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Islamic International Law and the Right of Self-Defense of States
Abdul Ghafur Hamid,Khin Maung Sein (사) 이준국제법연구원 2009 Journal of East Asia and International Law Vol.2 No.1
Islamic international law is a branch of the Shari’ah (Islamic law). Due to the classical doctrine of the notion of‘ Jihad,’there have been misconceptions and Islam has been painted as a religion encouraging violence and war. This paper appeals for the reconsideration of the classical doctrine, which was adopted at a time when there was a state of war between Islamic and non-Islamic states. Going back to the roots and referring to the Qur’an and the Sunnah: the two primary sources of Islamic law, the paper argues that Islam prohibits aggressive war and that the essence of‘ jihad’ is‘ self-defense.’After elaborating the essential conditions of the right of self-defense, the paper concludes that Islamic international law can contribute much to the present world order by providing moral and ethical values that modern international law is lacking.
Hamid, Mariani Abdul,Sarmidi, Mohamad Roji,Park, Chang Seo D.A. Spandidos 2012 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE Vol.29 No.2
<P>Melanin synthesis is stimulated by various effectors, including α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), cyclic AMP (cAMP)-elevating agents (forskolin, isobutylmethylxantine, glycyrrhizin) and ultraviolet light. Our investigation focused on the identification of the melanogenic efficacy of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) leaf extract with regard to its effects on melanogenesis in B16F1 melanoma cells, since it has been known to possess strong anti-oxidant activities. The mangosteen leaf extract was found to stimulate melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner without any significant effects on cell proliferation. Cytotoxicity of the extract was measured using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay; the highest concentration of the extract that did not affect cell viability was 32 ?g/ml. Formation of melanin from cultured B16F1 melanoma induced by extract treatment was estimated using spectrophotometry. In order to clarify the subsequent mechanism of tyrosinase activation by the extract, the levels of tyrosinase expression in B16F1 melanoma were examined using an intracellular tyrosinase assay and tyrosinase zymography. Up-regulation of intracellular tyrosinase expression seemed to correlate with an increase in microphtalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) protein levels since MITF is the key factor for genes involved in melanogenesis. Both of the results showed that tyrosinase activity was markedly enhanced from extract-treated cells. The overall results suggest that mangosteen leaf extract may be a promising candidate for the treatment of hypopigmentation disorder and useful for self-tanning cosmetic products.</P>
Generalized difference sequence spaces
ABDUL HAMID GANIE 장전수학회 2020 Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics Vol.30 No.2
In the present paper, we will bring out the new techniques of combining the generalized B- dierence sequence spaces with binomial mappings and the Δ operator. Moreover, the basic properties of these spaces will be taken care of.
Hamid Abdul,Nugraha Reva Edra,Holilah Holilah,Bahruji Hasliza,Prasetyoko Didik 한국세라믹학회 2023 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.60 No.2
The development of a simple, effective, and replicable method for the formation of hierarchically structured materials from natural sources has drawn significant research interest recently. The current study analyzes the two-step hydrothermal synthesis of Indonesian kaolin to hierarchical ZSM-5. The aging temperature and time are the two crucial parameters that contributed to the intraparticle mesoporosity of ZSM-5. The aging step is a decisive step in the nucleation process of zeolite synthesis, this step can affect the crystal and pore structure of the zeolite product. N2 adsorption–desorption with the NLDFT method was used to determine the intraparticle mesoporosity at P/P0 = 0.3–0.4. The large intraparticle mesoporosity enables materials to have wide structural functions owing to intensify accessibility and mass transport properties. A statistical experimental design based on the Taguchi method with L9 orthogonal array and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to identify the percentage of contribution for each parameter on the development of mesoporosity. The optimum aging condition at 70 °C for 6 h with the S/N ratio of 49.630, produced intracrystalline mesopore ZSM-5 with the largest mesoporous surface area of 303.067 m2/g and 0.596 cc/g of the pore volume. The relationship between aging time and temperature in the mesostructured creation in hierarchical ZSM-5 was revealed by the data analysis of the interaction plot for the S/N ratio.
CERTAIN SEQUENCE SPACES USING Δ-OPERATOR
ABDUL HAMID GANIE,ANTESAR ALDAWOUD 장전수학회 2020 Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics Vol.30 No.1
The aim of this paper is to introduce the new type of generalized B- dierence sequence spaces by the combination of binomial mappings and the 4 operator. We also study their topological properties.
Combating Terrorism and the Use of Force against a State: A Relook at the Contemporary World Order
Abdul Ghafur Hamid @ Khin Maung Sein 이준국제법연구원 2015 Journal of East Asia and International Law Vol.8 No.1
Self-defence has long been understood as an inherent right of a State when it is militarily attacked by another State. After September 11 attacks, however, there have been attempts to reinterpret the meaning of ‘armed attack’ under Article 51 of the UN Charter to include attacks by terrorists - non-State actors. This paper critically examines the legal and policy considerations that promote a right of self-defence against terrorists by means of thoroughly analyzing the text of the UN Charter, State practice and the jurisprudence of the ICJ. The paper finds that a terrorist attack as such may not be an armed attack within the meaning of Article 51 of the Charter unless it is an act of a State or directly imputable to a State and is on a large scale with substantial effects. The paper concludes that unilateral use of force against a State in the name of self-defence is not the correct way of combating terrorism and that there are effective alternatives such as addressing the root causes of terrorism, resorting to law enforcement mechanisms or coercive countermeasures, and strengthening multilateralism.
Abdul Hamid, Mohamad Rezi,Park, Sunghwan,Kim, Ju Sung,Lee, Young Moo,Jeong, Hae-Kwon American Chemical Society 2019 INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH - Vol.58 No.32
<P>Polycrystalline zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8 membranes have shown great potential for energy-efficient propylene/propane separation. Their large-scale applications are, however, hampered by the lack of facile and cost-effective processing technologies for ultrathin ZIF-8 membranes on scalable substrates. Here, we report facile preparation of ultrathin ZIF-8 membranes on the bore side of Matrimid hollow fibers based on a polymer modification strategy. Site-selective nature of the method enables a positional control over locations (i.e., bore or shell side) of active ZIF-8 layers on the hollow fibers. The ZIF-8 membranes grown on the bore side of Matrimid hollow fibers with polydimethylsiloxane coating displayed an average propylene permeance and a separation factor of ∼152 × 10<SUP>-10</SUP> mol·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·Pa<SUP>-1</SUP>·s<SUP>-1</SUP> and ∼55, respectively. Optimization of ZIF-8 seeding step resulted in an improvement in propylene permeance (∼369 × 10<SUP>-10</SUP> mol·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·Pa<SUP>-1</SUP>·s<SUP>-1</SUP>) while maintaining relatively high separation factor (∼40).</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>