무선센서네트워크에서 LEACH 라우팅 프로토콜을 적용한 파티클 센서의 에너지 효율적인 알고리즘

홍성화,김훈기,Hong, Sung-Hwa,Kim, Hoon-Ki 한국시뮬레이션학회 2009 한국시뮬레이션학회 논문지 Vol.18 No.3

The sensor nodes that form a wireless sensor network must perform both routing and sensing roles, since each sensor node always has a regular energy drain. The majority of sensors being used in wireless sensor networks are either unmanned or operated in environments that make them difficult for humans to approach. Furthermore, since many wireless sensor networks contain large numbers of sensors, thus requiring the sensor nodes to be small in size and cheap in price, the amount of power that can be supplied to the nodes and their data processing capacity are both limited. In this paper, we proposes the WSN(Wireless Sensor Network) algorithm which is applied sensor node that has low power consumption and efficiency measurement. Moreover, the efficiency routing protocol is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm reduces power consumption of sensor node data communication. It has not researched in LEACH(Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) routing protocol. As controlling the active/sleep mode based on the measured data by sensor node, the energy consumption is able to be managed. In the event, the data is transferred to the local cluster head already set. The other side, this algorithm send the data as dependent on the information such as initial and present energy, and the number of rounds that are transformed into cluster header and then transferred. In this situation, the assignment of each node to cluster head evenly is very important. We selected cluster head efficiently and uniformly distributed the energy to each cluster node through the proposed algorithm. Consequently, this caused the extension of the WSN life time.

服飾文化交流를 통해 본 古代 韓日관계

홍성화(Hong Sung-Hwa) 한복문화학회 2012 韓服文化 Vol.15 No.3

The objective of this article is to analyze the exchange of traditional costumes between ancient Korea and Japan and to re-establish relationships between the Korean Peninsula and Japanese archipelago in the ancient history. First of all, as we analyzed documents such as Ilbonseogi (日本書紀) that described the exchange of traditional costumes between ancient Korea and Japan, we could understand that Japan inherited its culture of costumes from Baekje (百濟). Especially we could observe that culture of traditional costumes moved from Baekje to the Japanese archipelago at the same time as professional intellectuals were dispatched from Baekje during the war between Baekje (百濟) and Koguryo (高句麗) since the end of the 4th century. In addition, we could find out that the culture of traditional costumes in the ancient Japan was delivered and spread from the Yamato-aya clan (東漢氏) and the Hata clan (秦氏) whose ancestors are likely to move to the Japanese archipelago from Baekje according to literature reviews. Therefore, this study showed that the exchange of traditional costumes between ancient Korea and Japan described in documents was the cultural exchanges by the transmission of advanced traditional costumes from Baekje to Yamato Wa (倭) and the dispatch of professional intellectuals from Yamato Wa (倭) to Baekje.

