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Silva, Aura,Amorim, Pedro,Felix, Luiza,Abelha, Fernando,Mourao, Joana The Korean Dental Society of Anesthsiology 2018 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Vol.18 No.4
Background: Patients with intellectual disability (ID) often require general anesthesia during oral procedures. Anesthetic depth monitoring in these patients can be difficult due to their already altered mental state prior to anesthesia. In this study, the utility of electroencephalographic indexes to reflect anesthetic depth was evaluated in pediatric patients with ID. Methods: Seventeen patients (mean age, $9.6{\pm}2.9years$) scheduled for dental procedures were enrolled in this study. After anesthesia induction with propofol or sevoflurane, a bilateral sensor was placed on the patient's forehead and the bispectral index (BIS) was recorded. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane, which was adjusted according to the clinical signs by an anesthesiologist blinded to the BIS value. The index performance was accessed by correlation (with the end-tidal sevoflurane [EtSevo] concentration) and prediction probability (with a clinical scale of anesthesia). The asymmetry of the electroencephalogram between the left and right sides was also analyzed. Results: The BIS had good correlation and prediction probabilities (above 0.5) in the majority of patients; however, BIS was not correlated with EtSevo or the clinical scale of anesthesia in patients with Lennox-Gastaut, West syndrome, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy. BIS showed better correlations than SEF95 and TP. No significant differences were observed between the left- and right-side indexes. Conclusion: BIS may be able to reflect sevoflurane anesthetic depth in patients with some types of ID; however, more research is required to better define the neurological conditions and/or degrees of disability that may allow anesthesiologists to use the BIS.
A Functionalist Approach to the Linguistic Classification of Onye in Igbo
Arua Eke Aura 한국중원언어학회 2019 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.52
This paper examines the linguistic classification of onye in Igbo from a functionalist perspective. It provides full lexical, morphological, phonological and syntactic descriptions of the item. Morphologically, onye participates in the formation of multi-word expressions in Igbo. Some of its meanings, in the expressions in which it occurs, are, expectedly, both compositional and non-compositional. Onye acts as an agentive morpheme, and is, therefore, the more important component of the compound words or associative constructions in which it appears. Morpho-phonemically, syllable boundaries and phonemic pronunciations are missing from some Igbo dictionaries and the paper recommends that they should be included in them. And lexico-syntactically, onye has multiple identities as a noun, modifying adjective (or nominal modifier) and number marker. In sum, the findings of the paper are useful in that they specify in detail the linguistic characteristics of onye and show how to improve its description and entry in Igbo dictionaries. More importantly, the paper encourages Igbo linguists to pay attention to important linguistic items that are in need of further specification and clarification.
Adriana Cuenca,Aura Coy,Natalia Gutiérrez,María Paula Santos,Juan David Bustos,Ana María Morales,Alejandra Marín 대한소아응급의학회 2023 대한소아응급의학회지 Vol.10 No.1
Purpose: During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, Colombian government declared a lockdown, forcing children to stay at home. The authors aimed to analyze the change in the pattern of trauma-related visits during the lockdown. Methods: We carried out a retrospective descriptive study on injured children aged 17 years or younger who visited the emergency department of a tertiary pediatric hospital in Bogotá, Colombia from March 15 through May 15, 2019 (control period) and the same period in 2020 (lockdown period). Between the 2 periods, baseline characteristics and injury profiles were compared. Results: Among the study population (n = 1,485), 1,122 and 363 children visited the emergency department during the control and lockdown periods, respectively. In the midst of 73.9% decrease in numbers of overall visits between the 2 periods, a 67.6% decrease was noted in number of trauma-related visits. Regarding the proportions, trauma-related visits increased from 7.9% to 9.8%. During the lockdown, increases occurred in the proportions of the following variables: children younger than 5 years (25.5% to 50.7%; P < 0.001), mechanisms other than blunt, minor fall or traffic accident (e.g., bite, 3.9% to 6.6%; P = 0.032), child abuse (1.2% to 4.1%; P = 0.003), hospitalization (4.6% to 35.8%; P < 0.001), open wound (21.1% to 36.9%; P < 0.001), the use of computed tomography (6.3% to 9.9%; P < 0.001), and abnormal imaging findings (28.8% to 31.7%; P = 0.003). Conclusion: During the lockdown, children with trauma may show an increase in overall severity, and also a higher risk of abusive trauma. This finding indicates a sensible need of educating families in prevention of domestic injury.
Developing a User-Centered Tool for the Holistic Evaluation of Destination Websites
Charles Ruel Novabos,Aura C. Matias,Miguela M. Mena 대한인간공학회 2014 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.5
Many tourists nowadays go online to seek travel information. Lehto, Kim, & Morrison (2006) found that 93% of Internet users searching for travel information visit the destination’s official tourism website. This finding emphasizes the need to evaluate destination websites to ensure their effectiveness as tourism marketing channels. Effective destination websites allow users to obtain relevant information, navigate quickly through textual and graphic elements, and form a positive impression of the destination (Palmer & McCole, 2000). This study proposes an instrument that measures three broad website quality attributes—content, usability, and persuasiveness—to generate a website quality rating called the User-perceived Quality (UPQ) score. The instrument is designed for Internet users, thus it highlights the users’ perspective. A pilot test revealed that the instrument exhibits excellent psychometric properties and good internal consistency. The user evaluation results will aid web developers and destination marketing organizations in redesigning their websites to address reported deficiencies.
