철 광물에 의한 염소계 유기화합물의 환원적분해

김성국,박상원,Kim, Sung-Kuk,Park, Sang-Won 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004 지하수토양환경 Vol.9 No.2

Chlorinated and nitroaromatic compounds are non-degradable substances that are extremely toxic and are known to be carcinogens and mutation causing agents. Moreover, the half-lives of substances such as carbon tetrachloride, hexachloroethane and nitroaromatic compounds are several decades. In this study, the optimal conditions to detoxify chlorinated compounds by the reductive degradation were investigated. The following results were obtained in the reductive degradation of CCl$_4$, C$_2$Cl$\_$6/, C$_2$HCl$\_$5/, C$_2$Cl$_4$, and C$_2$HCl$\_$5/ by using Fe, FeS and FeS$_2$ as mediators. CCl$_4$ was reduced to CH$_2$Cl$_3$ and CH$_2$Cl$_2$in anaerobic conditions when FeS was used as a mediator. While the reduction of CCl$_4$ to CHCl$_3$ was rapidly proceeded, the reduction of CHCl$_3$ to CH$_2$Cl$_2$ was occurred slowly. Further reduction to CH$_3$Cl was not observed. Unlike CCl$_4$, C$_2$Cl$\_$6/ was degraded to C$_2$HCl$\_$5/, C$_2$Cl$_4$. C$_2$HCl$_3$ and cis-1,2-C$_2$H$_2$Cl$_2$ by complicated pathways such as hydrogenolysis, dehalo-elimination and dehydrohalogenation. A small amount of C$_2$HCl$\_$5/ was detected only in the early stages of the reduction. However, majority of the C$_2$Cl$\_$6/ was reduced to C$_2$Cl$_4$. cis-1,2-C$_2$H$_2$C1$_2$ was the only product among other possible isomers. 염소계 및 니트로계 유기 화합물은 발암물질 또는 돌연 변이성 유발물질로 인체에 매우 유독한 물질로 알려 져있다. 특히 사염화탄소,헥사클로로에탄 또는 니트로계 방향족 화합물은 자연계에서 분해되는 반감기는 수십 년이 걸린다. 이 연구에서는 염소계 유기화합물의 환원적 분해반응으로 무독화하는 것을 목적으로 한다. Fe$^{0}$ , FeS와 FeS$_2$를 반응 매개물로 이용해서 $CCl_4$, $C_2$Cl$_{6}$, $C_2$HCl$_{5}$ , $C_2$Cl$_{4}$와 $C_2$HCl$_3$의 환원적 분해반응에서 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. $CCl_4$ 는 FeS을 반응 매개물로 혐기성 조건에서 CHCl$_3$와 CH$_2$Cl$_2$로 환원적 분해반응을 하였다. $CCl_4$에서 CHCl$_3$으로 환원반응은 매우 빠르게 일어나는 반면 CHCl$_3$에서 CH$_2$Cl$_2$로 분해되는 반응속도는 매우 느리게 일어났다. $C_2$Cl$_{6}$는 $CCl_4$와 달리 복잡한 반응 경로로 환원적 분해 반응을 하였으며, 수소첨가 반응, 탈염소제거반응과 탈수소탈염소화반응으로 $C_2$HCl$_{5}$ , $C_2$Cl$_4$, $C_2$HCl$_3$와 cis-1,2-C$_2$H$_2$Cl$_2$의 환원 생성물로 분해되었다. 반응 초기에 소량의 $C_2$HCl$_{5}$ 생성물이 확인되었으며, 대부분 $C_2$HCl$_4$으로 환원반응 하였다. 특히 $C_2$HCl$_3$에서 환원반응 생성물로 cis-1,2C$_2$HCl$_2$만이 생성물로 나타났고, trans-1,2-C$_2$H$_2$Cl$_2$ 또는 1,1-C$_2$H$_2$Cl$_2$은 생성물로 나타나지 않았다.

철 광물에 의한 헥사클로에탄의 환원적 분해: 반응 속도 연구

김성국,박상원,Kim, Sung-Kuk,Park, Sang-Won 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004 지하수토양환경 Vol.9 No.2

