고추재배에서 토성별 토양수분, 토양온도, 무기태질소 변화에 따른 CO₂ 배출량 평가

김건엽,송범헌,홍석영,고병구,노기안,심교문,장용선,Kim, Gun-Yeob,Song, Beom-Heon,Hong, Suk-Young,Ko, Byong-Gu,Roh, Kee-An,Shim, Kyo-Moon,Zhang, Yong-Seon 한국토양비료학회 2008 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.41 No.6

Several researchers have proposed models or equations to predict soil $CO_2$ flux from more readily available biotic and abiotic measurement. Tree commonly used abiotic variables were N mineral and soil temperature and soil water content. This study was conducted to determine $CO_2$ emission to mineral N, soil water content and soil temperature with clay loam and sandy loam in pepper cultivation in 2004~2005. $CO_2$ flux in the upland with different levels of soil water potential was measured at least once in two weeks during the cropping period in the pepper cultivation plots. Soil water potential in the clay loam and sandy loam soils was established at -30kPa and -50kPa by measuring the soil gravimetric water content with two replications. $CO_2$ emission rate from the differently managed plots was highly correlation coefficient to between the mineral N ($R=0.830^{**}$, $0.876^{**}$) and soil temperature ($r^2=0.793^{**}$, $0.804^{**}$) in the clay loam and sandy loam, respectively. However, the relationships between $CO_2$ emission and soil water content were non-significant. $CO_2$ emissions at sandy loam soils was lower to 21~37% than at clay loam soils for both soil water conditions without differences in yield. At difference levels of soil water conditions, $CO_2$ emission at -50kPa decreased to 37.5% in comparison with that at -30kPa. From the path analysis as to contribution factors of GHGs, it appeared that contribution rate was in the order of soil temperature (54.9%), mineral N (32.7%), and soil moisture content (12.4%). 시험포장은 수원시에 위치한 국립농업과학원의 기후변화생태과 시험포장에서 고추를 재배하여 식양토와 사양토의 2개 토성을 대상으로 각 관수시점을 -30kPa와 -50kPa에서 온실가스배출에 관여하는 요인인 토양수분, 토양온도, 토양 중 무기태질소를 측정하여, $CO_2$배출 간의 관계와 배출 특성을 구명하고자 하였다. 본 시험의 연구 결과, 토양의 $CO_2$배출량과 무기태질소 그리고 토양온도에서 높은 상관관계가 있었으나, 토양수분과는 상관을 보이지 않았다. 그리고 $CO_2$ 배출량과 토양수분함량과는 상관관계가 없었다. $CO_2$ 배출량과 토양온도 및 무기태질소의 상관계수는 식양토에서 $0.830^{**}$, $0.876^{**}$, 사양토에서 $0.793^{**}$, $0.804^{**}$로 상관은 고도로 유의하였다. 고추 재배기간 143일간 $CO_2$의 작기종합 배출량을 토양 토성에 따라 수분장력별로 처리하여 비교한 결과, 수분장력이 식양토에서 -30kPa에 비해 -50kPa에서 37.5%, 사양토는 50.0% 저감되었으며, 식양토에 비해 사양토에서 21.2~36.9% (-30kPa~-50kPa) 저감되었다. 고추밭에서 온실가스배출에 관여하는 무기태질소, 토양수분함량, 토양온도 등의 요인들 중 온실가스배출에 어느 정도 영향을 주는가를 정량적으로 분석하기위하여, $CO_2$배출에 대한 기여도를 평가하였다. $CO_2$배출에 대한 각 요인들 간의 기여도는 토양온도 (식양토; 46.6, 사양토; 69.7%), 무기태질소 (39.3, 26.2%), 토양수분함량 (14.1, 4.1%) 순으로 나타나, $CO_2$배출에 관여하는 요인 중 가장 영향을 미치는 요인은 토양온도로 나타났다.

