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Organization of mating type genes in the edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes
Arend Frans van Peer,Soon-Young Park,Kab-Yeul Jang,Pyung-Gyun Shin,Young-Bok Yoo,Won-Sik Kong 한국버섯학회 2010 한국버섯학회지 Vol.8 No.4
Flammulina velutipes, amongst others known as Winter Mushroom or Enokitake is an important economic crop in Asia. The tetrapolarity (having four mating types) of this mushroom obligates mating and results in self-sterile progeny that carries unique genetic traits, making understanding of the genetic base desirable for breeding. Moreover, mating type genes are significant for evolutionary studies as their high polymorphism benefits phylogenetic comparisons. This polymorphism further makes mating type genes interesting candidates for genetic markers that allow identification of specific strains. Mating type loci in Agaricomycotina are classically termed A and B and control two different developmental pathways [for a review see 1]. They consist of tightly linked subloci that encode multiallelic genes. MatA loci contain two groups of divergently transcribed homeodomain proteins (HD1 and HD2) and heterodimerization of HD1 with a non-self HD2 protein forms a functional transcription factor that activates the A pathway. MatB loci hold pheromones and pheromone receptors. Pheromone genes encode small precursor proteins that are characterized by a C-terminal CAAX motif. Pheromone receptors typically contain 7 membrane spanning regions and are coupled to G-proteins. Binding of a pheromone to a receptor, triggers splicing of the (trimeric) G-protein, which activates the B pathway. New genetic data from recent genome sequences is challenging the strict concepts of old mating type models in fungi. MatB loci turn out to be rather diverse and contain considerable varying numbers of pheromone receptors and associated pheromones. To this, pheromone receptors which are not linked to matB loci have now been reported for C. cincerea, S. commune and L. bicolor [2, 3]. Also the organization of the matA locus is less strictly conserved than anticipated. Though far more tightly maintained than the matB locus, substantial differences in HD gene numbers and overall organization are reported [2, 3]. These differences stress the importance of determination of the individual mating type systems from industrially important mushrooms to assist breeding. Our analysis of F. velutipes strain 4019-20 uncovered 7 pheromone receptors together with 3 pheromones. The matB-3 locus of this strain however, is defined by only a single pheromone receptor and pheromone gene and our data strongly indicates that a 2nd pheromone receptor recently lost its function. The other receptor genes are non mating type specific. Finally, we detected three homeodomain genes distributed over two distant subloci. These subloci have been separated by two large inversions. Strikingly the distant matA subloci in S. commune seem to be separated by inversions as well. Synthenic mapping of a large regions from Coprinus cinerea, Laccaria bicolor, S. commune and F. velutipes shows that the matA loci originate from a single locus in a common ancestor of S. commune and F. velutipes that is represented by L. bicolor and C. cinerea. [1] U Kües. Micr Mol Biol Rev 64, 316 (2000) [2] H Niculita-Hirzel, J Labbé, A Kohler, F le Tacon, F Martin, IR Sanders and U Kües. New Phytol 180, 329 (2008). [3] RA Ohm, JF de Jong, LG Lugones, A aerts, E Kothe, JE Stajich, RP de Vries, E Record, A Levasseur, SE Baker, KA Bartholomew, PM Couthino, S Erdmann, TJ Fowler, AC Gathman, V Lombard, B Henrissat, N Knabe, U Kües, WW Lilly, E Lindquist, S Lucas, JK Magnuson, F Piumi, M Rausdaskoski, A Salamov, J Schmutz, FWMr Schwarze, PA van Kuyk, JS Horton, IV Grigoriev and HAB Wösten. Nat. Biotechnol ISSN: 1087-0156 (2010).
