Soft Budget Constraint in Local Public Expenditure

Akai, Nobuo 한국재정학회 2000 재정논집 Vol.15 No.1

Focusing on the fact that there exist many inefficient public projects that go into a deficit, we construct the model in which inefficiency is created endogenously from the centralized fiscal system in the local public finance. The model has the following two characteristics; incomplete information between the central government and the local government with respect to the cost of the public project and incomplete contract between the central government and the local government. Incomplete contract creates the soft budget of the local government, that is, when the local government faces the deficit from the public project, it is ex post efficient for the central government to bail the local government out and supply the subsidy to cover the deficit. Under this situation, we derive the following two results. First, incomplete information and incomplete contract between the central government and the local government creates the adverse selection problem, which is related to inefficiency, through the soft budget of the local government. This represents the reason why the inefficient excessive project with the deficit appears. Second, we show that if the incentive scheme is not designed under the existence of incomplete information and incomplete contract, the second best policy leads to the uniform public expenditure among local regions, which corresponds to the realistic situation.

1-Ethoxyvinyl Esters As Novel, Efficient Acyl Donors for Enzyme-catalyzed Asymmet

Akai, Shuji 전남대학교 약품개발연구소 1999 약품개발연구지 Vol.8 No.1

Enzyme-catalyzed esterification of alcohols using acylating reagents (acyl donors) in an organic media has been established as a convenient and efficient method for asymmetric syntheses in this decade. Enormous success in this area can be mainly attributed to the development of effective aryl donors, among which vinyl esters 1 is currently the best reagent, because the enzymatic reaction with 1 produces neutral volatile acetaldehyde as the single co-product; thereby affording products with high optical and chemical yields. However, acetaldehyde is known to deactivate some kinds of enzymes, which limits the reliable use of 1. In addition, difficult preparation of 1 having a variety of acyl moieties (COR³) which contain other reactive functional groups has been one of the major obstacles for further progress in this area, viz., easy selection of a suitable acyl group for better resolution and development of a domino-type reaction using the inserted acyl group. In this lecture, I would like to talk about our recent results presenting a solution to the above problems, which involve (1) development of new, efficient acyl donors, 1-ethoxyvinyl esters 2 for the enzyme-catalyzed esterification of alcohols (Eq. 1); (2) preparation of 2 bearing diverse acyl groups by the addition of carboxylic acids to ethoxyacetylone (Eq. 1); (3) desymmetrization of prochiral 2,2-disubstituted 1,3-diols 3 using the benzoate 2a to obtain products 4 bearing a chiral, non-racemic quaternary carbon center with high optical yields (Eq. 2) and (4) a domino-type kinetic resolution/intramolecular Diels-Alder inaction using the fumarate 2b to give tricyclic products 6 with up to 99% ee(Eq. 3). [그림]

Design of Nonlinear Attitude Control System for Spaceplane Using Disturbance-Accommodating Control

Yuta Akai,Yuzo Shimada,Kenji Uchiyama,Akio Abe 한국항공우주학회 2008 한국항공우주학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

In this paper, we describe a design of robust attitude controller for a spaceplanc based on feedback linearization. The feedback linearization method with a timescale separation concept has attracted research interest regarding the design of attitude control systems for aircrafts including spaceplanes. The features of this technique are the elimination of the need for any approximation in the linearization of the vehicle's dynamics and the coverage of a wider flight region. However. since this technique involves the cancellation of the nonlinear dynamics, the accuracy of the cancellation cannot be guaranteed in the presence of changes in aerodynamic and other uncertainties. Therefore, we propose the application of a nonlinear control law. which deals with the feedback linearization, using disturbance-accommodating control (DAC). Unmodeled phenomena are estimated as a new state variable by a DAC observer. Furthermore, the sensitivity function and the complementary sensitivity function in the frequency domain are shaped to design the DAC observer. Finally, Monte-Carlo simulations were performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed attitude control law.

Soft Budget constraint in Local Public Expenditure

Nobuo Akai 한국재정학회(구 한국재정·공공경제학회) 2000 재정논집 Vol.15 No.1

Focusing on the fact that there exist many inefficient public projects that go into a deficit, we construct the model in which inefficiency is created endogenously from the centralized fiscal system in the local public finance. The model has the following two characteristics; incomplete information between the central government and the local government with respect to the cost of the public project and incomplete contract between the central government and the local government. Incomplete contract creates the soft budget of the local government, that is, when the local government faces the deficit from the public project, it is ex post efficient for the central government to bail the local government out and supply the subsidy to cover the deficit. Under this situation, we derive the following two results. First, incomplete information and incomplete contract between the central government and the local government creates the adverse selection problem, which is related to inefficiency, through the soft budget of the local government. This represents the reason why the inefficient excessive project with the deficit appears. Second, we show that if the incentive scheme is not designed under the existence of incomplete information and incomplete contract, the second best policy leads to the uniform public expenditure among local regions, which corresponds to the realistic situation.