온실가스 배출 파라메타를 이용한 고추밭 토양의 N₂O 배출 예측

김건엽,송범헌,현병근,심교문,이정택,이종식,김원일,신중두,Kim, Gun-Yeob,Song, Beom-Heon,Hyun, Byung-Keun,Shim, Kyo-Moon,Lee, Jeong-Taek,Lee, Jong-Sik,Kim, Won-Il,Shin, Joung-Du 한국토양비료학회 2006 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.39 No.5

An empirical model of nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soil has been applied. It is based on the relationship between $N_2O$ and three soil parameters, soil mineral N(ammonium plus nitrate) content in the topsoil(0-15cm), soil water-field pore space, and soil temperature, determined in a study on clay loam and sandy loam at the pepper field in 2004. For comparisons between estimated and observed values of $N_2O$ emissions in the pepper field, it was investigated that $N_2O$ amount in the clay loam and sandy loam were overestimated as 12.2% and less estimated as 30%, respectively. However, $N_2O$ emissions were overestimated as 27.1% in the clay loam and 14.7% in the sandy loam from $N_2O$ gas samples collected once a week at the same time analyzing soil parameters. This modelling approach, based as it is well established and widely used soil measurements, has the potential to provide flux estimates from a much wider range of agricultural sites than would be possible by direct measurement of $N_2O$ emissions. 수원시에 위치한 농업과학기술원 시험포장인 고평통의 식양토와 본량통의 사양토에서 고추를 재배하였다. 식양토와 사양토의 2개 토성을 대상으로 토양 검정한 NPK 시비에 돈분퇴비 $25Mg\;ha^{-1}$를 각 각 시용하였다. 토양의 $N_2O$ 배출량 측정을 한 후 동시에 $N_2O$ 배출에 기여하는 토양수분, 무기태 질소, 지온 등을 측정하였고, 토양수분은 관수시점인 -50 kPa내의 범위로 한정하여 토양의 $N_2O$ 배출량을 실제 측정하였다. 온실가스 배출량을 예측하기 위해 영국의 경험 모델을 이용하여 $N_2O$ 배출의 예측값과 실측값을 비교 분석하였다. $N_2O$ 배출의 실측량과 무기태 질소($NO_3{^-}+NH_4{^+}$)의 관계에서 무기태 질소($NO_3{^-}-N+NH_4{^+}-N$)가 $10mg\;kg^{-1}$ 이하에서 $N_2O$ 배출량이 $1{\sim}10g\;N_2O-N\;ha^{-1}day^{-1}$로 나타나 $N_2O$ 배출에 대한 무기태질소 ($NO_3{^-}-N+NH_4{^+}-N$)의 한계선을 구분할 수 있었으며, 실측값인 토양온도와 WFPS(water filled pore space) 관계에서도 경험 모델의 배출 추정식인 (% WFPS)+{$2{\times}$토양온도($^{\circ}C$)}=90, (% WFPS)+{$2{\times}$토양온도($^{\circ}C$)}=105를 증명 하였다. $N_2O$ 배출의 실측량과 예측량을 1:1 대응한 결과, 식양토와 사양토 각 r=0.962, r=0.974로 나타났다. 고추밭의 $N_2O$ 배출량을 분석한 결과, 예측량과 작기 기간 전체 $N_2O$ 배출량의 비교에서 예측량은 식양토에서 12.2%가 낮게 평가 되었고, 사양토에서는 30%가 높게 평가 되었다. 그리고 토양 파라메타 분석 동시에 1주일에 1회 $N_2O$가스를 포집한 $N_2O$ 배출량에서는 식양토 27.1, 사양토 14.7%가 높게 평가 되었다. 향후 경험 모델의 정밀도를 높이기 위해서는 국내 작물재배환경에 맞는 파라메타의 수정이 필요하며 다양한 작물을 대상으로 연구가 있어야 할 것으로 생각한다.

콩과 고추재배지에서 양분 공급원별 N₂O 배출량 평가

김건엽,이선일,이종식,정현철,최은정,Kim, Gun-Yeob,Lee, Sun-Il,Lee, Jong-Sik,Jeong, Hyun-Cheol,Choi, Eun-Jung 한국환경생물학회 2018 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.36 No.4

