Fusarium solani 포자에 의한 인삼 phytoalexin 의 생합성 및 유도에 관한 연구

이종화,박화진,채쾌 ( Chong Hwa Lee,Hwa Jin Park,Quae Chae ) 생화학분자생물학회 1990 BMB Reports Vol.23 No.1

In order to find out the elicitation of the phytoalexin in ginseng root tissues, the spore of Fusarium solani was used as an elicitor. The macroscopic symptoms on the sliced root tissues and the measurement of the elicitor activity suggested us that the spore of Fusarium solani elicited the phytoalexin, which was not identified yet, from the ginseng root. The UV spectral data of water and methanol extracts after treatment with the fungal spore were compared with the ones reported in other plants, and it seemed that the phytoalexin formed in ginseng root might be the phenolic compounds. It was observed that phytoalexin started to accumulate from 15 h after infection of elicitors.

고려인삼(高麗人蔘)의 부위간(部位間) 화학성분(化學成分) 분포(分布) 및 상호관계(相互關係)

이종화,박훈,이정명,Lee, Chong-Hwa,Park, Hoon,Lee, Jung-Myung 한국응용생명화학회 1980 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.23 No.1

고려인삼(高麗人蔘)의 일반유기성분(一般有機成分) 및 saponin의 부위간(部位間) 분포(分布) 및 이들간(間)의 단순(單純) 상관(相關)에 대(對)하여 검토(檢討)하였다. 지하부(地下部)에서는 섬유(纖維), 회분(灰分), 지방(脂肪) 상호간고도(相互間高度)의 유의(有意) 정(正) 상관(相關)을 보이며 지상부(地上部)에서는 조지방(粗脂防)과 조단백질(組蛋白質)이 고도(高度) 유의(有意) 정(正) 상관(相關)을 보였으며 이들과 섬유(纖維)는 고도(高度)의 부상관(負相關)을 보였다. 전체(全體)에서 섬유(纖維)와 회분(灰分), 조지방(粗脂防)과 질소(窒素), Mn과 Cu, 회분(灰分)과 Ca, 회분(灰分)과 B는 정(正) 상관(相關)이고. 섬유(纖維) 와 단백질(蛋白質)과는 부(負) 상관(相關)이었다. 지하부(地下部)에서 회분(灰分) 지방(脂肪), 섬유(纖維)는 모든 무기양분(無機養分)과 고도(高度)의 정(正) 상관(相關)을 보이나 지상부(地上部)에서는 관계(關係)가 적고 관계(關係)가 있는 것도 부(負) 상관(相關)이 많다. 근부(根部)에서는 회분(灰分)과 Mg, K, Cu가, 지방(脂肪)과 B가, 섬유(纖維)와 Cu, K, Mg가 지상부(地上部)에서는 지방(脂肪)과 Mn이 특(特)히 상관(相關)이 높았다. 지상(地上), 지하(地下) 및 전체(全體)에서 유의상관(有意相關)을 보인 것은 회분(灰分)과 B, 지방(脂肪)과 Mn이었다. 지하부(地下部)에서 saponin은 N, P, Mg를 제외(除外)한모든 양분(養分) 및 섬유(纖維), 회분(灰分), 지방(脂肪)과 고도(高度) 정(正) 상관(相關)이 있으며 지상부(地上部)에서 K 및 섬유(纖維)와는 유의(有意) 부(負) 관계(關係), N, Mn, Cu, 지방(脂肪)과는 정상관(正相關)을 보였다. 지상(地上), 지하(地下) 전체(全體)에서 saponin과 유의(有意) 정(正) 상관(相關)을 보이는 것은 지방(脂肪), Mn, Cu이다. Crude fiber, ash and crude fat in various parts of root had highly significant correlation each other. In shoot, crude fiber showed highly significant negative correlation with crude fat or crude protein which were in highly significant positive correlation each other. In whole plant, crude fiber and ash, crude fat and crude protein, Mn and Cu, ash and Ca, and ash and B showed positive correlation respectively and negative between crude protein and crude fiber. Ash, crude fat and curde fiber showed highly significant positive correlation with all mineral nutrients in root while in shoot pairs haying significant correlation were less and most of these were in negative correlation. Ash with Mg, K or Cu, crude fat with B, crude fiber with Cu, K, Mg in root and crude fat with Mn in shoot were specially high significant pairs. Ash with B and crude fat with Mn were significant in root, shoot and whole plant. Saponin contents in root showed highly significant positive correlation with crude fiber, crude fat, ash and with all other mineral nutrients except N, P, Mg while, in shoot, it showed, negative correlation with K and crude fiber, ana positive with N, Mn, Cu, and crude fat. Saponin showed positive correlation with crude fat, Mn, Cu, in root, shoot and whole plant.