東아시아 古代王權의 婚姻과 國際關係

洪性和(Hong, Sung-Hwa) 한일관계사학회 2018 한일관계사연구 Vol.59 No.-

본 연구는 동아시아 고대 왕권에 있어서 국제 혼인을 통한 국제관계의 실태를 고찰하는 것이다. 특히 백제의 경우는 초기부터 帶方, 신라, 왜 등과 혼인 관계를 맺음으로써 한반도諸國 중에서 주변국가와의 혼인 관계를 대표적인 대외 정책으로 사용하고 있었음을 알 수 있다. 그 중에서도 주목되는 것은 백제와 왜국인데, 백제 왕실과 야마토 왕실은 397년 아신왕대 이래 혼인을 통한 왕실교류가 행해졌다. 『日本書紀』에는 新齊都媛과 適稽女郎등 왜왕과 혼인 관계에 있었던 백제 왕실의 여인에 대한 내용을 일부 기록하고 있다. 그러나 腆支의 경우 왜왕의 혈족인 八須夫人과 혼인하였고 昆支의 경우도 倭왕실의 여인과 혼인하여 東城王을 낳았으며 豊璋의 경우도 倭系의 여인을 동반하고 백제로 귀국하고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있기 때문에 倭왕실과의 혼인 관계에 있었던 사실을 알 수 있다. 백제와 왜의 경우 상호 중첩되는 혼인 관계를 맺고 있었던 것을 그 특징으로 들을 수 있다. 당시 국제 혼인은 정치적 동맹이나 복속관계를 구축하는 중요한 요소였으며 그 기본적인 메커니즘은 중국-이민족간의 혼인을 통한 화친관계에서 찾을 수 있다. 중국왕조의 경우 漢이래 여타 국가와 화친관계를 성립시켰지만, 중국으로부터 주변국에 공주를 시집보내는 사례뿐만 아니라 주변국으로부터 중국에 왕족여성이 혼인을 위해 보내졌던 사례도 발견할 수 있다. 또한 중국왕조에서 보이는 혼인의 사례를 통해 보면 漢代에 일부 외교정책으로 채택되어 시작되었던 화번공주의 혼인이 五胡十六國시대로부터 北朝의 시대에 이르는 동안 활발하게 실행되고 있는 것을 볼 수 있다. 특히 北魏의 경우를 보면, 상호 중첩되는 혼인 관계를 통해 대내외적 입지를 강화하고 있는 것을 볼 수 있다. 한반도諸國 중에서 대표적으로 혼인에 의한 화친 정책을 외교 수단으로 삼았던 백제의 경우 倭왕실과 상호 중첩되는 혼인 관계를 맺었던 것은 당시 北魏에 있었던 혼인과 유사한 형태를 이루고 있었던 사례를 확인할 수 있다. This article aims to re-establish the international relationships that linked marriage and ancient royal authority in East Asia. Baekje (百濟) entered into marriage relations with Daebang (帶方), Yamato Wa (倭), and Shilla (新羅). This was a representative foreign policy among the countries in the Korean peninsula. In particular, the friendly relations among the ruling families of Baekje and Wa had continued since 397. In the Nihon shoki (日本書紀), we read of a woman of the Baekje royal family who married a man of the Yamato Wa ruling family. But we can find that men of the Baekje royal family, such as Junji (腆支), Konji (昆支), Pungjang (豊璋), and others married women of the Yamato Wa ruling family. The case of Baekje and Wa was characterized as mutually overlapping with the relations of international marriage. The basic mechanism can be found in the amity relations of international marriage between China and multiethnic nations. Chinese dynasties had established amity relations with other countries since the Han (漢) period, and the amity relations of international marriages operated actively from the Sixteen Kingdoms into the Northern Dynasty. In particular, this study shows that the Northern Wei dynasty (北魏) reinforced international status through mutually overlapping with the relations of international marriages. Thus, we could find that there were significant examples of the Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏) in the case of the international marital relations of Baekje and Wa.

임대희 엮음, 『판례로 본 송대사회』(민속원, 2019)

홍성화(Hong, Sung-hwa) 한국법사학회 2020 法史學硏究 Vol.62 No.-

해적행위와 보험보상 문제

홍성화(Sung Hwa Hong) 한국해법학회 2002 韓國海法學會誌 Vol.24 No.1

Recently, despite of the effects of international coordination and cooperation to prevent piracy, Piracy is on an increasing trend every year. Such circumstances may have a bad effect on the sound development of world economy by means of trade in sea as well as treat to the safety of crews and safe operation of ships. We having Ship-owners or Cargo-owners attacked by piracy, it causes enormous economic losses. Therefore, Ship-owners and Cargo-owners insure marine insurance to indemnity of losses which is caused to piracy. But, because of the differences of definition of piracy, marine insurance may not indemnify the whole losses, which is caused to piracy. Therefore, this paper`s aim is as following; (1) specify the types of piracy, (2) examine what are the types of them, including the definition of piracy in the marine insurance, (3) clarify whether the insurers indemnify to losses caused to piracy or not, applying this finding to the requirement of indemnity in the marine insurance.

