Lift Force Variation of Flapping Wing

홍영선,Hong, Young-Sun The Korea Institute of Military Science and Techno 2007 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.10 No.1

Using the more common conventional chordwise aerodynamic approach, flapping a flat plate wing with zero degree chordwise pitch angle of attack and no relative wind should not produce lift. However, in hover, with no forward relative velocity and zero degree chordwise pitch angle of attack, flapping flat plate wings does in fact produce lift. In the experiments peformed for this paper, the flapping motion is considered pure(downstroke and upstroke) with no flapping stroke plane inclination angle. No changes in chordwise pitch angle are made. The total force is measured using a force transducer and the net aerodynamic force is determined from this measured total force by subtracting the experimentally determined inertial contribution. These experiments were repeated at various flapping frequencies and for various wing planform sizes for flat plate wings. The trends in the aerodynamic lift variation found using a force transducer have nearly identical shape for various flapping frequencies and wing planform sizes.

How Birds and Insects Fly

홍영선,Hong, Young-Sun The Korea Institute of Military Science and Techno 2007 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.10 No.1

Using steady state aerodynamic theories, it has been claimed that insects and birds cannot fly. To make matters worse, insects and birds fly at low Reynolds numbers. Therefore, a recurring theme in the literature is the importance of understanding unsteady aerodynamic effect and how the vortices behave when they separate from the moving surface that created them. In flapping flight, birds and insects can modify wing beat amplitude, stroke angle, wing planform area, angle of attack, and to a lesser extent flapping frequency to optimize the generation of lift force. Some birds are thought to employ two different gaits(a vortex ring gait and a continuous vortex gait) and unsteady aerodynamic effect(Clap and fling, Delayed stall, Wake capture and Rotational Circulation) in flapping flight. Leading edge vortices may produce an increase in lift. The trailing edge vortex could be an important component in gliding flight. Tip vortices in hovering support the body weight of the hummingbirds. Thus, this study investigated how insects and birds generate lift at low Reynolds numbers. This research is written to further that as yet incomplete understanding.

우리나라 專門職保健要員의 需給에 關한 硏究

洪英善(Young Sun Hong) 서울대학교 보건환경연구소 1970 보건학논집 Vol.7 No.1

독일사 속의 근대성과 복지, 1870-1945

홍영선(HONG YOUNG SUN) 한국독일사학회 2013 독일연구 Vol.- No.25

복지와 근대성은 근대 독일사 서술에서 중심 개념으로 자리 잡아왔다. 그러나 복지와 계몽주의에 대한 우리의 이해를 오랫동안 규정해온 근대성과 자유주의와 해방 사이의 규범적 연결이 근대 독일사의 이해를 가장 진척시켰던 저술들에 의해 의문시됨으로써 이 발전은 중요한 이론적 결과들을 야기하고 있다. 복지에 대한 최근의 연구들은 독일 제국의 근대성을 강조하면서, 동시에 진보적인 사회 개혁이 빌헬름 시기로부터 나치의 사회 및 인종정책에 이르는 중요한 연속성이 되었던, 자유를 제한하는 억압적 차원도 가지고 있다고 제시한다. 그뿐 아니라 나치 독일을 ‘인종 국가’로 보는 최근의 해석은 인종적으로 가치 있는 주민들을 향상시키기 위한 진보적 사회 프로그램들과 인종적으로 열등한 자들을 주변화하기 위한 부정적 프로그램들이 일관적이며, 근대적이며, 그러나 명확히 자유를 제한하는 복지 개념의 두 측면을 대표한다는 것을 강조해왔다. 이 논문은 복지와 사회 개혁에 대한 급증하는 문헌들이 복지와 근대성 사이의 모호한 관계를 어떻게 다루어 왔는지 살펴보며, 나치 독일을 ‘복지’ 국가로 성격 규정하는 데 내포된 이론적 도덕적 문제들에 초점을 맞춘다. For decades now, our understanding of the novelty and significance of the German welfare state has been intimately linked to our understanding of the modernity of German society, or the lack thereof. Originally, the Bismarckian social insurance system was linked positively to the paternalist aspirations of the authoritarian national state and its proud rejection of the norms of west European modernity.1) For the leading figures of what came to be known as the Bielefeld school, however, the precocious establishment of the Bismarckian social insurance system represented a strategy designed to guide Germany permanently away from the normal path to modernity by short-circuiting the pressures for democratization. In this schema, social insurance was the carrot that was intended to soften the harshness of the repressive stick provided by the Anti-Socialist Law(1878-90) and the denial of democratic rights, wean the nascent working classes away from the party of revolution, and reconcile them with an authoritarian but paternalistic state. This Bismarck-centred perspective on the authoritarian, reactionary or defensive modernity of the German welfare state has been substantially complicated by recent research.2) But the real issue lies elsewhere, because the most important recent studies of the German welfare system have not so much attacked this interpretation of the Bismarckian welfare state as found it to be not relevant to their critical concerns. If the question was originally framed in terms of modernization theory, since the 1990s the relationship between welfare and modernity has been dominated by the concept of social discipline and by the claim that Nazi welfare and social policies were determined more by modern sciences such as eugenics and regional planning than by an archaizing rejection of modernity. This shift is the result of the confluence of two historiographical trends. First, the dispute over Germany’s ‘special path’ (Sonderweg) to modernity has given rise to a new wave of research which has clearly established the modernity of German society and economy during the Kaiserreich and the Weimar Republic. This literature has argued that Progressive social policies were inherently contradictory because their strategies for emancipating the lower classes and improving their way of life often relied on illiberal, coercive means. In turn, this insight gave rise to the claim that, even though the Progressives were often the most important proponents of modernization in Wilhelmine and Weimar Germany, there are important continuities between the authoritarian, technocratic tendencies some actual and some merely latent of Progressivism and the social and racial policies of the Nazis. These two lines of argument come together in the notion that the apparently progressive eugenic measures to promote the health, welfare and procreation of the population and the Nazi efforts to marginalize and ultimately exterminate the racially undesirable groups must be seen as two sides of the same coin. They are, at bottom, simply different manifestations of the fundamental, underlying contradictions of German modernity.3) Second, over the past decades historians have increasingly characterized the Nazi regime as a racial state whose goal was to recast bourgeois society on the basis of its racial world-view.4) This new approach has also given us a clearer perspective on the modernity of Nazi social and welfare policies by showing how Nazi policies of discrimination, exclusion and annihilation can in part be traced back to the same social scientific discourses and administrative practices that were the origin of the German welfare state. However, this insight has been gained only at the cost of deepening our concern over the potential conflict between modernity and emancipation. In the literature on the German welfare system from the Kaiserreich to the Third Reich, the heart of the issue is that the normative connection between

