O Brasileiro em Euclides, Vianna Moog e Meira Penna

André Corrêa Rollo 한국 포르투갈-브라질 학회 2008 포르투갈-브라질 연구 Vol.5 No.2

This article outlines how three important essayists attempt to describe the Brazilian character in their masterpieces. The first author, Euclides da Cunha(1866-1909), in Os Sertões(Rebellion in the Backlands), examined at full length the episode of the Canudos War(1893 -1897) fought by the Brazilian army against the sertanejo's(backland's inhabitant) settlementcommmanded by the messianic leader called Antônio Conselheiro. The book is divided into three parts concerning to the region where the war occurred: A Terra(The Land), O Homem(The Man) and A Luta(The War). In O Homem, Cunha investigates the origins of the considered "racially degenerated" inhabitants which defied the Republican power. The mestiço(half-breed person), according to the author, it would be the result of a struggle between "antagonistics tendences", being a "mentally unbalanced" person. In Bandeirantes e Pioneiros(Bandeirantes and Pioneers)(1954) Vianna Moog elects the figures of the two symbols of colonization in Brazil(bandeirantes) and in the USA(pioneers) as thestarting point to his comparative study of the social systems of the two countries. Bandeirantes were the explorers of the interiors of Brazil between sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The main question is why has the history of settlement and the character of development of Brazil differed so fundamentally from that of the United States, given the comparable size, landscape and resources of the two countries ? Wherein lay the difference among the people who became Brazilians and Americans? Through his comparisons the author develops the "mazombo theory". Mazombo were the Portuguese children born in Brazil. Mazombismo(still present in the early twentieth century according to the author) was the dislike of being Brazilian, the unwillingness in working hard, disbelief in moral improvement, eagerness in fast enrichment, the quasi-absence of community spirit and the act of put the blame for your own mistakes on other people. If in Euclides' time the upper class considered itself superior to the sertanejos, Vianna Moog show us that they also were atavistically "mentally unbalanced". In Em Berço Esplêndido(On a Splendid Cradle)(1999) searches the most refined analyses of the Brazilian character through an Jungian reading of the set of behaviours, preferences, values, myths, rites which are usually found among themembers of a determined national society. Using the notion of "collective unconscious", Meira Penna investigates through a vast amount of myths, legends, literary elementsand the writings of foreign and Brazilian authors in order to fulfill the collective analysis. In Chapter 3, The Erotic Society, the author documents the struggle existing in Brazilian society between Logos(reason) and Eros(feeling), being the latter one stronger. Brazilians would always be searching to be protected by the symbolic male figure of a Big Boss. The result of the absence of community spirit is the difficult of acting in an impersonal or impartial way. The Brazilian people suffer from puer aeternus(eternal child) complex, always wanting to take advantage of situations. In another point of view, taking Brazilians as homo ludens(playful) Meira Penna stresses the importance of harmonizing the "pleasant tropical leisures" with rationality(logos) as a key to the development of Brazil as a nation. This article outlines how three important essayists attempt to describe the Brazilian character in their masterpieces. The first author, Euclides da Cunha(1866-1909), in Os Sertões(Rebellion in the Backlands), examined at full length the episode of the Canudos War(1893 -1897) fought by the Brazilian army against the sertanejo's(backland's inhabitant) settlementcommmanded by the messianic leader called Antônio Conselheiro. The book is divided into three parts concerning to the region where the war occurred: A Terra(The Land), O Homem(The Man) and A Luta(The War). In O Homem, Cunha investigates the origins of the considered "racially degenerated" inhabitants which defied the Republican power. The mestiço(half-breed person), according to the author, it would be the result of a struggle between "antagonistics tendences", being a "mentally unbalanced" person. In Bandeirantes e Pioneiros(Bandeirantes and Pioneers)(1954) Vianna Moog elects the figures of the two symbols of colonization in Brazil(bandeirantes) and in the USA(pioneers) as thestarting point to his comparative study of the social systems of the two countries. Bandeirantes were the explorers of the interiors of Brazil between sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The main question is why has the history of settlement and the character of development of Brazil differed so fundamentally from that of the United States, given the comparable size, landscape and resources of the two countries ? Wherein lay the difference among the people who became Brazilians and Americans? Through his comparisons the author develops the "mazombo theory". Mazombo were the Portuguese children born in Brazil. Mazombismo(still present in the early twentieth century according to the author) was the dislike of being Brazilian, the unwillingness in working hard, disbelief in moral improvement, eagerness in fast enrichment, the quasi-absence of community spirit and the act of put the blame for your own mistakes on other people. If in Euclides' time the upper class considered itself superior to the sertanejos, Vianna Moog show us that they also were atavistically "mentally unbalanced". In Em Berço Esplêndido(On a Splendid Cradle)(1999) searches the most refined analyses of the Brazilian character through an Jungian reading of the set of behaviours, preferences, values, myths, rites which are usually found among themembers of a determined national society. Using the notion of "collective unconscious", Meira Penna investigates through a vast amount of myths, legends, literary elementsand the writings of foreign and Brazilian authors in order to fulfill the collective analysis. In Chapter 3, The Erotic Society, the author documents the struggle existing in Brazilian society between Logos(reason) and Eros(feeling), being the latter one stronger. Brazilians would always be searching to be protected by the symbolic male figure of a Big Boss. The result of the absence of community spirit is the difficult of acting in an impersonal or impartial way. The Brazilian people suffer from puer aeternus(eternal child) complex, always wanting to take advantage of situations. In another point of view, taking Brazilians as homo ludens(playful) Meira Penna stresses the importance of harmonizing the "pleasant tropical leisures" with rationality(logos) as a key to the development of Brazil as a nation.

