http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
April Cutter,Ki Hong Kim 한국지방행정학회 2014 한국지방행정학보 (KLAR) Vol.11 No.2
We propose an agent-based simulation model to examine the effects of Oregon’s Transportation Planning Rule (TPR) on land use development patterns and, in turn, the effect of those development patterns on traffic. The TPR is a statewide planning requirement that local governments must assess the traffic impacts of land use changes. To this end, we design an artificial city to simulate interactions between land use development and traffic. The simulated city has an environment of travel corridors and land uses. In addition, two types of agents move on the artificial city: Citizen and Developer agents. Citizen agents interact with the environment through activity of visiting land uses and collectively creating traffic on the corridors. Developer agents interact with the environment by converting vacant land to developed land based on local activity levels and/or development costs. We conclude that this agent based model demonstrates phenomenon described by planning professionals: when costs based on TPR performance metrics are imposed, development levels reduce and are deflected away from areas of high activity and traffic. While the model was able to show low-density development patterns caused by TPR performance metrics, there were insufficient interactions to cause higher trips distances by Citizen agents. We also found that the model was sensitive to the structure of decision-making by developers, suggesting that further exploration of realistic cost-benefit analysis of developers would improve the model’s relevance.
Information Asymmetry and the Timing of Capital Issuance : An International Examination
April M. Knill,Bong Soo Lee 한국재무학회 2012 한국재무학회 학술대회 Vol.2012 No.05
Using issuance data across 50 countries from 1996 through 2009, we examine the role of information asymmetry in market timing globally. We utilize a model that takes into account the possible feedback of security issues to past market returns allowing us to ascertain whether timing of capital issuance around the world is based on information asymmetry. We find evidence of both market timing and pseudo market timing. The evidence for market timing is significantly stronger in international sub-samples with greater levels of information asymmetry when capital issuance is measured by equity share. The evidence for pseudo market timing is consistent across sub-samples when capital issuance is measured by changes in equity issuance. These results suggest that information asymmetry in a market plays an important role in the ability of managers to time capital issuance and that counter to the implications of extant literature, market timing and pseudo market timing are not mutually exclusive, i.e., existence of one does not nullify the other.
On the Timing of Capital Issuance : Market timing vs. Pseudo-Market timing
April M. Knill,Bong Soo Lee 한국재무학회 2014 한국재무학회 학술대회 Vol.2014 No.05
Using issuance data across 50 countries from 1996 through 2009, we examine the role of information asymmetry in market timing globally. We utilize a model that takes into account the possible feedback of security issues to past market returns allowing us to ascertain whether timing of capital issuance around the world is based on information asymmetry. We find evidence of both market timing and pseudo market timing. The evidence for market timing is significantly stronger in international sub-samples with greater levels of information asymmetry when capital issuance is measured by equity share. The evidence for pseudo market timing is consistent across sub-samples when capital issuance is measured by changes in equity issuance. These results suggest that information asymmetry in a market plays an important role in the ability of managers to time capital issuance and that counter to the implications of extant literature, market timing and pseudo market timing are not mutually exclusive, i.e., existence of one does not nullify the other.
April Lai-chu Lam APEC국제교육협력원 2006 Asia-Pacific Cybereducation Journal Vol.2 No.2
This article provides a brief description of the vision and implementation timetable for the iriformation and communication technology (JCT) education policy in Hong Kong. The author examines the effects on teaching and learning of a schoolclosing crisis resulting from the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The findings were that most schools in Hong Kong were still at the elementary stage of using JCT in education. In addition, the author highlights the significant roles of leaders in culture development in schools concluding that the realization of shortfalls is itself a big step forward in making changes.
