한비자의 법술사상과 책임정치: 관료제론을 중심으로

한승연 ( Seung Yeon Han ) 고려대학교 정부학연구소 2018 정부학연구 Vol.24 No.1

전국시대의 한비(韓非)는 부국강병을 위해 군주가 신하를 확고하게 제어할 수 있는 법술론(法術論)을 주장하였다. 술(術)이란 일반적으로 통치술 내지 술책을 의미하며, 그 구체적인 내용은 권모술수를 비롯하여 통계적 방법, 정책, 기술, 신상필벌·형명참동(形名參同)과 같은 인사행정, 객관적 필연 등 다양한 의미를 내포한다. 한비는 상앙(商?)의 법과 신불해(申不害)의 술을 비판적으로 융합하여, 술을 인사고과와 문서주의 행정 등과 같은 행정절차로 발전시키게 된다. ≪한비자≫ 술론의 핵심인 형명참동은 관료제 내의 계층적 권위와 실적제 인사행정의 원리를 확립하고, 나아가 그것을 관리와 백성의 관계에서도 관철함으로써 군주-관리-백성이라는 계층적 질서의 확립에 초점을 맞추고 있지만, 아직 행정절차나 인사행정, 인사고과 등을 제도화하는 데까지는 나아가지 못했다. ≪한비자≫ 가 남긴 군주 한 사람을 위한 관료제론은 유토피아가 아니라 백성에게는 거의 악몽에 가까운 억압장치였다. 업무처리에서도 지나치게 관리의 실적과 결과를 중시하고, 특정한 정책의 동기나 과정을 무시함으로써 관료제 내에 목적달성을 위해서라면 수단과 방법을 가리지 않는 냉혹함을 조성하게 되었다. Han Fei of the Warring States era insisted on a law-technique thought that the monarch could firmly control officials for national prosperity and military power. Shu, “technique”, refers to administrative techniques or tactics. It specifically includes various meanings such as intrigues, statistical method, policies, techniques, personnel administration such as dispensation of justice both to services and crimes or consistency of Xing and Ming, and objective inevitability. Han Fei critically combined Shang Yang’s law and Shen Pu-Hai’s technique, after which he tried to develop the technique into administrative procedures such as performance appraisal and documentary administration. The consistency of Xing and Ming as the core of his theory was focused on, establishing hierarchical authority and performance in the bureaucracy. He further found a hierarchical order of monarch-official-people by realizing it in the relationship of officials and people. However, it has not yet progressed to institutionalize administrative procedures, personnel administration, or performance appraisal. The bureaucracy for a monarch left by Han Fei-Tzu was not a utopia, but a nightmare suppressor for the people. It has created cold-bloodedness in the bureaucracy regardless of means or methods to achieve its purpose by over-emphasizing official’s performance and outcomes while ignoring the motivation or process of a particular policy.

유·무인 항공영상을 이용한 심층학습 기반 녹피율 산정

한승연 ( Seungyeon Han ),이임평 ( Impyeong Lee ) 대한원격탐사학회 2021 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.37 No.6