Assessment of the anterior loop of the mandibular canal: A study using cone-beam computed tomography

Eduarda Helena Leandro do Nascimento,Maria Luiza dos Anjos Pontual,Andréa dos Anjos Pontual,Danyel Elias da Cruz Perez,José Natal Figueiroa,Marco Antônio Gomes Frazão,Flávia Maria de Moraes Ramos-Pere 대한영상치의학회 2016 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.46 No.2

Purpose: Sufficient area in the interforaminal region is required for dental implant placement, and the anterior loop of the mandibular canal is located within the limits of this area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and extent of the anterior loop in a Brazilian sample population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: CBCT images from 250 patients (500 hemimandibles) obtained for various clinical indications were randomly selected and evaluated to determine the presence and length of the anterior loop. The length of the anterior loop was then compared based on gender, age, and the side of the mandible. The data were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test and linear regression analysis. Results: An anterior loop was identified in 41.6% of the cases, and its length ranged from 0.25 mm to 4.00 mm (mean, 1.1±0.8 mm). The loop had a greater mean length and was significantly more prevalent in males (p=0.014). No significant differences were found between the right and left sides regarding length (p=0.696) or prevalence (p=0.650). Conclusion: In this study, a high prevalence of the anterior loop of the mandibular canal was found, and although its length varied greatly, in most cases it was less than 1 mm long. Although this is a prevalent anatomical variation, safety limits for the placement of implants in this region cannot be established before an accurate evaluation using imaging techniques in order to identify and preserve the neurovascular bundles. Materials and Methods CBCT images from 250 patients (500 hemimandibles) obtained for various clinical indications were randomly selected and evaluated to determine the presence and length of the anterior loop. The length of the anterior loop was then compared based on gender, age, and the side of the mandible. The data were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test and linear regression analysis. Anatomic Variation; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Mandible Results An anterior loop was identified in 41.6% of the cases, and its length ranged from 0.25 mm to 4.00 mm (mean, 1.1±0.8 mm). The loop had a greater mean length and was significantly more prevalent in males (p=0.014). No significant differences were found between the right and left sides regarding length (p=0.696) or prevalence (p=0.650). Conclusion In this study, a high prevalence of the anterior loop of the mandibular canal was found, and although its length varied greatly, in most cases ... Purpose: Sufficient area in the interforaminal region is required for dental implant placement, and the anterior loop of the mandibular canal is located within the limits of this area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and extent of the anterior loop in a Brazilian sample population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: CBCT images from 250 patients (500 hemimandibles) obtained for various clinical indications were randomly selected and evaluated to determine the presence and length of the anterior loop. The length of the anterior loop was then compared based on gender, age, and the side of the mandible. The data were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test and linear regression analysis. Results: An anterior loop was identified in 41.6% of the cases, and its length ranged from 0.25 mm to 4.00 mm (mean, 1.1±0.8 mm). The loop had a greater mean length and was significantly more prevalent in males (p=0.014). No significant differences were found between the right and left sides regarding length (p=0.696) or prevalence (p=0.650). Conclusion: In this study, a high prevalence of the anterior loop of the mandibular canal was found, and although its length varied greatly, in most cases it was less than 1 mm long. Although this is a prevalent anatomical variation, safety limits for the placement of implants in this region cannot be established before an accurate evaluation using imaging techniques in order to identify and preserve the neurovascular bundles. Materials and Methods CBCT images from 250 patients (500 hemimandibles) obtained for various clinical indications were randomly selected and evaluated to determine the presence and length of the anterior loop. The length of the anterior loop was then compared based on gender, age, and the side of the mandible. The data were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test and linear regression analysis. Results An anterior loop was identified in 41.6% of the cases, and its length ranged from 0.25 mm to 4.00 mm (mean, 1.1±0.8 mm). The loop had a greater mean length and was significantly more prevalent in males (p=0.014). No significant differences were found between the right and left sides regarding length (p=0.696) or prevalence (p=0.650). Conclusion In this study, a high prevalence of the anterior loop of the mandibular canal was found, and although its length varied greatly, in most cases it was less than 1 mm long. Although this is a prevalent anatomical variation, safety limits for the placement of implants in this region cannot be established before an accurate evaluation using imaging techniques in order to identify and preserve the neurovascular bundles.