작물 재배시에 질소비료와 유기물인 헤어리베치 그리고 LCU효과지연성 복합비료 등 질소공급원별로 토양에 시용하여 $N_2O$ 배출에 영향을 주는 요인들의 특성을 조사하였다. 그리고 그 요인들이 $N_2O$ 배출에 얼마나 영향을 주는지를 정량적으로 밝히고 온실가스 배출의 영향 인자들에 대해 온실가스 감축 효과를 종합적으로 평가하였다. $N_2O$ 배출에 영향을 미치는 요인은 토양온도, 토양수분과 무기태질소 등이다. 이 세 가지 요인 중 $N_2O$ 배출에 가장 크게 영향을 미치는 요인은 무기태질소(콩 65.5%, 51.2%)>토양수분함량(콩 19.2%, 고추 28.8%)>토양온도(콩 15.2%, 고추 22.0%) 순으로 나타났다. 수량과 비료이용효율은 LCU효과지연성 복합비료 처리에서 가장 높았다. $N_2O$ 배출량은 LCU효과지연성 복합비료와 NPK+헤어리베치 처리에서 차이를 보이지 않아 종합적인 결과는 수량과 비료이용효율 그리고 낮은 $N_2O$ 배출량을 보인 LCU효과지연성 복합비료 처리가 가장 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 앞으로 $N_2O$ 배출을 저감할 수 있는 토양 양분관리 기술 개발 연구가 확대되면 온실가스 배출저감 대책에 도움이 될 것으로 기대할 수 있다. Nitrogen fertilizers, hairy vetch, and slow-release complex fertilizers were applied to the soil during the cultivation of crops. The impact of these factors on $N_2O$ emission was quantitatively assessed and the GHGs reduction effect comprehensively evaluated. Among the three factors, the significant factors affecting $N_2O$ emission were mineral nitrogen>soil moisture>temperature. Yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency were highest in the slow-release complex fertilizer treatment. There was no significant difference in $N_2O$ emissions between the slow-release complex fertilizer treatments and the NPK+hairy vetch treatments. Comprehensive results showed that slow-release complex fertilizers treatment has high yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency but low $N_2O$ emission.

05 포스터 발표 : 대기 환경 분야(PA) ; 논에서 논물 얕게 대기 농법에 의한 온실가스 배출과 미생물 군집 효과

김건엽 ( Gun Yeob Kim ),원항연 ( Hang Yeon Weon ),이종식 ( Jong Sik Lee ),박우균 ( Woo Kyun Park ),정현철 ( Hyun Cheol Jeon ) 한국환경농학회 2014 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2014 No.-

The effects of water-saving irrigation on emissions of greenhouse gases and soil prokaryoticcommunities were investigated in an experimental rice field. The water layer was kept at 1.2 cm in the water-saving (WS) irrigation treatment and at 6 cm in the continuous flooding (CF) irrigation treatment. WS irrigation decreased CH4 emissions by 78 % and increased N2O emissions by 533 %, resulting in 78 % reduction of global warming potential compared to the CF irrigation. WS irrigation did not affect the abundance or phylogenetic distribution of bacterial/archaeal 16S rRNA genes and the abundance of bacterial/archaeal 16S rRNAs. The transcript abundance of CH4 emission-related genes generally followed CH4 emission patterns, but the difference in abundance between mcrA transcripts and amoA/pmoA transcripts best described the differences in CH4 emissions between the two irrigation practices.WS irrigation increased the relative abundance of 16S rRNAs and functional gene transcripts associated with Anaeromyxobacter and Methylocystis spp., suggesting that their activities might be important in emissions of the greenhouse gases. The N2O emission patterns were not reflected in the abundance of N2O emission-related genes and transcripts. We showed that the alternative irrigation practice was effective for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from rice fields and that it did not affect the overall size and structure of the soil prokaryotic community but did affect the activity of some groups.

고추재배에서 토성별 토양수분, 토양온도, 무기태질소 변화에 따른 CO<SUB>2</SUB> 배출량 평가

김건엽(Gun-Yeob Kim),송범헌(Beom-Heon Song),홍석영(Suk-Young Hong),고병구(Byong-Gu Ko),노기안(Kee-An Roh),심교문(Kyo-Moon Shim),장용선(Yong-Seon Zhang) 한국토양비료학회 2008 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.42 No.6