동아시아 근세 시장구조와 농촌공업

홍성화(Hong, Sung-Hwa) 한국외국어대학교 역사문화연구소 2018 역사문화연구 Vol.66 No.-

中日 모두 16세기 중후반 전세계적인 범위의 銀經濟로 편입되면서 도시와 시장체제가 새로이 형성되었다. 그리고 양국 모두 16세기와 17세기 이후 소농경제가 안정화되면서 여러 가지 수준의 농촌시장이 발달하였다는 점, 또한 도시, 중간지대, 농촌시장이라는 3가지 패턴의 시장 구조를 갖고 있었다는 점은 공통적이었다. 다만 중국의 경우 도시 역시 발달하였지만, 시간이 지날수록 현저하게 발전을 구가한 것은 중간지대와 농촌시장 쪽이었다. 반면 에도시대의 경우, 시장구조의 변화는 ⅰ 城下町의 성립 → ⅱ 중앙시장으로의 통합 → ⅲ 지역시장인 在鄕町의 성장과 정기시의 축소라는 패턴을 보였다. 중국의 경우와는 달리 농촌 정기시 쪽은 쇠퇴하였고, 대도시는 성장이 그쳤지만, 중간지대인 在鄕町 쪽이 발달하는 패턴이었다. 이는 대도시(三都)의 상품경제가 주변부인 在鄕町까지 확장되었기 때문이라고 생각된다. 면방직업의 발달을 살펴보면, 농가에서 면방직업이 본격적으로 개시된 것은 중국의 경우 16세기 중엽, 일본은 18세기 후기라는 시간적 격차가 있었다. 그리고 기술수준이라는 측면에서도 중국 쪽이 에도시대보다 더 높았던 시기가 있었다. 하지만 19세기에 일본은 선대제에서 매뉴팩처로 순조롭게 이행해 갔던 반면, 중국은 여전히 소농들의 강고한 ‘방직결합’이 유지되어 있었다. 농촌 시장을 통하여 독립 소생산자가 계속 증가하고, 선대제 상인 밑으로 편입되는 것을 회피하는 경향이 강했던 중국형 면방직업 형태에 비해서, 일본에서는 동일 시장권내에서 농민층 분해가 일어나고, 여기에서 선대상인과 임금노동자로의 분리가 일어났다. 그리고 시장 네트워크로부터의 고립이 농민이나 임금노동자에 대한 선대 상인의 지배력을 강화시키는 커다란 계기가 되었다고 생각된다. As China and Japan passed into a global-scale Silver Economy in the middle and late sixteenth century, city and market system were newly formed. Both were in common that they had three types of patterns in market structure: city, middle zone, and rural market. In China, however, cities have also developed, but it has been the middle zone and rural markets that have made significant progress over time. In the case of the Edo period, a change of market structure through the period showed the following pattern: ⅰ Formation of 城下町 → ⅱ Integration into a central market → ⅲ Growth of local market(在鄕町). Unlike China, the regular market in rural area declined and the metropolitan city stopped growing, but the middle zone(在鄕町) developed. This seems that the commodity economy of the metropolitan(三都) area has expanded to the periphery of the city. Looking at the development of cotton textiles, there was a time difference between the middle of sixteenth century in China and the late eighteenth century in Japan when farmers started cotton textiles in earnest. And in terms of technology level, there was a time when China was higher than the Edo period. In the nineteenth century, however, Japan shifted its system into manufacture from its predecessor’s system smoothly, while China still retained a strong “cotton combination”of peasants. Compared to the type of Chinese cotton textile industry, in which the number of independent producers through the market network continued to rise up in a tendency to avoid being incorporated under merchants in the previous generation, Japan went through disassembly among the farmers within the same market area, where separation between predecessor merchants and wage workers took place. And the isolation from the market network has become a great trigger to enhance the control power of predecessor merchants on the farmers and wage workers.

가속도 센서를 이용한 무선 센서 네트워크하에서의 위치 인식 알고리즘

홍성화(Hong, Sung-Hwa),정석용(Jung, Suk-Yong) 한국산학기술학회 2010 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.11 No.4

