대학 강의실의 공석 시 측정값을 이용한 만석 시 음향지표의 예측

최영지,Choi, Young-Ji 한국음향학회 2018 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.37 No.5

본 연구에서는 대학 강의실에서 공석 시 음향지표를 이용하여 만석 시 강의실의 음향지표를 예측하는 방법을 제시하였다. 먼저 공석 시 측정한 강의실의 $T_{30}$값으로 공석 시 실의 총 흡음력을 계산할 수 있다. 선행연구(Choi, 2016)에서 제시한 12개 강의실의 공석 시 총 흡음력에 대한 만석 시 총 흡음력의 선형 회귀식을 이용하여 만석 시 실의 총 흡음력을 예측할 수 있다. 공석 시에 대한 만석 시의 총 흡음력 비를 토대로 재실자의 부가흡음에 의한 강의실의 음향지표 변화폭을 예측할 수 있다. 이 예측방법을 이용하여 공석 시 실의 음향지표 값을 알면 비슷한 규모의 만석 시 강의실의 음향상태의 예측이 가능하다. This paper proposes a simple procedure for estimating the acoustical parameter values in an occupied classroom from measurements in the unoccupied classroom. The total sound absorption in an unoccupied classroom can be calculated from measured reverberation times in the room. The expected occupied absorption can be calculated using equation that was obtained in a previous study (Choi, 2016) by fitting a linear regression line to a plot of total occupied absorption versus the corresponding unoccupied total absorption values measured in 12 university classrooms. The ratios of occupied-to-unoccupied sound absorption are used to predict increments in the values of acoustical parameters when occupants are added to the rooms. Occupied values of acoustical parameters can be estimated from unoccupied values and the change in total room absorption due to adding occupants.

의자 흡음특성에 영향을 미치는 인자에 관한 실험적 연구

최영지,구재오,Choi, Young-Ji,Koo, JaeOh 한국음향학회 2015 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.34 No.4

본 논문은 공연장에서 의자 설치 조건의 변화가 의자의 흡음특성에 미치는 영향에 관하여 실험적인 연구를 실시하였다. 실제 공연장 의자의 흡음특성을 재현한 1/10 스케일의 축소 의자와 인체모형을 이용하여 실험을 진행하였다. 실험변수로는 의자의 흡음정도, 의자 열 간격의 변화, 청중의 착석유무, 그리고 바닥의 카펫설치 유무로 제한하였다. 열 간격에 따른 청중의 착석 및 바닥의 카펫설치 유무의 영향을 평균적으로 분석하였을 때 의자의 흡음률이 낮을수록 즉, 카펫 혹은 청중 등의 부가적인 흡음력이 없을 때, 열 간격에 의한 흡음률 변화폭이 작게 나타났다. 의자 열 간격 평균 주파수 대역별 흡음률 증가 값에 따르면 주변 인자에 의한 흡음률의 변화는 주파수대역별로 다르게 나타났다. This paper examines the combinations of factors influencing the absorption characteristics of theatre chairs. One-tenth scale model chairs and listeners that closely approximated the absorption characteristics of full scale theatre chairs were used to measure the interactive effects of the test variables on the chairs absorption characteristics. The test variables were the type of chairs, the row spacing, as well as the presence of people and carpet. The variations of absorption increments with varied row spacing tended to be smallest when the chairs were less absorptive, i.e. with less carpet or occupants. The incremental effects of adding occupants or carpet averaged over three row spacings varied over frequency.

축소모형법을 이용한 흡음재와 확산체 배치조건별 교실의 음향성능 측정 및 평가

최영지,Choi, Young-Ji 한국교육시설학회 2013 敎育施設 Vol.20 No.1

The present study examines the effects of periodic type diffusers for producing the preferred acoustics for speech and determines the more successful configurations of sound-absorbing and diffusing treatments for achieving good acoustics in classrooms. The measurements were carried out in a 1/10 scale model classroom systematically adding diffusers to one or more of four surfaces of the room. A total of 13 combination of diffusers with absorptive treatments were investigated. Adding diffusers on the ceiling were more effective to increasing the early-arriving reflection energy($G_{50}$) than adding absorptive materials on the entire ceiling. The late arriving reflection energy($G_{late}$) was decreased with increasing amounts of diffusing treatments of upper front or rear wall and this resulted in achieving higher early-to-late ratios($G_{50}$). Adding diffusers on the upper front wall($AC_{100}DUFW_{26}$) achieved more uniform acoustical conditions over the receiver positions than adding diffusers on the upper rear wall($AC_{100}DUFW_{26}$). Adding diffusers on the ceiling and absorptive materials on the lower front wall($AC_{75}DC_{25}ALFW_{26}$) achieved better acoustical conditions than adding the absorptive materials on the entire ceiling and lower front wall($AC_{100}ALFW_{26}$).