귀리 원형질체의 칼슘이온 변화에 미치는 Chitosan 의 영향

이종화,채쾌 ( Chong Hwa Lee,Quae Chae ) 생화학분자생물학회 1992 BMB Reports Vol.25 No.5

Concentration changes of the cytoplasmic free Ca^(2+) in oat cell were investigated after interaction between chitosan and cell. Calcium ion specific fluorescence probe (Quin-2 AM) was loaded into the cells and the concentration of cytoplasmic free Ca^(2+) was determined from the fluorescence intensity of Ca^(2+)-Quin 2 complex. In the resting state, [Ca^(2+)]_i of oat cells (1×10^6 ml) was determined to be 40 nM. At low concentration of chitosan ($lt;6 ㎎/㎖), [Ca^(2+)]_i was decreased, but it began to increase at high concentration of chitosan decreased, but it began to increase at high concentration of chitosan (11.0∼26 ㎎/㎖) even in the presence of excess EGTA in the medium. However, Ca^(2+)-transport by the chitosan was completely inhibited by addition of Ca^(2+) channel blocker (120μM verapamil) and then Ca^(2+) influx was recovered by addition of Ca^(2+) ionophore (10 μM A 23187). In the presence of 1 mM Ca^(2+) in the medium, the mode of Ca^(2+) transport caused by the interaction between chitosan and cell was appeared as three different phases by variation of incubation time; 1) rapid increase of [Ca^(2+)]_i (=T₁; 2 sec), 2) decrease of [Ca^(2+)]_i (= T₂ phase; 2∼20 sec). Optimal concentration of chitosan for the initiation of its response was about 6 ㎎/㎖.

위기협상 활성화 방안

이종화 ( Chong Hwa Lee ) 한국경찰법학회 2009 경찰법연구 Vol.7 No.2

The crisis negotiation has been created by New York Police Department, and then developed by FBI through HOBAS Data Base (Hostage Barricade System) since 1971. Through the containing and negotiating with the hostage taker in a hostage situation, NYPD emphasized the importance of slowing down an incident an incident so time can work for the negotiator. Crisis negotiation skill was introduced in Korea by FBI, but due to lack of awareness and regulation, it is not implemented successfully. Historically the hostage negotiation team has been managed under the counterterrorism department of Korean National Police Agency, but the demand on negotiation has increased for the high risk suicide, the domestic violence, and the mentally ill person, which is assigned to the Investigation Department. The hostage negotiation training course is composed entirely of the lecture. For successful implementation of crisis negotiation, the regulation should be established for the negotiator. And the crisis negotiation team is moved to the Investigation Department. The basic concept on crisis negotiation has to provide for the police initial training. The role playing should be included into the crisis negotiation training course. Also government network including Police, Coast Guard, Fire Department, Correction Office, and the Military concerning the crisis negotiation is necessary for further development.

