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Synthesis Of Thorium Tetrafluoride (ThF4) By Ammonium Hydrogen Difluoride (NH4HF2)
Che Nor Aniza Che Zainul Bahri,Aznan Fazli Ismail,Amran Ab. Majid 한국원자력학회 2019 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.51 No.3
The present study aims to investigate the fluorination of thorium oxide (ThO2) by ammonium hydrogendifluoride (NH4HF2). Fluorination was performed at room temperature by mixing ThO2 and NH4HF2 atdifferent molar ratios, which was then left to react for 20 days. Next, the mixtures were analyzed using Xraydiffraction (XRD) at the intervals of 5, 10, 15, and 20 days, followed by the heating of the mixtures at450e750 C with argon gas flow. The characterization of ThF4 was established using X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopyedispersion X-ray spectroscopy (SEMeEDX). In this study,ammonium thorium fluoride was synthesized through the fluorination of ThO2 at room temperature. Theoptimum molar ratio in synthesizing ammonium thorium fluoride was 1.0:5.5 (ThO2:NH4HF2) with 5days reaction time. In addition, the heating of ammonium thorium fluoride at 450 C was sufficient toproduce ThF4. Overall, this study proved that NH4HF2 is one of the fluorination agents that is capable ofsynthesizing ThF4
Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties of Spray-dried Pitaya Fruit Powder as Natural Colorant
Ng Lay Tze,chong pik han,yus aniza yusof,chin nyuk ling,rosnita a . talib,farah saleenataip,mohammad gulzarul aziz 한국식품과학회 2012 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.21 No.3
Pitaya commonly known as dragon fruit is very popular of its intense color, constituent minerals, vitamins,and antioxidant properties. In this study, physiochemical properties of whole pitaya fruit powder as influenced by 2different maltodextrin concentrations (20 and 30%) and 4different inlet temperatures (145, 155, 165, and 175oC) were carried out. As inlet temperature increased moisture content and water activity decreased and this change was apparent at high concentration of maltodextrin. The best spray drying condition in relation to betacyanin content was 155oC inlet temperature and 20% maltodextrin concentration. Concerning the flowability, all factors and their levels resulted in poor flowing powder. From nutritional point of view, pitaya fruit powder was found rich in protein, fat, ash, fiber, and antioxidant. This study indicated that the pitaya fruit powder produced from whole pitaya fruit has potential to use as natural coloring agent and a health supplement.
Economic Analysis of Thorium Extraction from Monazite
Ahmad Hayaton Jamely Mohd Salehuddin,Aznan Fazli Ismail,Che Nor Aniza Che Zainul Bahri,Eli Syafiqah Aziman 한국원자력학회 2019 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.51 No.2
Thorium (232Th) is four times more abundant than uranium in nature and has become a new importantsource of energy in the future. This is due to the ability of thorium to undergo the bombardment ofneutron to produce uranium-233 (233U). The aim of this study is to investigate the production cost ofthorium oxide (ThO2) resulted from the thorium extraction process. Four main parameters were studiedwhich include raw material and chemical cost, total capital investment, direct cost and indirect cost. These parameters were justified to obtain the final production cost for the thorium extraction process. The result showed that the raw material costs were $63,126.00 e$104,120.77 (0.5 ton), $126,252.00 e$178,241.53 (1.0 ton), and $1,262,520.00 e$1,782,415.33 (10.0 tons). The total installed equipment andtotal cost investment were estimated to be approximately $11,542,984.10 and $13,274,431.715 respectively. Hence, the total costs for producing 1 kg ThO2were $6829.79e $6911.78, $3540.95 e $3592.94,and $501.18 e $553.17 for 0.5, 1.0, and 10.0 tons respectively. The result concluded that with higher massproduction, the cost of 1 kg ThO2 would be reduced which in this scenario, the lowest production costwas $501.18 kg 1e $553.17 kg 1 for 10.0 tons of ThO2 production.