고용형태에 따른 경기지역 학교 영양교육 실태 및 직접 영양교육 활성화 방안

홍영선(Young Sun Hong),이정희(Joung Hee Lee) 대한지역사회영양학회 2013 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.18 No.3

The aim of this study was to investigate how implementation of direct nutrition education differs between nutrition teachers and dietitians in Gyeonggi Area. In this study, we collected data from 107 nutrition teachers and 129 dietitians in 2012. Among those who have answered they implemented direct nutrition education for the last one year, 36% were nutrition teachers and 10% were dietitians (p < 0.05). Among subjects who implemented direct education, a significantly greater percentage of nutrition teachers used a class as an education time to conduct creative hands-on-activity compare to dietitians (p < 0.05). However, for most dietitians, school meal time was more commonly used for direct nutrition education. When asked to make a suggestion regarding improvement for school nutrition education, the highest rate of people chose simplification of school administrative work (4.68 points) was needed. Developing nutrition education (4.55 points) showed the next highest rate. The rest of the answers were the following order; regular training of teaching methods (4.50 points), increasing awareness of school teachers (4.50 points), improving school facilities and financial support (4.47 points), preparing teaching plan (4.46 points), providing incentive for direct education (4.26 points), organizing regular class for nutrition education (4.17 points), and placing nutrition teachers (4.16 points). This study provides useful information including manageable workload of nutrition teachers and dietitians, capacity building and supportive school environment to be delivered with respect to nutrition education system in South Korea. (Korean J Community Nutr 18(3) : 233~242, 2013)

도시지역사회 성인에서 20세 이후의 체중변화와 당뇨병 발생간의 상관관계

홍영선(Young Sun Hong),성연아(Yeon Ah Sung),경난호(Nan Ho Kyung),최은영(Eun Young Choi) 대한내과학회 1999 대한내과학회지 Vol.56 No.4

N/A Objective : The role of obesity in the pathogenesis of NIDDM has long been recognized. However, the relation between weight change and risk for diabetes has been less well defined and earlier studies have shown inconsistent results. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the relationship between weight change after 20 years of age and the risk of NIDDM in the Korean urban population. Methods : From April 1997 to February 1998, we examined 642 subjects among a total of 776 persons aged over 30 years living in Mokdong apartment area selected using a random cluster sampling method for the survey of the prevalence of diabetes in urban area. After 75g oral glucose tolerance test, they were diagnosed with normal glucose tolerance or diabetes by WHO criteria. We excluded the subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. We obtained the data about weight change since 20 years of age and measured the current weight, height and waist-hip ratio. Results : 1) Among 642 subjects, 46 were diabetic and the prevalence of diabetes was significantly increased with the increase of BMI in both men and women but with the increase of waist-hip ratio only in women. 2) The weight gain between 25 and 30 years of age was significantly greater in the subjects aged 30-39 than the older age groups. 3) In both men and women, weight gain of greater than 10 kg after 30 years of age increased the risk of diabetes. In women, weight gain greater than 20 kg between 20 years of age and the time of maximal obesity also increased the risk of diabetes. However, the significant risk factors for diabetes were age in men, whereas age and waist-hip ratio in women by multiple logistic regression analysis. 4) In women, weight gain less than 10kg after 30 years of age decreased the risk of diabetes, independent of age, BMI and family history of diabetes. Conclusion : Moderate weight gain after 30 years of age in women reduced the risk of diabetes. Extreme weight gain after 30 years of age in both men and women is related with high prevalence of diabetes. And in women, weight gain associated with pregnancy and otherwise after 20 years of age increased the risk of diabetes. However, the significance was disappeared after adjustment for age, BMI and family history of diabetes. The prospective study about the relationship between weight changes and the risk of diabetes would be needed.

