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Afed Ullah Khan Waqar Ahmad,Muhammad Far Fayaz Ahmad Khan,Baig Ammar Ahmad,Shah Liaqat Ali,Khan Jehanzeb 한국대기환경학회 2020 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.14 No.2
Precipitation, air temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data of 32 sites for a period of 1983 to till date in Pakistan were collected with the objective of studying the effects of vegetation on precipitation and air temperature in Pakistan. Spatial trends were assessed for NDVI, precipitation and air temperature (maximum and minimum). Increasing trends were observed at 18, 20, 24 and 26 number of monitoring stations for NDVI, precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature respectively. The trends of NDVI were compared with the trends of precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature in hilly and urban areas. NDVI and precipitation showed parallel trends in hilly areas at 64% of the monitoring stations. Whereas, only 53% of the stations displayed parallel trends in urban areas. 71% of the stations showed opposite NDVI and maximum temperature trends and 79% of the stations showed opposite NDVI and minimum temperature trends in hilly areas. However, in urban areas only 47% and 41% of the stations showed opposite trends of NDVI and maximum temperature and NDVI and minimum temperature respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the effects of vegetation on precipitation and air temperature (maximum and minimum) in hilly and urban areas. The results showed that there exists positive relationship between NDVI and precipitation and negative relationship between NDVI and temperature (maximum and minimum) in most of the hilly areas. However, in urban areas, the positive relationship between NDVI and precipitation exists only in 47% of the stations and negative relationships between NDVI and maximum temperature and between NDVI and minimum temperature exist only in 47% and 41% of the stations respectively. Results of the current study suggest afforestation practices at country level to reduce climate change effects.
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FOREIGN CAPITAL FLOWS, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
OLUWATOSIN ADENIYI,BELLO AJIDE,AFEES SALISU 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2015 Journal of Economic Development Vol.40 No.3
This paper investigated how financial development influences the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in selected Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. This study considered three alternative measures of financial development (FD) and their impacts on the FDI-growth linkage. It also explored the possibility of nonlinearities in the tripartite relationships. The results showed a positive influence of FDI on economic growth. Financial system development also had growth-promoting impact in the presence of FDI flows. Interestingly, these findings remained robust when potential endogeneity was accounted for using a well known instrumental variable (IV) estimator. Digging deeper, the findings also supported the existence of non-linearities in the role of FD in the FDI-growth association. In policy terms, these SSA countries will reap more growth benefits from foreign capital flows especially if financial reforms are sustained.
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