MACRO LEVEL DRIVERS OF GLOBALIZATION IN INDIAN AND CHINESE SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

Subramaniam Ananthram,Cecil Pearson People&Global Business Association 2007 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.12 No.3

Cross-border trade across disappearing geographic boundaries has been the most important factor that has led to the intensification of economic globalization in the past two decades. Major political, legal and economic reform measures at the national level have been the driving force for economic globalization across developed and developing countries across the globe. In the services industry, generally, reforms at the national level include government controlled deregulation of industries, foreign investment allowances and licencing. These government led reforms have been pivotal towards the global resurgence in the demand and provision of services across the global marketplace. It is contended in this paper that there are three other forces, besides 'government' enablers that are necessitating these changes at the national level. These forces are 'market', 'cost', and competition. Collectively, these four forces shape globalization. The impact and importance of these forces was examined with data that were obtained from a study with indigenous managers employed in the service industry in China (n = 210) and India (n = 239). Employing a pluralist (quantitative and qualitative procedures) design, the data reveal market forces were of the most overall importance in both nations. However, for different service sectors, the impact and intenstity of the principal force varied. Experimental evidence obtained from indigenous service industy managers in India and China through qualitative focus groups and one-on-one interviews are utilized to explain and justify the quantitative rankings in the discussion section. Further, the implications of the findings for global business are elucidated in the concluding section.

Autologous Bone-marrow Mesenchymal Cell induced Chondrogenesis: Single-stage Arthroscopic Cartilage Repair

Asode Ananthram Shetty,김석중,Vishvas Shetty,David Stelzeneder,Neha Shetty,Praveen Bilagi,이현진 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2014 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.11 No.3

We describe a single stage arthroscopic procedure for the treatment of articular cartilage defects in theknee. The novel procedure involves microfracture and application of bone marrow aspirate concentrate cells(BMAC) with hyaluronic acid and fibrin gel. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological out-comes at 2 years. A prospective study of 30 patients with symptomatic ICRS grade III/IV chondral defects, rangingfrom 2-9cm2, who were assessed clinically and radiologically. The surgical procedure involved debridement of thelesion, microfracture and application of concentrated BMAC with HA and fibrin gel under CO2 insufflation. Patientsunderwent morphological MRI, quantitative T2*-mapping and d-GEMRIC scan. Clinical assessment used the Lysh-olm, IKDC and KOOS scores. Radiological assessment used the MOCART score. At 2 year follow-up, Lysholmscore was 80.1, as compared to 50.8 pre-operatively (p<0.05). KOOS (symptomatic) was 92.1, as compared to 65.7pre-operatively. IKDC (subjective) was 83, up from 39 preoperatively. The mean T2* relaxation-times for the repairtissue and native cartilage were 29.1 and 29.9 respectively. Average MOCART score for all lesions was 72. Our tech-nique shows encouraging clinical results at 2 year follow-up. Clinical outcome scores show significant benefit. Themorphological MRI shows good cartilage defect filling and the biochemical MRI (T2*-mapping) suggests hyalinelike repair tissue.

Autologous Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Cell Induced Chondrogenesis for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of Knee

허성우,Asode Ananthram Shetty,김장묵,조미라,김선애,양시영,김영주,Palaksha Kanive Javaregowda,최남용,강진,김석중 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2016 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.13 No.2

Healthy and high quality of life has become the main issue with increasing human life span. Many biological treatments for osteoarthritis of the knee have been tried with limited success. We compared data from 7 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty and 46 patients who underwent autologous bone-marrow mesenchymal cell induced chondrogenesis (MCIC) for osteoarthritis of grade IV of the Kellgren-Lawrence classification and grade IV of modified Outerbridge classification from 50 to 65 years of age. Clinical evaluation of the 2 groups showed significant improvement in the mean telephone Knee Society Scoring system (tKSS)-A (pain) and tKSS-B (function) scores throughout the postoperative follow-up period. There was no difference in the patients’ satisfaction between the 2 groups. MCIC is a treatment option at least for delaying disease progression of osteoarthritis of the knee.