수용액상에서 철광물질과 유기 용매간의 반응 속도는 여러 반응인자에 따라 반응 속도 실험을 하였다 F $e^{0}$ , FeS와 Fe $S_2$를 반응 매개물로 $C_2$C $l_{6}$에 대한 반응에서 F $e^{0}$ > FeS > Fe $S_2$ 순으로 분해반응 속도가 빠르게 나타났다. 철 광물질에 대해서 $C_2$C $l_{6}$, CHC $l_{5}$ , $C_2$C $l_4$, CHC $l_3$에 대한 분해 반응 속도는 염소 치환기가 적을수록 환원반응 속도는 느리게 일어난다. 환원 반응 속도는 pH, 교반 속도, 반응 온도와 비표면적에 의존적임을 확인하였다. 1,10-phenanthroline과 EDTA화합물은 고립전자 쌍을 가진 2개의 질소 원자에 의해 형성된 두 자리 킬레이트 작용기가 철 표면에 흡착하며 전자 이동 속도를 증가시켜 분해 반응 속도를 증가시킨다. 즉 분자 $\pi$* 오비탈을 가진 질소원자는 비어있는 금속에 비편재(delocalized)되어 전자이동 속도를 증가시킨다. 그리고 hydroquinone은 반응 속도에 영향을 주지 않았다. 자연계에 존재하는 카올리나이트는 철 광물질의 부식을 유발시켜 분해 반응속도를 증가시켰다. 반면 F $e^{2+}$와 S $O_4$$^{2-}$ 와 같은 이온은 반응속도에 영향을 주지 않았다. Kinetic characteristics dependent on several factors such as iron mineral and organic solvents were investigated. When F $e^{0}$ , FeS and Fe $S_2$ were used as mediators, minerals affecting reaction rate were in the following order : $Fe_{0}$ 0/ > FeS > $FeS_2$ when in contact $C_2$C $l_{6}$ . The more chloride substituted, the higher reaction rate were observed. The reaction rates were dependent on pH, shaking rate, temperature and specific surface area. 1, 10-phenanthroline and EDTA degradation rates were fast, indicating that they adsorbed on the surface of the iron which makes the electron transfer reaction easy. Nitrate which has $\pi$* orbital of molecular can increase electron transfer rate because it is delocalized in its entity. The reaction rates were not affected by hydroquinone. Degradation rates were much enhanced with naturally occurring kaolinite because of the surface corrosion of Fe mineral. However, The reaction rate was not affected by F $e^{2+}$ or S $O_4$$^{2-}$ presented in solution.n.

LNG 선박 주기용 ME 및 ME-GI 디젤 엔진

김성국,Kim Sung-Kuk 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2005 한국마린엔지니어링학회지 Vol.29 No.6

한국의 카보타지를 위한 선원양성에 관한 연구

김성국,Kim, Sung-Kuk 해양환경안전학회 2015 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.21 No.6

무역장벽의 일종인 카보타지는 자국내 내항해운업을 보호하여 왔다. 자국에서 건조한 선박으로 자국 선원이 승선하여 자국의 화물을 운송한다는 카보타지를 운영한 미국은 조선산업과 해운 연관산업이 유지되어 왔다. 그리고 대부분의 국가는 경제적 이유와 유사시 대처라는 이유 때문에 자국적 선박을 통해 저탄소 운송인 내항해운을 담당하는 카보타지를 운영하고 있다. 카보타지를 유지하기 위해서는 선원의 안정적인 공급이 필요하다. 선원의 안정적인 공급은 선원양성 교육기관의 안정적인 운영에 달려있기 때문에 법률적인 검토가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 내항해운의 안정적 선원공급을 통한 카보타지 확립에 관련하여 우리나라 내항해운의 문제점과 선원 실태를 분석하였다. 분석결과 미국과 같은 선원양성에 관련한 법률을 제정하거나 정비할 필요가 있음을 확인하였다. The cabotage rule has been protecting the domestic industry from foreign competitions as a kind of trade barrier. In the United States, the shipbuilding industry has been maintained with the help of to the strict cabotage operations by reinforcing advantages for domestic crews and ships which are built in the U.S. For most countries, cabotage has been granted legitimacy in their coastal shipping by Low Carbon Transport in terms of economic and emergency reasons. The cabotage rule is required in the stable supply of the seafarers which rely on the legitimate maritime education. This study analyzes Korean cabotage system and the problems with regard to seafarers education. It is found that the resolution is set up the cabotage act such as Jones Act, U.S.

크루즈산업 전문인력 양성 및 공급 방안

김성국(Sung kuk Kim),장세은(Se Eun Jhang) 한국해양비즈니스학회 2016 해양비즈니스 Vol.- No.34

Cruise tourism is a new leading tourism trend in Northeast Asia. The recent growth in recent years is attributed to the increasing cruise ships that have ports of calls such as South Korea, China, and Japan. According to this rapid growth cruise in terms of its volume and passenger numbers, South Korean government has planned the initiative project for development of the cruise industry. It is important to supply skilled workers in this industry because the human element is one of the most important variables for the industry. Thus, it is essential to provide cruise ship industry education and training hotel service skills and on board skill which requires training and supply of cruise industry professionals. In this paper, we review the expertise of professional manpower needs of the cruise ship operations and supply measures necessary for the cruise industry. If supplied a right time for cruise industry professionals, the Korean cruise industry will contribute to adequately supplying the human capital to develop the cruise industry in Korea.