Thioacetamide 에 의한 백서간손상에 자호소간산이 미치는 영향

홍영선(Young Sun Hong),신민규(Min Gue Shin) 대구한의대학교 제한동의학술원 1984 東西醫學 Vol.9 No.2

N/A N/A

전투기 개발동향 분석을 통한 한국공군 전투기 성능 향상방안 연구 - F-15K 및 FA-50을 중심으로 -

홍영선 ( Hong Young Sun ) 공군사관학교 2018 空士論文集 Vol.69 No.1

한국 공군에서 운용 중인 4세대급 전투기(KF-16, F-15K, FA-50)는 성능개량 진행 중 (KF-16)이거나, 추후 성능개량을 장기 소요로 소요제기 할 가능성이 있다. 따라서 항공 선진국 및 주요 개발국에서 운용 중이거나 개발 중인 4.5~6세대급 전투기의 개발 동향 및 주요장비와 기술 등의 분석을 통해 한국 공군이 운용하고 있는 전투기의 성능 향상을 위해 4세대급 전투기 (FA-50/F-15K)의 제한사항 등을 식별하고 Low/High급 전투기로서의 효율적인 역할 수행을 위해 성능개량 등 발전방안과 성능개량이 가능한 소요를 식별하여 제시한다. It is expected that the Republic of Korea Air Force is either currently undergoing performance upgrades on 4th generation fighters(KF-16) or will request for performance upgrades as a long-term requirement in the future(F-15K, FA-50). In this accord, this research will conduct analysis on 4.5~6th generation fighters currently in operation or under development in developed and major developing countries with advanced air capacity in order to enhance capability by identifying limitations on 4th generation fighters (FA-50/F-15K) of the ROKAF. Also, this research will provide a development plan and identify factors for performance upgrades of Low/High fighters to play an efficient role.

초등학교 저학년 어린이에서의 대사위험요인 군집의 분포와 관련 위험요인

공경애,박보현,민정원,홍주희,홍영선,이보은,장남수,이선화,하은희,박혜숙,Kong, Kyoung-Ae,Park, Bo-Hyun,Min, Jung-Won,Hong, Ju-Hee,Hong, Young-Sun,Lee, Bo-Eun,Chang, Nam-Soo,Lee, Sun-Hwa,Ha, Eun-Hee,Park, Hye-Sook 대한예방의학회 2006 예방의학회지 Vol.39 No.3

Objectives: We wanted to determine the distribution of the clustering of the metabolic risk factors and we wanted to evaluate the related factors in young schoolchildren. Methods: A cross-sectional study of metabolic syndrome was conducted in an elementary school in Seoul, Korea. We evaluated fasting glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, blood pressures and the body mass index, and we used parent-reported questionnaires to assess the potential risk factors in 261 children (136 boys, 125 girls). We defined the metabolic risk factors as obesity or at risk for obesity ($\geqq$ 85th percentile for age and gender), a systolic or diastolic blood pressure at $\geqq90th$ percentile for age and gender, fasting glucose at $\geqq110mg/dl$, triglyceride at $\geqq110mg/dl$ and HDL cholesterol at $\leqq40mg/dl$. Results: There were 15.7% of the subjects who showed clustering of two or more metabolic risk factors, 2.3% of the subjects who showed clustering for three or more risk factors, and 0.8% of the subjects who showed clustering for four or more risk factors. A multivariate analysis revealed that a father smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day, a mother with a body mass index of = $25kg/m^2$, and the child eating precooked or frozen food more than once per day were associated with clustering of two or more components, with the odds ratios of 3.61 (95% CI=1.24-10.48), 5.50 (95% CI=1.39-21.73) and 8.04 (95% CI=1.67-38.81), respectively. Conclusions: This study shows that clustering of the metabolic risk factors is present in young schoolchildren in Korea, with the clustering being associated with parental smoking and obesity as well as the child's eating behavior. These results suggest that evaluation of metabolic risk factors and intervention for lifestyle factors may be needed in both young Korean children and their parents.