녹피율은 행정구역면적 대비 녹지가 피복된 면적의 비율로, 실질적인 도시녹화 지표로 활용되고 있다. 현재 녹피율은 토지피복지도를 기반하여 산출되는데, 토지피복지도의 낮은 공간해상도와 일정하지 않은 제작시기는 정확한 녹피율 산출과 정밀한 녹피분석을 어렵게 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 새로운 녹피율 산출방안으로 항공영상과 심층학습을 활용한 방안을 제안한다. 항공영상은 높은 해상도와 비교적 일정한 주기로 정밀한 분석을 가능하게 하며 심층 학습은 항공영상 내 녹지를 자동으로 탐지할 수 있다. 지자체는 매년 다양한 목적을 위해 유인항공영상을 취득하여 이를 활용해 신속하게 녹피율을 산출한다. 하지만 미리 취득된 유인항공영상은 취득 시기와 해상도, 센서와 같은 세부사항을 선택할 수 없어 정밀한 분석이 어려울 수 있다. 이러한 한계점은 다양한 센서의 탑재가 가능하고 낮은 고도의 비행으로 인해 고해상도 영상을 취득할 수 있는 무인항공기를 활용하여 보완될 수 있다. 이에 두 가지 항공영상으로부터 녹피율을 산출하였고 그 결과, 모든 녹지 유형으로부터 높은 정확도로 녹피율을 산출할 수 있었다. 하지만 유인항공영상으로부터 산출된 녹피율은 복잡한 환경에서 한계가 있었다. 이를 보완하고자 활용한 무인항공영상은 복잡한 환경에서도 높은 정확도의 녹피율을 산출할 수 있었고 추가밴드 영상을 통해 더 정밀한 녹지 영역 탐지가 가능했다. 추후 기존 유인항공영상에 새로 취득한 무인항공영상을 보완적으로 사용해 녹피율을 효과적으로 산출할 수 있을 것이라 기대된다. The green coverage ratio is the ratio of the land area to green coverage area, and it is used as a practical urban greening index. The green coverage ratio is calculated based on the land cover map, but low spatial resolution and inconsistent production cycle of land cover map make it difficult to calculate the correct green coverage area and analyze the precise green coverage. Therefore, this study proposes a new method to calculate green coverage area using aerial images and deep neural networks. Green coverage ratio can be quickly calculated using manned aerial images acquired by local governments, but precise analysis is difficult because components of image such as acquisition date, resolution, and sensors cannot be selected and modified. This limitation can be supplemented by using an unmanned aerial vehicle that can mount various sensors and acquire high-resolution images due to low-altitude flight. In this study, we proposed a method to calculate green coverage ratio from manned or unmanned aerial images, and experimentally verified the proposed method. Aerial images enable precise analysis by high resolution and relatively constant cycles, and deep learning can automatically detect green coverage area in aerial images. Local governments acquire manned aerial images for various purposes every year and we can utilize them to calculate green coverage ratio quickly. However, acquired manned aerial images may be difficult to accurately analyze because details such as acquisition date, resolution, and sensors cannot be selected. These limitations can be supplemented by using unmanned aerial vehicles that can mount various sensors and acquire high-resolution images due to low-altitude flight. Accordingly, the green coverage ratio was calculated from the two aerial images, and as a result, it could be calculated with high accuracy from all green types. However, the green coverage ratio calculated from manned aerial images had limitations in complex environments. The unmanned aerial images used to compensate for this were able to calculate a high accuracy of green coverage ratio even in complex environments, and more precise green area detection was possible through additional band images. In the future, it is expected that the rust rate can be calculated effectively by using the newly acquired unmanned aerial imagery supplementary to the existing manned aerial imagery.

고령친화 주거환경 조성에 관한 고령자 인식 분석

한승연(Han, Seung-Yeon),고영호(Ko, Young-Ho) 대한건축학회 2022 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.42 No.1

The purpose of this study was to analyze the perception and satisfaction of the elderly about the residential environment. A survey of 1,500 people aged 55 to 84 in 16 metropolitan areas was conducted. The survey results represented major difficulties in their houses such as the noise from inside and outside the housing, risk of falling, cost burden for remodeling into a safe and comfortable housing space. The stairs and slopes at the main entrace of local facilities were the biggest inconvenience in residential environment. When their mobility becomes inconvenient, 5 out of 10 Korean seniors wish to continue living in their current housing because of faciliar housing spaces and facilities and maintaing current relationships.

국가 주도 경제개발정책의 연속과 단절: 경제엘리트의 경험을 중심으로

한승연 ( Seung Yeon Han ) 서울대학교 한국행정연구소 2007 行政論叢 Vol.45 No.1

콜라보레이션을 통한 공연예술의 다양성에 관한 연구

한승연 ( Han Seung-yeon ) 한국무용예술학회 2014 무용예술학연구 Vol.46 No.1

This study is a research on the diversity of performing arts, which intends to suggest collaboration of various genres to tell the value of dance and the beauty of fusion to the public effectively. Also it intends to comprehend the situation where performing arts are placed today when Korean emotion and culture are globally acknowledged and search diverse ways to approach closely to the public. Collaboration means co-operation, which is used as the terms, e.g. cooperation, partnership, collaboration, etc. Collaboration has been used mainly in fashion and enterprises, largely classed as 3 parts. This study analyzed each case of 3 types of collaboration between artist and brand, star and brand, brand and brand. Instances of collaboration in performing arts are the collaboration between fashion designer Jung, goo-ho and the National Ballet Company, the collaboration between Moohandojeon and sports dance, the collaboration between Poppin Hyun-joon and Park, ae-ri, Mumuta, Dance performance, and the collaboration with modern dancer regarding Baek, ji-young’s music video 「Sarang-i olkayo」. As the above instances, more attempts and efforts are required for performing arts to form various performing culture through collaboration and get settled to deliver inspiration and healing to the public. While having more time to enjoy leisure and culture, the public wants highclass healing in the culture. They require genuine rest in this heartless and hard reality. In present time when quality of life is considered highly, performing culture rouses more attraction and interest in the public and its scope is more widened as a place for communication. The researcher expects that collaboration, which is a suggestion to comprehend the stream of time and promote new change of art performance gets settled as evolutive performing art culture by bringing about positive effect in performing culture.