군집분석을 통한 글로벌 해항도시의 유형에 관한 시험적 연구

김성국(Kim, Sung-Kuk),장세은(Jhang, Se-Eun) 한국해양대학교 국제해양문제연구소 2020 해항도시문화교섭학 Vol.0 No.22

이 연구의 목적은 해항도시의 유형(typology)을 시험적으로 연구하는 것이다. 해항도시에 관한 연구가 개념, 생성배경, 역사적인 사건을 중심으로 정성적인 연구(qualitative research)가 진행되고 있지만 해항도시의 분류와 평가에 관한 정량적인 연구(quantitative research)에는 관심을 많이 두지 않았다. 오늘날 많은 도시들이 자신들의 위치를 확인하고 좋은 도시 만들기를 위해 노력하고 있는 상황에서 ‘좋은 해항도시’는 어떤 모습이며, 현시대의 세계적인 해항도시는 어떠한 도시에 해당되어야 하는지 혹은 여타의 해항도시를 평가한다면 어떠할 것인지를 확인할 필요가 있다. 연구방법으로는 선행연구에서 추출된 해항도시를 선정하여 객관적 지표에 의한 정량데이터를 이용하여 군집분석(cluster analysis)을 통해 해항도시의 유형화를 확인하였다. 군집분석결과 세계의 해양도시는 여러 도시의 군집으로 이루어지고 있음이 확인되었다. 본 연구에서 시도된 시험적인 분석에 의해 유형화된 해항도시는 향후 해항도시학 연구의 해항도시 분류에 이용되기를 기대한다. This study aims to investigate a typology of sea port cities in the world. The previous studies have focused on qualitative research on concepts, creation backgrounds and historical events. They paid little attention to quantitative research on classification and valuation of sea port cities. It is necessary to identify the types of ‘good sea port cities’, categories in the contemporary worldwide port cities and valuation of other port cities. Thus we try to identify a typology of sea port cities through cluster analysis by using quantitative data of objective index after selecting sea port cities extracted from the previous studies. After cluster analysis, it is verified that sea port cities in the world have been clustered into several groups of sea port cities. We expect that this pilot research will be contributed to the more systematic classification of the types of sea port cities in the world for the future research.

스포츠클럽 활성화를 위한 현안과제의 탐색적 접근

김성국(Sung Kuk Kim),육종술(Jong Sul Youk),김성규(Sung Kue Kim) 한국사회체육학회 2005 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.25

우리나라 마리나 발전방향에 관한 一考察

김성국(Sung-kuk Kim) 한국해양비즈니스학회 2010 해양비즈니스 Vol.- No.15

With many changes in social environments like a decrease in labor hours due to the increased national income and introduction of 5 working days system, more active experiential tourism types such as from general tourism type to family unit type, became popular rapidly. Together with these changes in social environments, people's interests are moving not only toward ground tourism but also toward marine tourism. Therefore this study purpose to suggest developing direction of Marina Port so that many and more people could get to be interested in marine leisure. The research results as follows; 1. Japan's marina or Fisharina policy should be accepted in our country. 2. The government's plan to distort the actual demand was reflected. 3. Riverside Marina is also important as well as seaside Marina. 4. Marina development to private investors will pay a leading active investment.

Q 방법을 이용한 수상레저스포츠 이용자의 이용요인분석

김성국(Sung-Kuk Kim) 한국해양비즈니스학회 2008 해양비즈니스 Vol.- No.11

  The purpose of this study was to identify the representative consumer behaviors of water leisure sports. Form the in-dept review of literature using Q-Methodology to find the water leisure sports consumer types. Through the Q factor analysis, three distinct consumer behavior types were identified.<BR>  And form the results of the analysis, 34 items were selected among 30 Q sample. Multidimensional scaling and discriminant function analysis showed that all three factors were correctly classified into their respective types; (1) "Social intercourse-oriented", (2) "Family-oriented", (3) "Self improvement". The result indicated that the scale could be used as a valid and reliable instrument to classify consumer behaviors type. Based on these results, the directions for future research were discussed.

지역유형별 노인의 생활체육 참가와 건강증진행위 및 의료비 지출의 관계

김성국(Sung Kuk Kim) 한국사회체육학회 2009 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.37

The purpose of this study was to find out The study on the relationship among the sports-for-all participation, health promoting lifestyle, and medical expense of the elderly, and to basic data to establish the Sports-for-All participation policy for the promotion of quality of the life of the elderly. Total 284 Korean elderly, big, small city and gun area were sampled as of 2008 as the population, who were aged over 61 and attended the elder`s college, silver town. Using the purposeful sampling method. For the investigation, we used the questionnaire method. And to construct the contents of the questionnaire, we referred to related previous works and then constructed the relevant questionnaire items after testing the validity and reliability of them. t-test, linear multiple regression, and path analysis were used for the analysis of the data. The results were as being follows. First, the sports-for-all participation is partially influences on the health promoting lifestyle, medical expense. Second, each of the participation frequency and participation period affected significantly at the health promoting lifestyle, medical expense. Lastly there is a causal relationship between the sports-for-all participation, health promoting lifestyle and medical expense.