사례분석을 통한 위기협상 현장대응의 효과성 증대방안에 관한 연구

이종화(Lee Chong Hwa) 경찰대학 경찰학연구편집위원회 2016 경찰학연구 Vol.16 No.2

2010년 8월 23일 필리핀의 수도 마닐라 라이잘 공원에서 전직 경찰관이 M16자동소총으로 홍콩관광객이 탑승한 버스에서 10시간에 걸친 인질극을 벌여 8명의 인질이 사망하였다. 인질범은 충분히 협상에 협조적인 태도를 보이고, 선의로 인질들을 석방하고, 인질에 대하여 폭력을 행사하지 않는 등의 긍정적인 자세로 협상으로 종료될 수 있는 긍정적으로 해석할 수 있는 요소를 보였다. 하지만 위기협상에 대응하는 필리핀 정부는 인질상황에 대한 준비 부족으로, 협상 측면에서 인질범의 요구에 대하여 민감하게 대응하지 못하고, 제3중재인을 협상에 직접 참여시켰으며, 구출작전도 훈련과 장비가 부족한 경찰특공대가 작전을 개시하고, 중요한 순간에 지휘관이 현장을 이탈하고, 특히 언론통제의 실패로 인질범의 감정을 자극하여 인질을 살해하게 만들어 대표적인 위기협상의 실패사례라고 할 수 있다. 이러한 실패는 정부전체에 대한 부정적인 여론 형성뿐만 아니라 전체 국가의 위상추락이라는 심각한 결과를 발생하게 하였다. 무장인질사건의 사례연구는 국내의 위기협상발전에 좋은 자료로 활용될 수 있다. The Rizal Park Hostage-Taking incident occurred when a disgruntled former Philippine National Police Officer named Rolando Mendoza hijacked a tourist bus in Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines on August 23, 2010. Negotiations broke down dramatically about ten hours into the stand-off, when the police arrested Mendoza’s brother and thus incited Mendoza to open fire. Following a 90 minute gun battle, Mendoza and eight of the hostages were killed and several others injured. The Philippine government conducted investigations into the incident. The inquiry concluded that the Philippine official’s poor handling of the crisis situation caused the eight hostage’s deaths. The assault mounted by the Manila Police Department, and the resulting shootout, have been widely criticized by pundits as “bungled” and “incompetent”, and the Hong Kong Government has issued a black travel alert for the Philippines as a result of the affair.

국제마약사범에 대한 특수수사방법 연구

이경렬(Lee Kyung?Lyul),이종화(Lee Chong?Hwa) 한국형사법무정책연구원 2004 형사정책연구원 연구총서 Vol.- No.-

배양액(培養液)의 수분장력(水分張力)이 인삼(人蔘)의 수분흡수(水分吸收) 증산(蒸散) 및 광합성(光合成)에 미치는 영향(影響)

목성균,박훈,이종화,손석용,Mok, Sung-Kyun,Park, Hoon,Lee, Chong-Hwa,Son, Suk-Yeong 한국토양비료학회 1981 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.13 No.4

2년근삼(年根蔘)을 공시(供試)해서 수경조건(水耕條件)으로 Polyethylene glycol 6000을 사용(使用)하여 수분장력간(水分張力間)에 수분흡수(水分吸收) 증산(蒸散) 및 광합성량(光合成量)을 조사(調査)하여 얻은 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 수경액(水耕液)의 장력(張力)이 -0.5bar에서도 2시간이내(時間以內)에 20%의 광합성(光合成) 감소(減少)를 보였으며 무처리구에서도 13시간(時間)동안에 식물체의 수분(水分)은 최초수분(最初水分) 함량(含量)의 3.26% 감소(減少)되었으나 광합성량(光合成量)에는 차이(差異)가 없었다. 2. 2년근삼(年根蔘)에서 용액(溶液)의 수분장력(水分張力)(${\psi}$)과 수분(水分) 흡수량(吸收量)(W)과는 ${\psi}=\frac{-2.890}{e^{2.790W}}$의 관계를 보였으며 인삼근권토양의 영구위조점계수가 -2.890bar보마 클것으로 추정되었다. 3. 수경액(水耕液)의 수분장력(水分張力)이 감소(減少)함에 따라 증산량(蒸散量)이 현저히 감소(減少)되어 4시간후(時間後)에 -0.5bar에서도 대조구(0 bar)에 비(比)해 23.9%나 감소(減少)되었다. 4. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果) 인삼(人蔘)은 타작물(他作物)에 비(比)해 근(根)의 위조수분장력(萎凋水分張力)이 현저히 높아 수분부족(水分不足)에 대한 영향(影響)이 크며 특(特)히 한발(旱魃)이 심할때나 토양중(土壤中) 염류농도가 높을때 그 피해는 더욱 클것으로 생각된다. Effect of water potential of culture solution on photosynthesis, transpiration and water uptake was investigated using polyethylene glycol 6000. 1. Even at -0.5 bar of culture solution phothosynthesis was decreased by 20% within 1 hour. Plant in control showed 3.26% loss of initial water for 13 hours suggesting very sensitive in water uptake. 2. Relation between water potential of culture solution (${\psi}$) and water uptake amount (W) 2-year root was ${\psi}=-2.890/e^{2.796W}$ indicating that permanent wilting point will be greater than -2.89 bar. 3. Transpiration considerably decreased with the decrease of water potential and thus by 23.9% at -0.5 bar after 4 hours. 4. From the above results ginseng plant appears to have high root water potential at permanent wilting point and thus very week to water stress due to drought or high salt content in soils.

