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Can international interventions secure the peace?
Anke Hoeffler 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2014 International Area Studies Review Vol.17 No.1
The international community uses a number of interventions to make and build peace. How effective are these interventions? What works and what does not? Some of the commonly advocated interventions have been assessed in large-n studies.This article provides an overview of the current knowledge and highlights the uncertainties. Although there is no evidence that development aid helps to prevent wars in general, aid stabilizes post-war situations. There are also a considerable number of studies suggesting that UN Peacekeeping Operations do indeed keep the peace. Although there are fewer studies, there is some emerging evidence that arms embargoes do restrict arms transfers to conflict zones and thus help to make conflicts less deadly. his suggests that internationally binding rules on arms transfers and the use of private military and security services are effective means of conflict management. On the other hand, the evidence arising from the analysis of mediation and sanctions is mixed. They are frequently used third-party interventions, often in conjuncture with other interventions. However, our knowledge about the optimal policy mix of economic, diplomatic and military interventions is still limited.
Anke Schloesser,Tuba Esatbeyoglu,Gerhard Schultheiß,Henning Vollert,Kai Luersen,Alexandra Fischer,Gerald Rimbach 한국식품영양과학회 2017 Journal of medicinal food Vol.20 No.9
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common and increasingly prevalent metabolic disorder, and effective preventive strategies against this disease are needed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential antidiabetic properties of a dietary apple/kale extract (AKE), which was rich in phlorizin and flavonoids, in laboratory mice. Mice were fed a control diet, a Western-type high-sugar, high-fat diet (WTD), or a WTD plus AKE for 10 weeks. Body weight, food and energy intake, body composition, and blood glucose level were recorded in addition to the postprandial rise in blood glucose concentration after a single administration of glucose (oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT). Furthermore, changes in glucose-induced short-circuit current (ISC) in response to AKE and phlorizin administration were evaluated in situ in intestinal tissues with Ussing chambers. In addition, the in vitro inhibition of α-glucosidase by AKE was determined. The present data suggest that supplementation of an AKE to a WTD significantly improved both blood glucose levels and OGTT in mice. Furthermore, in situ uptake of glucose was significantly inhibited by AKE. Finally, we showed that AKE significantly inhibits α-glucosidase activity in vitro. We conclude that AKE exhibits antidiabetic properties by a dual mechanism, including the inhibition of α-glucosidase and sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1). Thus, AKE has the potential to serve as a natural plant bioactive compound for dietary prevention strategies against T2DM.
Reliable Gain Scheduling Output Tracking Control for Spacecraft Rendezvous
Qian Wang,Anke Xue 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2018 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.16 No.1
This paper has proposed a discrete gain scheduling output tracking control method for the homing phase of the spacecraft rendezvous based on the parametric Lyapunov equation. Considering the actuator saturation, output tracking and the partial loss of thruster effectiveness, we establish a relative dynamic model based on CW equation and transform the orbital transfer control problem into a stabilization problem. The proposed gain scheduling approach is to improve the state convergence rate by increasing the introduced parameters gradually and remove the affect of the partial loss of thruster effectiveness. To obtain the designed controller, we only need to solve a nonlinear equation. Numerical simulations illustrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Cardiotoxicity of Mitoxantrone Treatment in a German Cohort of 639 Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Vinzenz Fleischer,Anke Salmen,Susanne Kollar,Veronika Weyer,Volker Siffrin,Andrew Chan,Frauke Zipp,Felix Luessi 대한신경과학회 2014 Journal of Clinical Neurology Vol.10 No.4
Background and Purpose The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of therapy-relatedcardiotoxicity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients treated with mitoxantrone and to identify potential predictors for individual risk assessment. Methods Within a multicenter retrospective cohort design, cardiac side effects attributed tomitoxantrone were analyzed in 639 MS patients at 2 MS centers in Germany. Demographic,disease, treatment, and follow-up data were collected from hospital records. Patients regularlyreceived cardiac monitoring during the treatment phase. Results None of the patients developed symptomatic congestive heart failure. However, thefrequency of patients experiencing cardiac dysfunction of milder forms after mitoxantronetherapy was 4.1% (26 patients) among all patients. Analyses of the risk for cardiotoxicity revealed that cumulative dose exposure was the only statistically relevant risk factor associatedwith cardiac dysfunction. Conclusions The number of patients developing subclinical cardiac dysfunction below themaximum recommended cumulative dose is higher than was initially assumed. Interestingly, asubgroup of patients was identified who experienced cardiac dysfunction shortly after initiationof mitoxantrone and who received a low cumulative dose. Therefore, each administration ofmitoxantrone should include monitoring of cardiac function to enhance the treatment safety forpatients and to allow for early detection of any side effects, especially in potential high-risksubgroups (as determined genetically).
Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Cancer: a Systematic Literature Review
de Menezes, Raquel Ferreira,Bergmann, Anke,Thuler, Luiz Claudio Santos Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.9
This study aimed to discuss the consumption of alcohol as a risk factor for major cancers. We performed a search in the PubMed database, using the following inclusion criteria: meta-analysis published in English in the last 10 years that addressed the relationship between alcohol and the risk of developing cancer. The results indicate that moderate to heavy consumption of alcohol increases the risk of developing cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, stomach, larynx, colorectum, central nervous system, pancreas, breast and prostate. This review did not find any association between alcohol consumption and an increased risk of cancers of the lung, bladder, endometrium and ovary. It was also observed that alcohol consumption may be inversely related to thyroid cancer. Our systematic review has confirmed consumption of alcohol as a risk factor for the development of several types of cancer.
The state of democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa
Robert H. Bates,Ghada Fayad,Anke Hoeffler 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2012 International Area Studies Review Vol.15 No.4
Africa experienced a wave of democratization over the past 20 years and this increase in democracy, we find, positively and significantly affects income per capita. Our dynamic panel data results suggest that countries only slowly converge to their long-run income values as predicted by current democracy levels, however. African countries may therefore be currently too democratic relative to their income levels. In keeping with this possibility, a significant number of countries are experiencing political ‘back sliding’: elections are won by the use of illicit tactics,term limits on political leaders have been overturned and there have been unconstitutional seizures of power.