Color assessment of resin composite by using cellphone images compared with a spectrophotometer

de Bragança Rafaella Mariana Fontes,Moraes Rafael Ratto,Faria-e-Silva André Luis 대한치과보존학회 2021 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.46 No.2

Objectives: This study assessed the reliability of digital color measurements using images of resin composite specimens captured with a cellphone. Materials and Methods: The reference color of cylindrical specimens built-up with the use of resin composite (shades A1, A2, A3, and A4) was measured with a portable spectrophotometer (CIELab). Images of the specimens were obtained individually or pairwise (compared shades in the same photograph) under standardized parameters. The color of the specimens was measured in the images using RGB system and converted to CIELab system using image processing software. Whiteness index (WID) and color differences (ΔE00) were calculated for each color measurement method. For the cellphone, the ΔE00 was calculated between the pairs of shades in separate images and in the same image. Data were analyzed using 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Linear regression models were used to predict the reference ΔE00 values of those calculated using color measured in the images. Results: Images captured with the cellphone resulted in different WID values from the spectrophotometer only for shades A3 and A4. No difference to the reference ΔE00 was observed when individual images were used. In general, a similar ranking of ΔE00 among resin composite shades was observed for all methods. Stronger correlation coefficients with the reference ΔE00 were observed using individual than pairwise images. Conclusions: This study showed that the use of cellphone images to measure the color difference seems to be a feasible alternative providing outcomes similar to those obtained with the spectrophotometer.

Effects of surrounding and underlying shades on the color adjustment potential of a single-shade composite used in a thin layer

Barros Mariana Silva,Silva Paula Fernanda Damasceno,Santana Márcia Luciana Carregosa,Bragança Rafaella Mariana Fontes,Faria-e-Silva André Luis 대한치과보존학회 2023 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.48 No.1

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the surrounding and underlying shades’ effect on the color adjustment potential (CAP) of a single-shade composite used in a thin layer. Materials and Methods Cylinder specimens (1.0 mm thick) were built with the Vittra APS Unique composite, surrounded (dual specimens) or not (simple specimens) by a control composite (shade A1, A2, or A3). Simple specimens were also built only with the control composites. Each specimen’s color was measured against white and black backgrounds or the simple control specimens with a spectrophotometer (CIELAB system). The whiteness index for dentistry (WID) and translucency parameters (TP00) were calculated for simple specimens. Differences (ΔE00) in color between the simple/dual specimens and the controls were calculated. The CAP was calculated based on the ratios between data from simple and dual specimens. Results The Vittra APS Unique composite showed higher WID and TP00 values than the controls. The highest values of ΔE00 were observed among simple specimens. The color measurements of Vittra APS Unique (simple or dual) against the control specimens presented the lowest color differences. Only surrounding the single-shade composite with a shaded composite barely impacted the ΔE00. The highest CAP values were obtained using a shaded composite under simple or dual specimens. Conclusions The CAP of Vittra APS Unique was strongly affected by the underlying shade, while surrounding this composite with a shaded one barely affected its color adjustment.