콘서트 홀에서 선호되는 음향특성에 관한 연구

최영지,Choi Young-Ji 한국음향학회 2005 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.24 No.2

본 연구는 주관적 음향평가를 통하여 콘서트 홀에서 선호되는 음향특성과 중요한 음향지표 조사에 그 목적이 있다. 호주의 두 콘서트 홀 (이하 Hall A와 Hall B로 가칭함)에서 더미헤드 (Dummy Head)로 녹음된 음악을 이용하여 음향평가를 위한 청감실험을 통해 실시하였다. 평가된 두 콘서트 홀의 음향선호도는 측정된 음향지표와의 상관도를 분석하여 실제 홀에서의 음향평가에 기여하는 음향지표를 조사하였다. 청감실험에서 피험자들은 Hall B가 Hall A에 비해 음향적으로 우수하다는 결과를 보여주었으며, Hall A의 낮은 음향선호도는 전문음악가와의 인터뷰조사결과와 유사하였다. 두 콘서트 홀의 음향평가에 가장 중요한 음향지표는 음압레벨로 밝혀졌다. This study deals with a subjective assessment to investigate the preferred acoustic conditions and determine the important acoustical parameters in concert halls. A subjective test was carried out using dummy head recorded sounds made in actual halls in Australia (referred to as Hall A and Hall B) to evaluate the acoustic performance of two halls. The results of subjective tests were then correlated with measured acoustical parameters to investigate the significant determinants for the preference judgements. The listeners show a stronger Preference for seats in the Hall B than those in the Hall A. The low preferences for seats in the Hall A are in agreement with live performance ratings assessed by musicians. It is found that the sound level is the most significant acoustical parameter for evaluating the overall acoustic preference in the two halls.

1차 단순 확산체를 적용한 교실음향설계

최영지,Choi, Young-Ji 한국교육시설학회 2011 敎育施設 Vol.18 No.5

In this study, the effect of treating 1-dimensional diffusers on the classroom acoustics was investigated to determine if the diffuser are beneficial for performing the preferred acoustical conditions for speech. A 1/10 scale model of a classroom was used to measure the acoustical parameters, T30, $C_{50}$, STI and SNR in that room. The room acoustical conditions were varied by treating diffusers either on the front or side walls of the classroom. When the diffusers were treated on the side walls around the student's areas, a shorter reverberation time at low frequencies was obtained and resulted in performing uniform reverberation times across the frequency bands. The $C_{50}$ values at mid- and high-frequencies were increased by treating the diffusers either on front or side wall surfaces. The highest STI and SNR values were obtained when the diffuser was treated on the front wall around the teacher's areas. It is found that diffusers are beneficial to increase the intelligibility of speech for the rear seats of the rooms.

1차 단순 확산체를 적용한 교실음향설계

최영지(Choi, Young-Ji) 한국교육시설학회 2011 敎育施設 Vol.18 No.5

In this study, the effect of treating 1-dimensional diffusers on the classroom acoustics was investigated to determine if the diffuser are beneficial for performing the preferred acoustical conditions for speech. A 1/10 scale model of a classroom was used to measure the acoustical parameters, T30, , STI and SNR in that room. The room acoustical conditions were varied by treating diffusers either on the front or side walls of the classroom. When the diffusers were treated on the side walls around the student's areas, a shorter reverberation time at low frequencies was obtained and resulted in performing uniform reverberation times across the frequency bands. The values at mid- and high-frequencies were increased by treating the diffusers either on front or side wall surfaces. The highest STI and SNR values were obtained when the diffuser was treated on the front wall around the teacher's areas. It is found that diffusers are beneficial to increase the intelligibility of speech for the rear seats of the rooms.

실제 강의현장에서의 음성과 소음 레벨을 반영한 음성 명료도 지표의 측정 및 평가

최영지(Choi, Young-Ji) 한국건축친환경설비학회 2020 한국건축친환경설비학회 논문집 Vol.14 No.1

The useful-to-detrimental sound ratios (U50) measure can be more practically useful means of assessing and understanding real classroom situations because it can be easily obtained from both measured clarity (C50) and signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) values in classrooms during speech communication. The goal of this work is to better understand room acoustics conditions for real speech communication during actual lectures and to provide U50 values for achieving ‘good’ acoustical conditions for speech intelligibility in university classrooms. In the present work, U50 is determined from both measured C50 and SNR values during 15 actual lectures in 11 university classrooms in Korea. The linear regression results for speech transmission index (STI) and U50 values show that classrooms having U50 values greater than +4.1 ㏈ correspond to STI values of 0.60, indicating ‘Good’ acoustical conditions for speech intelligibility. The U50 value is 0.9 ㏈ lower than that of the previous study made in quietly occupied classrooms without student activities. The present result indicates that the noise level is not the same as experienced during actual lecturing situations in university classrooms. When the classroom has a SNR (125-4k) value of 7.7 ㏈ or lower a C50 (125-4k) value of 7.3 ㏈ or greater to be required for achieving good acoustical conditions during lectures in university classrooms.