Poster Session : PS 0368 ; Immunology : Abo Blood Group Acociated with Malaria Falciparum in Manado
( Laurence Arend Mapanawang ) 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1
Background: Malaria is complicated and endemic disease of Indonesian, Because malaria can make multisystem problem. The goal of research is knowing about celebral malaria related to blood group and mortality rate. Methods: Use research method is an observational prosoective study. Results: January 2009 to December 2009 have 208 patient, 164 patient with Falciparum Malaria and 44 uncomplicated malaria in general Hospital of Manado north Sulaweai. Using chi Square test for statistic analysis of data. Jaundice was foud statistically signifi cant greaten in blood groups O Compared Greaten group A, B, and AB O: 54% x2 = 38, 12. P <0, 01; ARF was foud statitistical signifi cantly for blood group B compared to O B : 50% X2 = 13, 27. P<0, 01: celebral malaria statitiscally signifi cantly greater in blood group B. compare to Blood group O. X2 = 16, 70 P<0, 01; Hiperparasitemia, Anemia and Hypotensian statistical signifi cantly blood group O: B 69%, X2 = 20, 75 P<0, 01. Conclusions: Research Conclusion is patient with blood group B have tendency ARF and cerebral malaria and mortality rate is also tends to increase in patients.
남상운(Sang-Woon Nam),아렌드잰보스(Arend-Jan Both) 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2011 농업과학연구 Vol.38 No.3
Structural characteristics for standard models of single-span plastic greenhouse in Korea and high tunnels in North America were analyzed, and comparative analysis for greenhouse environments measuring in Korean farmhouse and Rutgers high tunnel was carried out to find structural and environmental improvements of single-span plastic greenhouses that occupy most of Korean greenhouse. Widths of high tunnels are similar to single-span plastic greenhouses but their heights are high comparatively and their side heights are fairly higher than single-span plastic greenhouses specially. Rafters, which are main frames, section sizes of high tunnels are bigger and their intervals are wider than single-span plastic greenhouses. Relative bending resistances compared with representative Korean greenhouse were analyzed by 0.92 to 1.42 in single-span plastic greenhouses, and 1.38 to 2.96 in high tunnels. Frame ratios of single-span plastic greenhouses were 6.8 to 8.6%, and those of high tunnels were 5.5 to 8.7%. We analyzed air temperatures and solar radiations measured in single-span plastic greenhouse and high tunnel on clear days in late March. There were outside temperatures in generally similar range, and judging by rise of indoor temperatures, ventilation performance of high tunnel is more excellent than single-span plastic greenhouse. Solar radiations of two areas were no big difference but light transmittance of high tunnel was a little bit higher than single-span plastic greenhouse. Single-span plastic greenhouses are disadvantageous in environmental managements such as ventilation performance and light transmittance because distance between greenhouses is too narrow and length of greenhouse is too long compared to high tunnels. To get the environmental improvement effects as well as to increase the structural resistance of single-span plastic greenhouses are achievable by widening the width of greenhouse in possible range, widening the space between rafters, and enlarging the section size of rafters. Also, we need to secure enough distance between greenhouses and to restrict the length of greenhouse by maximum 50 m in order to improve the ventilation performance and the light transmittance.
김재한(Kim Chae-Han),아렌트 레입하트(Arend Lijphart) 한국정치학회 1997 한국정치학회보 Vol.31 No.1
이 글은 소수의 권익을 보호하는 권력분산이냐 아니면 소수권 보호보다는 효율성을 추구하는 권력집중이냐는 측면에서 한국의 권력구조 개편 논의를 접근한다. 이를 위해 다음 두 가지 질문에 답하고자 한다. 첫째, 각국 민주정치의 지도상에서 한국의 위치는 어디인가? 둘째, 현재의 위치는 최적인가? 그렇지 않다면 한국의 최적 위치는 어디인가? 최적으로 이동하기 위해서는 어떠한 제도적 공학이 필요한가? 이 글의 결론은 지역주의의 부정적 효과를 줄이고 권력을 분산시키기 위한 권력구조가 대통령 제-의원내각제의 양자택일에 관한 것이 아니라, 합의체에 관한 것이어야 한다는 것이다.