Balkys Quevedo-Hidalgo,Paulo César Narvaéz-Rincón,Aura Marina Pedroza-Rodríguez,Mario Enrique Velásquez-Lozano 한국생물공학회 2012 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.17 No.5
In Colombia, a great amount of waste is generated during the cut-off and harvest stages in flowers culture. This study examines the possibility of degrading Chrysanthemum wastes by using Pleurotus ostreatus,Trametes versicolor, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultures; this has not been studied previously. The initial effect of fungi on the degradation of Chrysanthemum wastes were studied individually and in co-cultures. The highest degradation was by P. ostreatus. After that, the influence of pH and waste, copper, and manganese concentrations on reducing sugars concentration were determined in a submerged culture in 100 mL Erlenmeyer flasks. There was a significant effect of manganese and waste concentrations on sugar concentration, while the effect of copper concentration and pH were not significant. Following, the process was carried out in a 1.5 L reactor at the optimal values of the variables studied in Erlenmeyer flask but varying air injection from 0 to 2 vvm. The highest concentration of sugars was 21.2 g/L with 78% of glucose content at 6.3% w/v of waste, 7.5 mM of Mn and Cu and 2 vvm of air injection. Finally, laccase, Manganese peroxidase, endo-1,4-β-glucanase, exo-1,4-β-glucanase and 1,4-β-glucosidase were detected in the extract obtained under these conditions. The highest activities were obtained for laccase (4,694 U/L) and 1,4-β-glucosidase (9,513 U/L).
Mathijs M. de Rijk,Amanda Wolf-Johnston,Aura F. Kullmann,Katherine Maringer,Sunder Sims-Lucas,Gommert A. van Koeveringe,Larissa V. Rodríguez,Lori A. Birder 대한배뇨장애요실금학회 2022 International Neurourology Journal Vol.26 No.4
Purpose: Substantive evidence supports a role of chronic stress in the development, maintenance, and even enhancement of functional bladder disorders such as interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Increased urinary frequency and bladder hyperalgesia have been reported in rodents exposed to a chronic stress paradigm. Here, we utilized a water avoidance stress (WAS) model in rodents to investigate the effect of chronic stress on vascular perfusion and angiogenesis. Methods: Female Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to WAS for 10 consecutive days. Bladder neck tissues were analyzed by western immunoblot for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nerve growth factor precursor (proNGF). Vascular perfusion was assessed by fluorescent microangiography followed by Hypoxyprobe testing to identify regions of tissue hypoxia. Results: The expression of VEGF and proNGF in the bladder neck mucosa was significantly higher in the WAS rats than in the controls. There was a trend toward increased vascular perfusion, but without a statistically significant difference from the control group. The WAS rats displayed a 1.6-fold increase in perfusion. Additionally, a greater abundance of vessels was observed in the WAS rats, most notably in the microvasculature. Conclusions: These findings show that chronic psychological stress induces factors that can lead to increased microvasculature formation, especially around the bladder neck, the region that contains most nociceptive bladder afferents. These findings may indicate a link between angiogenesis and other inflammatory factors that contribute to structural changes and pain in IC/ BPS.
Aging-Associated Changes in Oxidative Stress Negatively Impacts the Urinary Bladder Urothelium
Mathijs M. de Rijk,Amanda Wolf-Johnston,Aura F. Kullmann,Stephanie Taiclet,Anthony J. Kanai,Sruti Shiva,Lori A. Birder 대한배뇨장애요실금학회 2022 International Neurourology Journal Vol.26 No.2
Purpose: Lower urinary tract symptoms are known to significantly increase with age, negatively impacting quality of life and self-reliance. The urothelium fulfills crucial tasks, serving as a barrier protecting the underlying bladder tissue from the harsh chemical composition of urine, and exhibits signaling properties via the release of mediators within the bladder wall that affect bladder functioning. Aging is associated with detrimental changes in cellular health, in part by increasing oxidative stress in the bladder mucosa, and more specifically the urothelium. This, in turn, may impact urothelial mitochondrial health and bioenergetics. Methods: We collected mucosal tissue samples from both young (3–4 months old) and aged (25–30 months old) rats. Tissue was evaluated for p21-Arc, nitrotyrosine, and cytochrome C expression by western immunoblotting. Urothelial cells were cultured for single-cell imaging to analyze basal levels of reactive oxygen species and the mitochondrial membrane potential. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and cellular respiration were investigated by the Seahorse assay, and measurements of adenosine triphosphate release were made using the luciferin-luciferase assay. Results: Aging was associated with a significant increase in biomarkers of cellular senescence, oxidative stress, and basal levels of reactive oxygen species. The mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly lower in urothelial cell cultures from aged animals, and cultures from aged animals showed a significant decrease in mitochondrial bioenergetics. Conclusions: Aging-related increases in oxidative stress and excessive reactive oxygen species may be contributing factors underlying lower urinary tract symptoms in older adults. The mechanisms outlined in this study could be utilized to identify novel pharmaceutical targets to improve aging-associated bladder dysfunction.