품위 있는 죽음과 호스피스.완화의료에 대한 일반 국민들의 태도

윤영호,이영선,남소영,채유미,허대석,이소우,홍영선,김시영,이경식,Yun, Young-Ho,Rhee, Young-Sun,Nm, So-Young,Chae, Yu-Mie,Heo, Dae-Seuk,Lee, So-Woo,Hong, Young-Seon,Kim, Si-Young,Lee, Kyung-Sik 한국호스피스완화의료학회 2004 한국호스피스.완화의료학회지 Vol.7 No.1

목적: 말기 환자의 품위 있는 죽음과 가족들의 삶의 질을 향상하기 위해 호스피스 완화의료의 제도화를 위한 노력이 집중되고 있는지만 소비자인 일반 국민이 품위 있는 죽음과 호스피스 완화의료를 어떻게 인식하고 있느냐에 대한 조사가 없었다. 방법: 2004년 2월, 16개 시도의 20세 이상 성인남녀를 대상으로 성별, 연령별, 시도별 인구분포에 의한 할당추출 인구구성비와 동일하게 대상자를 추출하였으며 전문조사기관의 면접원 30명에게 설문내용에 대해 교육한 후 조사를 실시하였다. 품위 있는 죽음의 조간 선호하는 임종장소 및 그 이유, 무의미한 치료 중단에 대한 인식 및 태도, 호스피스 서비스 인식 및 이용의향, 그리고 국민들의 품위있는 죽음을 위한 정부의 역할에 대한 구조화된 설문지를 사용하여 전화면접조사를 실시하였다. 결과: 환자의 입장에서 품위 있는 죽음을 맞이하기 위해서는 '다른 사람에게 부담 주지 않음'(27.8%) 및 '가족이나 의미 있는 사람과 함께 있는 것'(26.0%)이 가장 중요하다고 응답하였다. 이상적인 임종장소는 응답자의 과반수(54.8%)가 자택을 선택했으며, 병원(28.0%), 호스피스 기관(7.9%), 요양원(6.5%) 순으로 나타났다. '무의미한 치료의 중단'에 응답자의 과반수인 51.7%가 '들어본 적이 없다'고 응답하였으며, 의학적으로 무의미한 생명연장치료에 대해서는, 대다수의 응답자(82.3%)가 '중단하는 것이 좋다'라고 응답하였다. 응답한 대상자의 59.4%가 '호스피스'에 대해 들어본 적이 있다고 하였으며, 말기 상황인 경우 응답자의 57.4%가 '호스피스를 이용할 의향이 있다'고 응답했다. 응답자의 79.6%가 '호스피스 서비스를 건강보험으로 인정할 필요가 있다'고 응답하였으며, 사전의사결정에 대해서는 응답자의 80.9%가 '필요하다'고 응답하였다. 품위 있는 죽음을 위해 필요한 정부의 역할 중 '말기 환자에 대한 재정지원'(29.8%), '호스피스 서비스에 대한 보험인정'(16.5%), '바람직한 임종문화 호스피스 제도 정착을 위한 교육과 홍보 강화'(15.9%)를 강조하였다. 결론: 일반 국민을 대상으로 한 본 연구를 통해 환자의 품위 있는 죽음과 가족의 고통을 줄이기 위한 호스피스 완화의료의 제도화에 대한 국민적 공감대를 이끌어 낼 수 있는 가능성과 방안을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 결과는 향후 제도화를 위한 정책 방향 결정에 활용될 수 있을 것이다. Purpose: Even though there have been various efforts for the dying with dignity of terminal patients, no researches focused on the public attitudes. Methods: In February 2004, we sampled 1,055 persons over 20 years of age from the sixteen cities and local districts of Korea through the quota sampling method according to their gender, age, and location. We conducted a telephone survey with a structured questionnaire on the attitudes toward dying with dignity and hospice palliative care. Results: The most important conditions for the dying with dignity on the patients' views were 'removing burdens for other people' (27.8%). Over the half of the samples chose their home as a preference for place of death (54.8%). 82.3% of the respondents agreed to the idea of withdrawing the medically futile life-sustaining treatment. Fifty seven percents of the answered public said that they intended to use the hospice service in case of terminal illness. Eighty percents thought that health care insurance should cover hospice service, and 80.9% gave positive response to the necessity of advance directives. Respondents emphasized 'the financial support for the terminal patients' (29.8%), 'covering hospice service with health insurance' (16.5%), and 'the education and public relation for settlement of desirable dying culture and hospice service' (15.9%) as the roles and responsibilities of the government for the dying with dignity. Conclusion: This study shows that there is a possibility of significant consensus on hospice and palliative care system for the dying with dignity of patients and reduction of the suffering for their families among the general public.