Nanocommunication Design in Graduate-Level Education and Research Training

Itoh, Tadashi,Akai, Hisazumi,Takeda, Seiji,Ogawa, Hisahito,Ichikawa, Satoshi,Geshi, Masaaki,Ara, Masato,Niioka, Hirohiko The Korean Vacuum Society 2010 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.19 No.6

나노과학, 나노공학, 및 나노기술의 축적된 지식을 대중참여라는 관점을 첨가하여 대학원생이나 젊은 과학자들에게 가르치기 위하여, 오사카 대학은 2004년부터 다양한 교육 및 훈련 프로그램을 제공하고 있는데, 교학문적(交學問的) 대학원 부전공 과목, 야간 강좌, 단기 국제훈련 프로그램 등이다. 연속강의는 위성통신을 이용하여 교실에 전달되기도 한다. 또한 학생들은 현대시설을 활용한 실습을 통하여 직접, 나노소재와 나노소자를 설계, 제작, 측정, 특성분석 및 기능화 할 수 있다. 그리고 특별히 사회적, 법적, 윤리적 관계를 포함하는 나노소통에 관한 연구훈련 프로그램과 강좌 시리즈가 네 개 개설되어 있으니, "나노기술 경력 건설 강좌", "나노기술의 대중 참여", "나노기술 지도 설계", "목적과제 학습 및 훈련 프로그램(PAL)"이다. 전체 프로그램의 윤곽이 나노소통 특별 프로그램과 함께 소개되어 있다. In order to teach the accumulated knowledge of nanoscience, nanoengineering and nanotechnology to graduate school students and young scientists with the sense of public engagement, Osaka University started from 2004 to prepare and offer various kinds of education and training programs such as trans-disciplinary graduate-school minor program, evening course refresher program, short-term international research training program, etc. It offers a series of lectures, partly broadcasted live to satellite classrooms. In addition, the students can join intensive hands-on training programs using modern facilities, allowing them to design, fabricate, measure, characterize and functionalize nanomaterials and nanodevices. In addition, there are four specially designed lectures and research training programs aimed for nanocommunication including social, legal and ethical relationship: "Nanotechnology Career-up Lectures", "Social Engagement on Nanotechnology", "Road Map Design on Nanotechnology", and "Project-Aimed Learning and Training Programs (PAL)". The outline of the whole programs is described together with the specialized programs for nanocommunication.

The damage resistance of triple liner system against the local pressure on the uneven ground surface in the sea area landfill site

Satoh, Takeshi,Akai, Tomoyuki,Kamon, Masashi Korean Geotechnical Society 2006 지반 : 한국지반공학회지 Vol.22 No.12

An Optimal Tax Scheme to Finance SociaI Security in a Model with Endogenous Longevity

Yasuo Maeda,Nobuo Akai 한양대학교 경제연구소 1998 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH Vol.3 No.1

The damage resistance of triple liner system against the local pressure on the uneven ground surface in the sea area landfill site

Takeshi Satoh(사토타케시),Tomoyuki Akai,Masashi Kamon 한국지반공학회 2006 지반 : 한국지반공학회지 Vol.22 No.12

Nanocommunication Design in Graduate-Level Education and Research Training

Tadashi Itoh,Hisazumi Akai,Seiji Takeda,Hisahito Ogawa,Satoshi Ichikawa,Masaaki Geshi,Masato Ara,Hirohiko Niioka 한국진공학회 2010 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.19 No.6

In order to teach the accumulated knowledge of nanoscience, nanoengineering and nanotechnology to graduate school students and young scientists with the sense of public engagement, Osaka University started from 2004 to prepare and offer various kinds of education and training programs such as trans-disciplinary graduate-school minor program, evening course refresher program, short-term international research training program, etc. It offers a series of lectures, partly broadcasted live to satellite classrooms. In addition, the students can join intensive hands-on training programs using modern facilities, allowing them to design, fabricate, measure, characterize and functionalize nanomaterials and nanodevices. In addition, there are four specially designed lectures and research training programs aimed for nanocommunication including social, legal and ethical relationship: “Nanotechnology Career-up Lectures”, “Social Engagement on Nanotechnology”, “Road Map Design on Nanotechnology”, and “Project- Aimed Learning and Training Programs (PAL)”. The outline of the whole programs is described together with the specialized programs for nanocommunication.

F-B10 : Grease Removal Technology of Grease Interceptors

( Hiroyuki Kusakari ),( Seishi Okada ),( Nobuharu Maeda ),( Hitoshi Akai ) 한국물환경학회(구 한국수질보전학회) 2013 한국물환경학회·대한상하수도학회 공동 춘계학술발표회 Vol.2013 No.-