재실자의 부가 흡음에 의한 강의실의 잔향감 변화 예측

최영지(Choi, Young-Ji) 한국건축친환경설비학회 2016 한국건축친환경설비학회 논문집 Vol.10 No.5

The present study reports on the changes to perceived reverberance as measured by early decay times (EDT) due to added absorption by occupants in university classrooms. Acoustical measurements were made in 12 university classrooms with and without occupants and the total sound absorption for both occupied and unoccupied classrooms was then determined from the measured reverberation times (T30). The changes in EDT values at 1000 Hz due to adding occupants to more absorbent classrooms were less than 2 just noticeable differences (JND), which is 0.1 s. The expected effects of adding occupants to other classrooms that are similar to the two types of 12 university classrooms can be predicted based on the fractional changes in the total sound absorption of rooms using the resulting regression equation.

축소모형법을 이용한 흡음재와 확산체 배치조건별 교실의 음향성능 측정 및 평가

최영지(Choi, Young-Ji) 한국교육시설학회 2013 敎育施設 Vol.20 No.1

The present study examines the effects of periodic type diffusers for producing the preferred acoustics for speech and determines the more successful configurations of sound-absorbing and diffusing treatments for achieving good acoustics in classrooms. The measurements were carried out in a 1/10 scale model classroom systematically adding diffusers to one or more of four surfaces of the room. A total of 13 combination of diffusers with absorptive treatments were investigated. Adding diffusers on the ceiling were more effective to increasing the early-arriving reflection energy(G₅₀) than adding absorptive materials on the entire ceiling. The late arriving reflection energy(Glate) was decreased with increasing amounts of diffusing treatments of upper front or rear wall and this resulted in achieving higher early-to-late ratios(C₅₀). Adding diffusers on the upper front wall(AC₁₀₀DUFW₂₆) achieved more uniform acoustical conditions over the receiver positions than adding diffusers on the upper rear wall(AC₁₀₀DURW₂₆). Adding diffusers on the ceiling and absorptive materials on the lower front wall(AC₇₅DC₂₅ALFW₂₆) achieved better acoustical conditions than adding the absorptive materials on the entire ceiling and lower front wall(AC₁₀₀ALFW₂₆).

대학 내 사무실의 스피치 프라이버시 측정 및 평가

임재섭,최영지,Lim, Jae-Seop,Choi, Young-Ji 한국음향학회 2019 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.38 No.4

본 논문에서는 대학 내 밀폐형 사무실의 SPC(Speech Privacy Class) 값을 측정하고 평가하였다. 대학 캠퍼스 내 3곳의 건물에 위치한 5곳 대상공간에서 실간 음압레벨차이(Level Difference, LD)와 수음실의 암소음 레벨($L_b$)을 각각 측정하였다. 5곳 대상공간은 모두 인접실과 복도가 인접해있다. SPC값을 도출하기 위해 필요한 LD값과 기존의 차음성능 측정방법인 투과손실(Transmission Loss, TL)을 함께 측정하여 비교하였다. 측정결과, 5곳 대상공간은 SPC 최소 기준치인 70을 만족하지 못하였다. 5곳 대상공간의 평균 $L_b$값은 29.2 dB이며 SPC 최소 기준치를 만족하기 위해서는 LD값이 41 dB 이상이어야 한다. SPC 최소 기준치를 만족하기 위해서 1/3옥타브밴드 160 Hz ~ 5000 Hz 주파수대역에서 평균 TL값은 40 dB 이상이 되도록 음향설계가 이루어져야 한다. LD값에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 인자는 음원실과 수음실 간 인접벽체의 개구부 유무이다. 따라서 인접벽체에 개구부가 존재할 경우 차음성능이 높은 재료로 개구부를 대체하여 적절한 SPC값을 만족할 수 있다. The speech privacy of closed office rooms located in a university campus was measured and assessed in terms of SPC (Speech Privacy Class) values. The measurements of two quantities, the LD (Level Difference) between a source and a receiving room, and the background noise level ($L_b$) at the receiving room were carried out in 5 rooms located in 3 different buildings in the university campus. Each of the 5 rooms was adjacent to both offices and corridors through walls. The TL (Transmission Loss) between the source and the receiver room was also measured to compare the difference of two standard methods, ASTM E2836-10 and KS F 2809. The present results show that the speech privacy of the 5 office rooms is not met the requirement for a minimum SPC values of 70. A minimum LD value of 41 dB between the source and the receiver room should be achieved for having a SPC value of 70 when the mean measured value of $L_b$ at the receiving room is 29.2 dB. That is, the TL(avg) value averaged over the octave bands from 160 Hz to 5000 Hz between the source and the receiver room should be or greater than 40 dB. The most important architectural factor influencing the LD value is the presence of openings, such as doors, and windows, on the adjacent walls between the source and receiving room. Therefore, if the opening of the adjacent wall is replaced by an opening with high sound insulation, the appropriate SPC value of the research and office rooms can be achieved.