Several researchers have proposed models or equations to predict soil CO2 flux from more readily available biotic and abiotic measurement. Tree commonly used abiotic variables were N mineral and soil temperature and soil water content. This study was conducted to determine CO2 emission to mineral N, soil water content and soil temperature with clay loam and sandy loam in pepper cultivation in 2004~2005. CO2 flux in the upland with different levels of soil water potential was measured at least once in two weeks during the cropping period in the pepper cultivation plots. Soil water potential in the clay loam and sandy loam soils was established at -30kPa and -50kPa by measuring the soil gravimetric water content with two replications. CO2 emission rate from the differently managed plots was highly correlation coefficient to between the mineral N (R=0.830**, 0.876**) and soil temperature (r<SUP>2</SUP>=0.793**, 0.804**) in the clay loam and sandy loam, respectively. However, the relationships between CO2 emission and soil water content were non-significant. CO2 emissions at sandy loam soils was lower to 21~37% than at clay loam soils for both soil water conditions without differences in yield. At difference levels of soil water conditions, CO2 emission at - 50kPa decreased to 37.5% in comparison with that at -30kPa. From the path analysis as to contribution factors of GHGs, it appeared that contribution rate was in the order of soil temperature (54.9%), mineral N (32.7%), and soil moisture content (12.4%).

농경지에서 논 전환 밭작물 재배시 온실가스 배출량 평가

김건엽(Gun-Yeob Kim),최순군(Soon-Kun Choi),엽소진(So-Jin Yeob),이선일(Sun-Il Lee),이종식(Jong-Sik Lee),최은정(Eun-Jung Choi) 한국토양비료학회 2019 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2019 No.8

벼논에서 물관리와 양분관리에 따른 온실가스배출 감축 효과

김건엽(Gun-Yeob Kim),이선일(Sun-Il Lee),이종식(Jong-Sik Lee),최은정(Eun-Jung Choi) 한국토양비료학회 2019 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2019 No.8

농경지 토양에서 암모니아 배출에 미치는 요인들의 특성

김건엽(Gun-Yeob Kim),이연진(Yeon-Jin Lee),조은지(Eun-Ji Cho),이재인(Jae-In Lee),임은채(Eun-Chae Im),황한철(Hancheol Hwang),김상윤(Sang-Yoon Kim),홍성창(Sung-Chang Hong),김진호(Jin-Ho Kim),박성직(Seong-Jik Park) 대한환경공학회 2022 대한환경공학회지 Vol.44 No.11

목적 : 토양에서 암모니아 배출에 미치는 영향에 관한 문헌 고찰을 통하여 주요 요인들을 파악하고, 암모니아 배출감소를 위한 대책을 설립한다. 방법 : 농업, 암모니아, 미세먼지 등의 키워드를 활용하여 학술검색을 수행하였으며, 수집된 문헌에 대하여 토양의 특성이 암모니아 배출에 미치는 영향에 대해서 각 항목별로 정리하였다. 결과 및 토의 : 암모니아의 대기 중으로 배출은 잠재적으로 농업인의 경제적 수익을 감소시킬 뿐만 아니라 초미세먼지(PM2.5) 형성에 전구물질로 작용하여 대기 환경에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 국내 암모니아 주요 배출원 중에서 농업이 차지하는 비중은 78% 정도로 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 토양에서 암모니아 배출은 암모니아 비료의 종류, 토양수분, pH, 온도, 양이온교환용량, 유기물, 토성에 영향을 받는다. 토양수분의 증가는 암모니아 배출량을 증가시킨다. 토양 pH가 증가함에 따라서 암모니아 배출량이 증가하는데 특히 7.5 이상에서 크게 증가한다. 토양 온도의 증가는 요소의 가수분해 속도와 암모니아 가스로 전환하는 속도를 증가시켜 암모니아 배출이 증가한다. 양이온교환용량이 큰 토양은 암모늄을 흡착시켜서 암모니아 배출을 감소시킨다. 점토 함량과 토양 유기물 함량이 높은 토양은 토양 pH 변화에 완충성이 커서 암모니아 배출을 감소시킨다. 결론 : 토양에서 암모니아 배출에 대한 기작 및 원인에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 최적의 토양 관리 및 환경 관리를 통해서 대기 중으로의 암모니아 배출을 저감 할 수 있다. Objectives : Major factors affecting ammonia emission from the soil and strategies to reduce ammonia emission were investigated through literature surveys. Methods : An academic search was conducted using keywords such as agriculture, ammonia, and fine dust, and the effects of soil characteristics on ammonia emission were summarized for each factor. Results and Discussion : Emissions of ammonia into the atmosphere can reduce economic returns for a farmer and negatively impact the atmospheric environment by acting as a precursor to PM2.5 formations. It is reported that agriculture accounts for 78% of the total ammonia emission sources in Korea. Ammonia emission from the soil is affected by the type of ammonia fertilizer, soil moisture, pH, temperature, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, and soil texture. An increase in soil moisture increases ammonia emissions. As soil pH increases, ammonia emissions increase, noticeably above 7.5. An increase in soil temperature increases the rate of hydrolysis of urea and the rate of conversion to ammonia gas, resulting in increased ammonia emissions. Soils with high cation exchange capacity adsorb ammonium to reduce ammonia emissions. Soils with a high clay content and soil organic matter content are more buffered to changes in soil pH, reducing ammonia emissions. Conclusion : Based on understanding the mechanisms and causes of ammonia emission from the soil, it is possible to establish soil and environmental management to reduce ammonia emissions into the atmosphere.

