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Solvent effect on the enzymatic production of biodiesel from waste animal fat
Pollardo, Aldricho Alpha,Lee, Hong-shik,Lee, Dohoon,Kim, Sangyong,Kim, Jaehoon Elsevier 2018 JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION Vol.185 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Waste animal fat is a promising feedstock to replace vegetable oil in commercial biodiesel process, however the high content of free fatty acid in waste fat makes it unfeasible to be processed with commercial base-catalytic process. Enzymatic process in supercritical fluid is a promising way to convert waste fat into biodiesel since enzyme can catalyze both esterification of free fatty acid and transesterification of triglyceride while supercritical fluid overcome mass-transfer limitation. However, the glycerol by-product needs to be separated because it might reduce the enzyme activity. Organic solvent can be used to extract the glycerol from the enzyme with destructive effect to the enzyme. Thus, the destructive effect of organic solvent on the ability of modified <I>C.antarctica</I> lipase B to produce biodiesel from the waste fat was investigated. And the reversibility of enzyme was tested by various ways, drowning by organic solvents, and reuse after non-solvent experiment. The activity of enzyme was considerably affected by organic solvents. The solvent-drowning test showed that the yields were similar or higher that non-solvent case. This implies that the solvent itself did not cause the permanent change in enzyme structure to decrease activity. The decrease in yield was observed in the reuse test, which is regarded to be caused by the incomplete removal of products from the first run.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The organic solvent is indestructible to the activity of the enzyme. </LI> <LI> The pre-treatment of enzyme using organic solvent increase the yield of biodiesel. </LI> <LI> The organic solvents with log P value near 0 show the highest enhancement in biodiesel yield. </LI> </UL> </P>
Li, Qian,Yang, Mengmeng,Gong, Cheng,Chopdekar, Rajesh V.,N’Diaye, Alpha T.,Turner, John,Chen, Gong,Scholl, Andreas,Shafer, Padraic,Arenholz, Elke,Schmid, Andreas K.,Wang, Sheng,Liu, Kai,Gao, Nan,Admas American Chemical Society 2018 NANO LETTERS Vol.18 No.9
<P>Magnetic van der Waals (vdW) materials have emerged as promising candidates for spintronics applications, especially after the recent discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism in monolayer vdW materials. There has been a critical need for tunable ferromagnetic vdW materials beyond room temperature. Here, we report a real-space imaging study of itinerant ferromagnet Fe<SUB>3</SUB>GeTe<SUB>2</SUB> and the enhancement of its Curie temperature well above ambient temperature. We find that the magnetic long-range order in Fe<SUB>3</SUB>GeTe<SUB>2</SUB> is characterized by an unconventional out-of-plane stripe-domain phase. In Fe<SUB>3</SUB>GeTe<SUB>2</SUB> microstructures patterned by a focused ion beam, the out-of-plane stripe domain phase undergoes a surprising transition at 230 K to an in-plane vortex phase that persists beyond room temperature. The discovery of tunable ferromagnetism in Fe<SUB>3</SUB>GeTe<SUB>2</SUB> materials opens up vast opportunities for utilizing vdW magnets in room-temperature spintronics devices.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
Badriul Hegar,Yulianti Wibowo,Ray Wagiu Basrowi,Reza Gunadi Ranuh,Subianto Marto Sudarmo,Zakiudin Munasir,Alpha Fardah Atthiyah,Ariani Dewi Widodo,Supriatmo,Muzal Kadim,Ahmad Suryawan,Ninung Rose Dian 대한소아소화기영양학회 2019 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.22 No.4
Human breast milk contains numerous biomolecules. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant component of breast milk, after lactose and lipids. Amongst the synthetized HMOs, 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) are widely studied and are considered safe for infant nutrition. Several studies have reported the health benefits of HMOs, which include modulation of the intestinal microbiota, anti-adhesive effect against pathogens, modulation of the intestinal epithelial cell response, and development of the immune system. The amount and diversity of HMOs are determined by the genetic background of the mothers (HMO secretors or non-secretors). The non-secretor mothers secrete lower HMOs than secretor mothers. The breastfed infants of secretor mothers gain more health benefit than those of non-secretor mothers. In conclusion, supplementation of infant formula with 2′-FL and LNnT is a promising innovation for infant nutrition.