Roslani, April Camilla,Abdullah, Taufiq,Arumugam, Kulenthran Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.1
Objective: Screening for colorectal cancer using guaiac-based fecal occult blood tests (gFOBT) is well established in Western populations, but is hampered by poor patient compliance due to the imposed dietary restrictions. Fecal immunochemical tests (FIT) do not require dietary restriction, but are more expensive than gFOBT and therefore restrict its use in developing countries in Asia. However, Asian diets being low in meat content may not require diet restriction for gFOBT to achieve equivalent results. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the validity and suitability of gFOBT and FIT or a combination of the two in screening for colorectal neoplasias without prior dietary restriction in an Asian population. Methods: Patients referred to the Endoscopic Unit for colonoscopy were recruited for the study. Stool samples were collected prior to bowel preparation, and tested for occult blood with both gFOBT and FIT. Dietary restriction was not imposed. To assess the validity of either tests or in combination to detect a neoplasm or cancer in the colon, their false positive rates, their sensitivity (true positive rate) and the specificity (true negative rate) were analyzed and compared. Results: One hundred and three patients were analysed. The sensitivity for picking up any neoplasia was 53% for FIT, 40% for gFOBT and 23.3% for the combination. The sensitivities for picking up only carcinoma were 77.8%, 66.7% and 55.5%, respectively. The specificity for excluding any neoplasia was 91.7% for FIT, 74% for gFOBT and 94.5% for a combination, whereas for excluding only carcinomas they were 84%, 73.4% and 93.6%. Of the 69 with normal colonoscopic findings, FOBT was positive in 4.3%, 23.2 %and 2.9% for FIT, gFOBT, or combination of tests respectively. Conclusion: FIT is the recommended method if we are to dispense with dietary restriction in our patients because of its relatively low-false positivity and better sensitivity and specificity rates.
Effects of Microgravity on Vestibular Development and Function in Rats: Genetics and Environment
Ronca, April-E.,Fritzsch, Bernd,Alberts, Jeffrey-R.,Bruce, Laura-L. The Korean Society for Integrative Biology 2000 Korean journal of biological sciences Vol.4 No.3
Our anatomical and behavioral studies of embryonic rats that developed in microgravity suggest that the vestibular sensory system, like the visual system, has genetically mediated precesses of development that establish crude connections between the periphery and the brain. Environmental stimuli also regulate connection formation including terminal branch formation and fine-tuning of synaptic contacts. Axons of vestibular sensory neurons from grabistatic as well as linear acceleration receptors reach their targets in both microgravity and norm81 gravity, suggesting that this is a genetically regulated component of development. However, microgravity exposure delays the development of terminal branches and synapses in gravistatic but not linear acceleration-sensitive neurons and also produces behavioral changes. These latter changes reflect environmentally controlled processes of development.
Understanding Mothers’ Lived Theology through “Living Web of Worldviews”
Hur, Jeong-Yun April 한국실천신학회 2023 신학과 실천 Vol.- No.85
Despite excellent theological works on disability, current theological understanding of disability is insufficient to address the specific context of the parents of children with disabilities because the discourse is focused on those who are disabled, not on the parents. However, parents with children with disabilities merit deeper theological reflection because of the practical and emotional burden imposed on them. Also, the experiences of these parents have the potential to provide theology with a distinctive perspective that can enrich the body of theological knowledge about disability and all human beings. Parents themselves can provide intimate and experiential knowledge about the duality of “a world without disabilities” and “a world with disabilities.” For this reason, I conducted a narrative research interviewing mothers of children with disability and explored their lived disability theology. In this article, I introduced Alice’s narrative and provide my theological understanding of her lived disability theology. This article is my attempt to respond to the question “what is lived theology look like for parents of children with disability?” By using narrative inquiry, I explore Alice who is an artist herself and also a mother of a child with disability living in the US through narrative inquiry and offer practical theological interpretation. I argue that mother’s lived theology consists of multiple layers of different understanding of disability and that this multiplicity must be acknowledged as their living web of worldviews. In Part 1, I offer description of the concepts of “worldviews” that I propose in order to best make sense of Alice’s lived theology. In Part II, I introduce the notion of “living webs of worldviews,” appropriating Bonnie Miller McLemore’s “living human web”and Anton Boisen’s “living human document” to capture mothers’ lived theology. Finally, in Part III, I apply these concepts to analyze mothers’ lived theology more concretely. This framework is designed to evidence that mothers concurrently employ multiple worldviews regarding disabilities.