Santos Populares no Brasil: Catolicismo e Misticismo

André Corrêa Rollo 한국 포르투갈-브라질 학회 2009 포르투갈-브라질 연구 Vol.6 No.1

The Brazilian Catholicism exhibits several mystical elements which show the influence of miscigenation on religion, language and culture. During the Portuguese colonization, the Catholic cult was impenetrable to the most of people. To surpass linguistic obstacles set by the Latin, white, black and indian associated ancient beliefs and external displays of faith (as processions) in order to take part in the religion. This blend of different elements resulted in religious syncretism. The legends about saints' supernatural abilities, besides the comparison between African divinities created a good environment to a great cult of Saints and the powers attributed to them. Among the most popular saints in Brazil are Saint Anthony, the twins Cosmas and Damian and Saint George. Despite the fact that nowadays Catholic Mass and rites are spoken in Portuguese, this belief in personal contact with the supernatural sphere of religion is common in Brazilian everyday life, being the prayers and the procession the climax of religious feeling. The best-known Portuguese saint, Anthony (born Fernando de Bulhões) carries a series of legends around his life and abilities. Born in Lisbon in 1195, Anthony died in Italy in 1231. His worshippers believe he helps people to find lost things, to find a love, to help someone to marry, to protect animals and so on. George was a soldier to the Roman Empire during the reign of Diocletian, Emperor who persecuted Cristians. He was converted to Chritianity and was tortured and beheaded. The martyrdom of George occured in April, the 23 th in 303 A.D. This date is his feast day. In Brazil, Saint George is largely associated to the African orishacalled Ogun. The Warrior Saint is invoked as protector from all kinds of evil. The twins Cosmas and Damian were born in Arabia in the 3rd century AD and were executed around 287 AD. In Brazil , Cosmas and Damian were associated by the African entities called ibeijis, being regarded as protectors of children. Their feast day is celebrated in the Roman Catholic Church in September 26 since 1969, but their believers continue to celebrate the former date, September 27. The afro-religious temples use to receive children in order to bless them and offer candies for them. In the big cities take place many Festas de Cosme e Damião . Besides this, many common people use to informally, outside any cult, offer childrenlittle toys and candies in the streets or even organize feasts by their own. According to the tradition, to please a child makes Cosmas and Damian (or the African entities) bring good luck to the host. The oldest church in Brazil (built in Igarassu, Pernambuco, in 1535) was honored to the twins.

Evaluation of the Mechanical and Fire Resistance Properties ofRigid Tannin Polyurethane Foams with Copper Oxide Nanoparticles

Andrés Díaz-Gomez,Mytzy Godoy,María Elizabeth Berrio,Jesús Ramirez,Andrés Felipe Jaramillo,Carlos Medina,Mary Montaño,Manuel Francisco Meléndrez 한국섬유공학회 2022 Fibers and polymers Vol.23 No.7

In this study, a polymerized polyurethane foam was formulated from tannins extracted from Pinus radiata aspolyol, and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) at a concentration of 2 % w/w as a nucleating agent. This produced areinforced foam with better mechanical properties and fire resistance. The impact of the addition of CuO-NPs on themechanical and thermal properties of the tannin foam was also studied. The properties studied were foaming process, foamdensity, cell morphology, flammability and thermal conductivity. The results revealed that the CuO-NPs incorporated in thefoam formulation act as nucleation centers, which decrease the pore size, strengthen the cell walls, and improve mechanicalproperties. The tannin samples showed good thermal resistance performance with a limit oxygen index (LOI) higher than21 %. The results obtained were contrasted with two foams, a commercial foam (SoudaFoam) and a foam generated with thesame dissociate, but with a commercial polyol (LHT-112). The foam with NPs had an elastic modulus of 3.7 MPa and stress(max) of 1.13 MPa, which was higher than those of the foams used as controls.

Named Entity Recognition in Electronic Health Records: A Methodological Review

María C. Durango,Ever A. Torres-Silva,Andrés Orozco-Duque 대한의료정보학회 2023 Healthcare Informatics Research Vol.29 No.4

Objectives: A substantial portion of the data contained in Electronic Health Records (EHR) is unstructured, often appearingas free text. This format restricts its potential utility in clinical decision-making. Named entity recognition (NER) methodsaddress the challenge of extracting pertinent information from unstructured text. The aim of this study was to outline thecurrent NER methods and trace their evolution from 2011 to 2022. Methods: We conducted a methodological literature reviewof NER methods, with a focus on distinguishing the classification models, the types of tagging systems, and the languagesemployed in various corpora. Results: Several methods have been documented for automatically extracting relevant informationfrom EHRs using natural language processing techniques such as NER and relation extraction (RE). These methodscan automatically extract concepts, events, attributes, and other data, as well as the relationships between them. Most NERstudies conducted thus far have utilized corpora in English or Chinese. Additionally, the bidirectional encoder representationfrom transformers using the BIO tagging system architecture is the most frequently reported classification scheme. Wediscovered a limited number of papers on the implementation of NER or RE tasks in EHRs within a specific clinical domain. Conclusions: EHRs play a pivotal role in gathering clinical information and could serve as the primary source for automatedclinical decision support systems. However, the creation of new corpora from EHRs in specific clinical domains is essential tofacilitate the swift development of NER and RE models applied to EHRs for use in clinical practice.