보리-고추와 보리-콩 작부체계에서 이산화탄소수지 평가

김건엽(Gun-Yeob Kim),서상욱(Sang-Uk Suh),고병구(Byung-Gu Ko),정현철(Hyun-Cheol Jeong),노기안(Kee-An Roh),심교문(Kyo-Moon Shim) 한국토양비료학회 2008 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.42 No.6

Importance of climate change and its impact on agriculture and environment has increased with the rise Green House Gases (GHGs) concentration in the atmosphere. To slow down the speed of climate change many efforts have been applied in industrial sectors to reduce GHGs emission and to enhance carbon storage. In agricultural sector, many researches have been performed on GHGs emission reduction, but few on the role of carbon sink. In this study, we investigated carbon balance and soil carbon storage in agricultural field in the barley-red pepper and barley-soybean cropping system. With the system for automatic measuring of carbon dioxide, net ecosystem production(NEP) was estimated to be 6.3 ton CO2 ha<SUP>-1</SUP> for N-P-K chemical fertilizer treatment plot and 10.6 ton CO2 ha<SUP>-1</SUP> for N-P-K chemical fertilizer with swine manure treatment plot in the barley-soybean rotation cropping. In the barley-red pepper rotation cropping, it was 12.0 ton CO2 ha<SUP>-1</SUP> for N-P-K chemical fertilizer treatment plot and 13.2 ton CO2 ha<SUP>-1</SUP> for NP-K chemical fertilizer with swine manure treatment plot. Soil carbon storage rate was estimated to be 0.7 ton C ha<SUP>-1</SUP> for the barley-soybean cropping system and 0.5 ton C ha<SUP>-1</SUP> for barley-pepper cropping system. In appeared that agricultural lands may contribute to the greenhouse effect as a potential carbon sink preserving carbon into soil.

고추재배에서 토성별 토양수분, 토양온도, 무기태 질소 변화에 따른 온실가스배출 평가

김건엽(Gun-Yeob Kim),송범헌(Beom-Heon Song),노기안(Kee-An Roh),홍석영(Suk-Young Hong),고병구(Byung-Gu Ko),심교문(Kyo-Moon Shim),소규호(Kyu-ho So) 한국토양비료학회 2008 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.42 No.6

Importance of climate change and its impact on agriculture and environment has increased with a rise of greenhouse gases (GHGs) concentration in Earth"s atmosphere, which had caused an increase of temperature in Earth. Greenhouse gas emissions such as methane(CH4) and nitrous oxide(N2O) in the field need to be assessed. GHGs fluxes using chamber systems in the fields(2004~2005) with pepper cultivation were monitored at the experimental plots of National Academy of Agricultural Science(NAAS), Rural Development Administration(RDA) located in Suwon city. N2O emission during pepper growing period was reduced to 74.0~82.1% in sandy loam soil compared with those in clay loam soil. Evaluating N2O emission at different levels of soil water conditions, N2O emission at -50 kPa were lowered to 13.2% in clay loam soil and 40.2% in sandy loam soil compared with those at -30 kPa. CH4 emission was reduced to 45.7~61.6% in sandy loam soil compared with those in clay loam soil. Evaluating CH4 at different levels of soil water conditions, CH4 emission at -50 kPa was lowered to 69.6% in clay loam soil and 55.8% in sandy loam soil compared with those at -30 kPa. It implied that -50 kPa of soil water potential was effective for saving water and reducing GHG emissions. From the path analysis as to contribution factors for N2O emission, it appeared that contribution rate was in the order of mineral N(51.2%), soil temperature (25.8%), and soil moisture content(23.0%) in clay loam soil and soil moisture content(39.3%), soil temperature (36.4%), and mineral N(24.3%) in sandy loam soil.