Intra-articular Injections of Platelet-rich Plasma in Patients with Knee Pain of Articular Cartilage Origin (degenerative chondropathy and early OA)

이교선,Asode Ananthram Shetty,김석중,김영주,전영준,최남용,박기범 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2013 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.10 No.6

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used as an alternative to non-operative treatments for increasing the rate of cure in bone and soft-tissue regeneration, although there are very few clinical studies regarding the treatment of articular cartilage damage. Therefore, our study proposes non-surgical intervention for patients with articular car-tilage damage and who are experiencing knee pain caused by this damage. This study was conducted as a single medical center. It was an uncontrolled, prospective clinical trial, and the study subjects included 44 patients who were suffering from early osteoarthritis and degenerative chondropathy; they were between 18 and 65 years of age and were included in the study irregardless their sex. PRP was injected twice intraarticulary within an interval of four weeks. The pain scores and functional scores were compared two months, four months, and six months follow-ing the second injection was completed, using the VAS, the Lysholm knee scale, and the Cincinnati knee rating sys-tem. There were no complications related to the PRP injection. The pain experienced by the study patients two months after the PRP injection was reduced compared to the pain felt before the injection, and the reduction in pain after four and six months compared to the pain experienced two months after the PRP injection was statistically sig-nificant. From a functional viewpoint, there was a statistically significant improvement in their pain during the entire follow-up period. Our study results suggest that PRP injection is an effective and safe treatment for the management of early osteoarthritis and degenerative chondropathy, as seen in this clinical trial.

Comparison Between Total Knee Arthroplasty and MCIC (autologous bone marrow mesenchymal-cell-induced-chondrogenesis) for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee

김장묵,한주랑,Asode Ananthram Shetty,김석중,최남용,박준수 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2014 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.11 No.5

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the gold standard of treatment for advanced osteoarthritis of the knee. The technical methods of cartilage regeneration procedures are now well-developed. Indications for this procedure are being expanded to the treatment of osteoarthritis. We compared data from 42 patients who underwent TKA and from 52 patients who underwent MCIC (autologous bone marrow mesenchymal-cell-induced-chondrogenesis). Allpatients were over 50 years of age and showed grade IV of the Kellgren-Lawrence classification. The TKA patients were older and predominantly female, compared to the MCIC patients. There was no difference between the two groups regarding the patient satisfaction. Clinical evaluation of the two groups showed significant mean improvement in the tKSS-A (pain) and tKSS-B (function) scores throughout the postoperative follow-up period. The monetary cost of TKA was relatively higher than that of MCIC. Therefore, considering the patient age and quality of life, MCIC is a potential treatment option for osteoarthritis as it thus delays the disease progression.

Enhancement of Healing of Long Tubular Bone Defects in Rabbits Using a Mixture of Atelocollagen Gel and Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate

Park, Ho Youn,Shetty, Asode Ananthram,Kim, Jang Mook,Kim, Young Ju,Jang, Jae-Deog,Choi, Nam Yong,Lee, Jae Ho,Kim, Seok Jung S. Karger AG 2017 Cells, tissues, organs Vol.203 No.6

The Effect of Platelet Rich Plasma Combined with Microfracture for the Treatment of Chondral Defect in a Rabbit Knee

허성우,김석중,김영주,최남용,전영준,박인주,Asode Ananthram Shetty 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2014 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.11 No.2

Recently, many clinical studies have been published regarding platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection for early degenerative joint disease. We evaluated the cartilage repair potential of platelet-rich plasma when injected into the knee joint. Articular, cartilage defects 4mm in diameter and circular in shape were made in the trochlear region of 20 knees in 10 New Zealand white rabbits who were divided into two groups. The left knees in the control group underwent microfracture, and the right knees in the experimental group underwent microfracture with subsequent injection of platelet-rich plasma. At week 12 following the surgery, the cartilage was observed macroscopically and histologically compared in the two groups. The control group showed incomplete and irregular fibrous tissue formation in the defect. The experimental group showed nearly complete defect coverage with neo-cartilage. In the histologic scoring, comparison of the control group and the experimental group differed significantly (p<0.05).Therefore, injection of platelet-rich plasma used to treat articular cartilage defects of the knee appears to have some effect forcartilage regeneration.