Controversies in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer in the PARP inhibitors era: a Delphi consensus

Andrés Redondo,Pilar Barretina,Alejandro Pérez-Fidalgo,María Jesús Rubio,Antonio González-Martín 대한부인종양학회 2023 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.34 No.5

Objective: Our aim was to reach a consensus on the management of the most controversial issues of advanced ovarian cancer. Methods: Nominal group and Delphi techniques were used. A steering committee of 5 experts analyzed current management of advanced ovarian cancer, identified controversies, critically analyzed the evidence, and formulated guiding statements for clinicians. Subsequently, a panel of 15 experts was selected to test agreement with the statements through two Delphi rounds. Items were scored on a 4-point Likert scale from 1 (totally disagree) to 4 (totally agree). In the first and second rounds, consensus was considered if ≥70% of answers pertained to category 1 or category 4. Results: Overall, 112 statements were incorporated in the following areas: 1) biomarkers and hereditary ovarian cancer; 2) first-line treatment; 3) recurrent disease when platinum might be the best option; and 4) post-poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors setting. In the first Delphi round, 37 statements reached consensus and did thus not pass to the second round. After the second round, another 18 statements reached consensus. Forty-six of the consensus were with the agreement and 9 with the disagreement. Conclusion: Through the methodology used, a consensus was reached in approximately half of the statements. The results of this work may be useful in addressing the most controversial issues on the management of advanced ovarian cancer.

Sorafenib resistance in hepatocarcinoma: role of hypoxia-inducible factors

Carolina Méndez-Blanco,Flavia Fondevila,Andrés García-Palom,Javier González-Gallego,José L. Mauriz 생화학분자생물학회 2018 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.50 No.-

Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor with antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and proapoptotic properties, constitutes the only effective first-line drug approved for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite its capacity to increase survival in HCC patients, its success is quite low in the long term owing to the development of resistant cells through several mechanisms. Among these mechanisms, the antiangiogenic effects of sustained sorafenib treatment induce a reduction of microvessel density, promoting intratumoral hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs)-mediated cellular responses that favor the selection of resistant cells adapted to the hypoxic microenvironment. Clinical data have demonstrated that overexpressed HIF-1α and HIF-2α in HCC patients are reliable markers of a poor prognosis. Thus, the combination of current sorafenib treatment with gene therapy or inhibitors against HIFs have been documented as promising approaches to overcome sorafenib resistance both in vitro and in vivo. Because the depletion of one HIF-α subunit elevates the expression of the other HIF-α isoform through a compensatory loop, targeting both HIF-1α and HIF-2α would be a more interesting strategy than therapies that discriminate among HIF-α isoforms. In conclusion, there is a marked correlation between the hypoxic microenvironment and so

Unsteady‑State Horizontal Solidification of an Al–Si–Cu–Fe Alloy: Relationship Between Thermal Parameters and Microstructure with Mechanical Properties/Fracture Feature

Fabricio A. Souza,Igor A. Magno,Marlo O. Costa,André S. Barros,Jacson M. Nascimento,Diego B. Carvalho,Otávio L. Rocha 대한금속·재료학회 2019 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.25 No.1

Aluminum casting alloys have properties which are of great industrial interest, such as low density, good corrosion resistance,high thermal and electrical conductivities, good combination of mechanical properties, good workability in machiningprocesses and mechanical forming. Currently, these alloys are produced in various systems and dozens of compositions. Inthis investigation, a mutual interaction of thermal parameters, scale of the dendritic microstructure, intermetallic compounds(IMCs), microhardness and tensile properties/fracture characteristics of a casting Al–7wt%Si–3wt%Cu–0.3wt%Fe alloywas analyzed. Solidification experiments were developed using a furnace that promoted horizontal growth under transientheat flow conditions. Then, growth rate (VL), cooling rate (CR), and local solidification time (tSL) were determined frommeasured temperature profiles. Secondary dendritic spacings (λ2), Si particles, Fe-rich and Al2Cuintermetallic phases werecharacterized by optical and SEM microscopy, as well as the area mapping and point-wise EDS microanalysis. Hence, theinterrelations involving Vickers microhardness (HV), yield strength (σYS), ultimate tensile strength (σUTS) and elongation(E%) with microstructural features were evaluated by mathematical equations. IMCs as well as morphologies of Si were alsoanalyzed in the fracture regions. In addition, the experimental growth law of λ2 = f(tSL) proposed in this study was comparedwith a predictive theoretical model reported in the literature for multicomponent alloys. It was observed that areas that tendto grow faster (lowest λ2 values) were associated with the highest σUTS and E% values, while HV and σYS properties were notaffected by the thermal and microstructural parameters (CR and λ2). In addition, less extensive cleavage planes accompaniedby small dimples in were observed in fractured samples with lower λ2 values.