노드들 모두가 움직이는 환경에서 센서 노드는 통신반경 안의 앵커 노드 위치정보를 수신 받아 자신이 이 동한 거리와 방향만큼 수신한 앵커 노드 위치정보를 수정하여 자신의 메모리에 저장하고, 3개 이상이 되면 삼변 측 량에 의해 localization을 수행하여 자신의 위치를 결정한다. 일정한 거리를 유지하고 노드들이 같은 방향으로 움직이 는 환경에서는 센서 노드가 1홉 범위에서 절대좌표를 가진 앵커 노드를 3개 이상 만날 확률이 적다. 만약 센서 노드 가 3개 이상의 비콘 정보로 자신의 위치를 추정하였다고 하여도 시간이 경과하면서 가속도기와 디지털 나침반의 각 θ오차가 지속적으로 적용되어 오차범위는 커지고 추정된 위치도 신뢰받지 못한다. Dead reckoning 기술은 GPS가 동작하지 않는 곳에서 보조적인 위치 추적 항법 기술로 사용되고 있는데 가속도 센서와 디지털 나침반으로 노드가 움직인 거리와 방향을 알면 자신의 위치를 추정할 수 있다. 위치 인식 알고리즘은 Dead reckoning 을 이용한 위치인 식 기법으로 모든 노드가 전방향성 안테나를 장착하고, 가속도기와 디지털 나침반으로 자신이 이동한 거리와 이동 방향을 알 수 있다고 가정한다. Matlab을 이용하여 시뮬레이션한 결과 다른 기법(MCL,DV-distance)들 보다 우수함을 증명하였다. In an environment where all nodes move, the sensor node receives anchor node's position information within communication radius and modifies the received anchor node's position information by one's traveled distance and direction in saving in one's memory, where if there at least 3, one's position is determined by performing localization through trilateration. The proposed localization mechanisms have been simulated in the Matlab. In an environment where certain distance is maintained and nodes move towards the same direction, the probability for the sensor node to meet at least 3 anchor nodes with absolute coordinates within 1 hub range is remote. Even if the sensor node has estimated its position with at least 3 beacon information, the angle θ error of accelerator and digital compass will continuously apply by the passage of time in enlarging the error tolerance and its estimated position not being relied. Dead reckoning technology is used as a supplementary position tracking navigation technology in places where GPS doesn't operate, where one's position can be estimated by knowing the distance and direction the node has traveled with acceleration sensor and digital compass. The localization algorithm to be explained is a localization technique that uses Dead reckoning where all nodes are loaded with omnidirectional antenna, and assumes that one's traveling distance and direction can be known with accelerator and digital compass. The simulation results show that our scheme performed better than other mechanisms (e.g. MCL, DV-distance)

英國·美國·日本船舶保險約款에 있어서 未修理損害의 補償處理에 관한 考察

홍성화(Sung-Hwa Hong) 한국해사법학회 2000 해사법연구 Vol.12 No.1

전쟁과 사절 -둔문해전(屯門海戰)과 명조(明朝)의 대외정책변화-

홍성화 ( Hong Sung-hwa ) 수선사학회 2017 史林 Vol.0 No.61

In the Age of Exploration, after the conquest of Malacca in 1511, Portugal had got information on China and steered its way to China. While Ming Dynasty put The Superintendency of Merchant Shipping(市舶司) in Canton which allowed foreign ships only for a tribute as `조공일원론`, local officials allowed its foreign trade in remote Tamao(屯門) or Nantou(南頭) which was 100km far away from Canton in reality. Staying in Tamao, Portugal sent Tome Pires to Beijing. But Beijing authority changed its attitude to Portugal, showing its wariness and boiling debates on banishment. This controversy led foreign policy to take a tough line through the death Zhengde Emperor(正德帝) and the appearance of Jiading Emperor(嘉靖帝) who oriented to Confucianism. In the meantime, the first and second Tamao battle occurred and Portugal was defeated in the war, being withdrawn to the ocean. On the other hand, the foreign policy of Ming Dynasty in early ages `tributary system monism(朝貢一元論)` which is `Tribute=Maritime Embargo Policy`. Following a brisk foreign trade, it is necessary to allow mutual trade(互市) gradually. mutual trade(互市) is a certain amount of tax collection for a trade through The Superintendency of Merchant Shipping (市舶司). It was classified by ① `tributary mutual trade(朝貢互市)` and ② `non-tributary mutual trade(非朝貢互市)`. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, ② was quite extensive and distinguished by The Superintendency of Merchant Shipping from Private Trade. At a time these debates on `non-tributary mutual trade(非朝貢互市)` were growing, Portugal timely came to China. However, expressing antipathy to the attitude and power of Portugal, Ming Authorities ceased its `non-tributary mutual trade` and returned to `tributary system monism(朝貢一元輪)` firmly. In this process, The Tamao battle broke out. Also, this naval battle was served as a momentum to make `tributary system monism` as a basic principle for foreign policy of Ming Dynasty firmly. Giving up the legal trade with China, Portugal caused many troubles such as a secret trade along the coast in China, joining with Japanese. In order to embrace them in a system, Ming Authorities had no choice but to choose the openning of Yue-Port(月港). From Ming`s perspectives, it was not a full permission to Private Trade but a series of trial to recover the marine order in a way of embracing Portugal as a `non-tributary mutual trade(非朝貢互市)`

AI를 활용한 AR/VR 스마트 양식 관리 시스템

홍성화(Sung-Hwa Hong) 한국정보통신학회 2019 한국정보통신학회 종합학술대회 논문집 Vol.23 No.2