeguards against interference. The work presented here is part of an ongoing process of defining and testing SURs. Of com is currently considering SURs, though is not committed to implementing them at this stage, and will issue further discussion documents on this area in due course.