Current Modalities for Fracture Healing Enhancement

전유승,Lee Dong Hwan,Won Tae Gu,Kim Yuna,Shetty Asode Ananthram,김석중 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2022 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.19 No.1

Previously, most fractures have been treated through bone reduction and immobilization. With an increase in the patients’ need for an early return to their normal function, development in surgical techniques and materials have accelerated. However, delayed union or non-union of the fracture site sometimes inhibits immediate return to normal life. To enhance fracture healing, diverse materials and methods have been developed. This is a review on the current modalities of fracture healing enhancement, which aims to provide a comprehensive knowledge regarding fracture healing for researchers and health practitioners.

A Combination of Surgical and Chemical Induction in a Rabbit Model for Osteoarthritis of the Knee

Go Eun Jeong,김선애,Cho Mi-La,Lee Kwan Soo,Shetty Asode Ananthram,Kim Seok Jung 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2022 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.19 No.6

BACKGROUND: Appropriate animal models of osteoarthritis (OA) are essential to develop new treatment modalities for OA. A combination of surgical and chemical induction could be appropriate for OA models. METHODS: Rabbit knee OA models developed by surgical induction (anterior cruciate ligament transection [ACLT]), chemical induction (monosodium iodoacetate [MIA] injection), and a combination of both were compared to assess compositional and structural destruction of the knee joint. Twenty-one New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups to induce OA (group 1: ACLT, n = 3; group 2: MIA [3, 6, 9 mg] injection, n = 9; group 3: ACLT+MIA [3, 6, 9 mg] injection, n = 9). RESULTS: In all groups, the Modified Mankin score was significantly higher in the osteoarthritis-induced knee than in the control. Modified Mankin scores were compared by category. The ACLT group was observed to score high in cartilage structure. In the MIA group, chondrocytes and matrix staining showed higher scores, and the ACLT+MIA group scored higher in all categories for cartilage structure, chondrocytes, matrix staining, and tidemark integrity. The ACLT+3 mg MIA showed definite OA characteristics such as cartilage surface destruction and degeneration of cartilage layers, and the ACLT+6 mg MIA and ACLT+9 mg MIA showed more prominent OA characteristics such as cartilage surface destruction, matrix disorganization, and osteophyte formation. CONCLUSION: The combination of MIA injection and ACLT could be an appropriate method for OA induction in rabbit models.

Novel Repair Technique for Articular Cartilage Defect using a Fibrin and Hyaluronic acid Mixture

( Jae Deog Jang ),( Young Seok Moon ),( Yong Sik Kim ),( Nam Yong Choi ),( Hyun Su Mok1 ),( Young Ju Kim1 ),( Asode Ananthram Shetty ),( Seok Jung Kim ) 한국조직공학·재생의학회 2013 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.10 No.1

We evaluated the cartilage repair potential of a hyaluronic acid and fibrin mixture when transplanted into cartilage defects. Circular, articular, cartilage defects 4-mm in diameter were made in the trochlear region in 21 New Zealand white rabbits divided into three groups. The seven rabbits in the control group underwent microfracture (M group), the seven rabbits in the experimental group underwent microfracture with subsequent injection of hyaluronic acid mixed with fibrin (MH group), and seven rabbits in the other experimental group underwent microfracture followed by injection of bone marrow concentrate and hyaluronic acid mixed with fibrin (MBH group). At week 12 following surgery, the cartilage was observed and histologically compared in the three groups. The surface of the newly generated cartilage was very smooth and even, and we noticed that the entire area was completely regenerated in both experimental groups. The control group showed incomplete and irregular cartilage formation in the defect. In histologic scoring, comparison of the MBH group (M= 2.333) and the M group (M= 9.000) differed significantly (P= 0.046). Therefore, injection of a mixture of bone marrow concentrate, hyaluronic acid and fibrin to treat articular cartilage defects of the knee appears to be an effective method of cartilage regeneration.