재배 인삼에서 V. A. Mycorrhiza의 동정

박훈,이명구,이종화,이경준,Park, Hoon,Lee, Myong-Gu,Lee, Chong-Hwa,Lee, Kyung-Joon 한국토양비료학회 1990 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.23 No.1

고려인삼 6년근 세근내부에서 Vesicle과 격막이 없는 균사가 발견되고 근부착 토양중에서 갈색 후막포자가 발견되어 VA mycorrhizae의 하나인 Glornus sp로 동정되었다. A search for presence of Versicular-Arbuscular endomycorrhiza was attempted using 6-year-old Panax ginseng roots. Hyphae without septum, and vesicles were observed in the cortex of fine roots of Panax ginseng. Brown chlamydospores with thick wall were found in the soil of root zone and it is classified as Glomus sp.

Saponin pattern of Panax ginseng root in relation to stem color

박훈,박귀희,이종화,Park, Hoon,Parklee, Qwi-Hee,Lee, Chong-Hwa 한국응용생명화학회 1980 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.23 No.4

고려인삼근(자경종)(高麗人蔘根(紫莖種))의 중심부(형성층내부)(中心部(形成層內部))와 외피십피층(外皮十皮層)에 있는 ginsenoside를 고속액 체크로마토그라피로 분석(分析)하고 경(莖)의 자색정도(紫色程度)와의 관계(關係)를 검토(檢討)하였다. Ginsenoside의 단순상관(單純相關)에 의(依)한 saponin 양상(樣相)의 유사도(類似度)를 경색도군간(莖色度群間) 같은 뿌리 또는 다른 뿌리간(間)에 두부위(部位)에서 비교(比較)한 결과(結果) 경색도(莖色度)는 saponin 양상(樣相)과 관련(關聯)되지 않는 것으로 보였다. Saponin 양상(樣相)은 부위(部位)의 출처(出處)에 관계(關係)없이 서도 다른 부위간(部位間)에 약간 달랐다. 각(各) ginsenoside 함량순위(含量順位)는 표피십피층(表皮十皮層)에서 $Rg_1>Re>Rb_1>Rb_2>Rc>Rg_2{\geq}Rd>Rf$이고 중심부(中心部)에서는 $Rg_1>Re{\geq}Rg_2{\geq}Rb_1{\gg}Rb_2>Rc{\geq}Rd>Rf$였다. Ginsenosides in two parts (central fart and epidermis-cortex) of main body of Korea ginseng root (purple stem variety) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography in relation to purple color intensity on stem. Pattern similarity of saponin by simple correlation of ginsenosides between the same or different parts of root in the same or different group showed that stem color was not associated with saponin pattern in two parts. Saponin pattern was slightly different between different parts regardless of stem color. The order of each ginsenoside content was $Rg_1>Re>Rb_1>Rb_2>Rc>Rg_2{\geq}Rd>Rf$ in epidermis-cortex while $Rg_1>Re{\geq}Rg_2{\geq}Rb_1{\gg}Rb_2>Rc{\geq}Rd>Rf$ in central part.

Biosynthesis of Saponins in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer 1. Probable siteg of the Biosynthesis of ginseng saponin from acetate

주충노,곽한식,이휘봉,이종화,Joo, Chung-No,Kwak, Hahn-Sik,Lee, Hui-Bong,Lee, Chong Hwa 고려인삼학회 1983 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.7 No.2

1. To know the site of saponin synthesis in this plant, 4-years old Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer was administered with 1, 2-l4C-acetate (Na salt, 10 ucilplant) by stem injection and was continued to grow for 3 weeks and the distribution of the radioactivity in leaf, stem and root part was identified. The percentage of radioactivity recovered was about 3.99%. 2. The sliced roots or leaf discs (2g) were bathed in the reaction mixture containing sugar, ATP, NADPH, and the distribution of the radioactivity of the fractions (sugar, saponin, sapogenin) was identified. 3. It seemed that major synthesized saponins in roots and leaves are dial and triol-type, respectively. Although both types of saponins are synthesized in roots, the main saponins seemed to be dial saponins and a significant portion of triol saponins are supplied from leaves through stem.