도시양봉을 위한 벌통 디자인 개선 방향성 및 컨셉 제안

한승연(Seungyeon Han),정주영(Jooyoung Jung) 한국디자인학회 2020 한국디자인학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2020 No.11

중국사의 공무원 개념: 도덕적이고 유능한 사람?

한승연 ( Seung Yeon Han ) 한국행정사학회 2012 韓國行政史學誌 Vol.30 No.-

중국사의 공무원 개념은 선진시대에 ``官``과 ``臣``, ``士``, ``吏``를 바탕으로 형성된 개념들이 이후 기표와 기의의 변용을 거치면서 계속 발전한 데서 그 역사성을 발견할 수 있다. 전통적인 ``능관인`` 사상에서 유래하는 ``관인``이라는 용어는 관 자와 합성된 공무원 개념 중 가장 오래되었으며, 위나라에서 구품관인지법을 제정함에 따라 공식적인 공무원 개념이 되었으며, 특히 당대부터 송대까지 널리 쓰였다. 이와 함께 송대에는 ``사대부``라는 말도 보편적으로 사용되었으나, 원대부터 청말까지는 이들 용어 대신에 ``관리``와 ``관원``이라는 용어가 공무원을 대표하는 말로 사용되었다. ``관인``과 ``사대부``라는 말이 중국의 전통과 문화를 나타내는 말인데 반해, ``관리``와 ``관원``은 상대적으로 몰가치성과 중립성을 띤다. 그 배경에는 오대의 정치적인 격변과 함께 송대에 나타난 天觀의 변화, 명말청초에 등장한 군신간의 정치적 협동론과 관료의 공복론등이 복합적으로 작용하고 있다. 공무원의 자질은 전통적으로 ``도덕적이고 유능한 관인``을 요구했으나, 실제 관료들은 자기수양을 소홀히 함으로써 ``유학을 공부하고 법집행 능력이 있는 관인``으로 변질된다. One might consider the concept of civil servants in Chinese history as determined by the historicity in the ground of the "guan"(官, office), "chen"(臣, subject), "shi"(士, gentleman), and "li"(吏, officials) during the Warring States period, i.e., the pre-Qin era. It has since then evolved through continuous transformation of the signifier(signifiant) and the signified(signifie). The term "guanren,"(官人) taken from traditional thoughts about "Neng-Guanren"(能官人, excellent officials) is one of the oldest compound words with the character of "guan"(官) in the sense of the official. It became the official concept for the civil servants after the "Nine grade of state gentleman" law (Jiupinguanrenfa, 九品官人法) had been established by the minister, Chen Qun in Cao Wei time. Following the law, it was used broadly, from the Tang Era to the Song Era in particular. In addition to the term "guanren", the word "shidafu"(士大夫, literally, member of the ruling class) had also been used during the Song Era, but the words "guanli"(官吏) and "guanyuan,"(官員) which stand for civil servants had begun to come into use as well from the Yuan Era(1271-1368) to the late Qing Era(1644-1912). The concepts, "guanren" and "shidafu" represented the officials reflecting Chinese tradition and culture, whereas "guanli" and "guanyuan" represented the value-free and neutral ones, respectively. The combined usage of these concepts had significant consequences, such as the political upheaval of Wudai, the change of Views on Heavens in the Song Era, the political cooperations of ruler and minister, and the debate on public servants of bureaucrats from the late Ming Era to the early Qing Era, etc. Originally the officials should have been "moral and competent," demonstrating their integrity as well as their capabilities, but in reality, they were being transformed into the ones "studying Confucianism and enforcing the laws" by neglecting their self-discipline.

해방공간의 ‘국가’ 개념사 연구

한승연(HAN, Seung-Yeon),신충식(SHIN, Chung-Shig) 한국정치사상학회 2011 정치사상연구 Vol.17 No.2

이 논문에서는 구한말 이래 50여 년에 걸친 이승만의 국가 개념의 변화를 통해 한국의 국가 개념사를 분석하였다. 오늘날 한국의 국가 개념은 구한말 서구의 근대국가 개념을 수입한 이래 일단 ‘대한제국’으로 자주독립국가의 꿈을 꾸기 시작했다. 특히 이승만으로서는 대한제국이라는 법적 현실을 넘어 미래지향적인 헌법정치를 지향했고, 또 국가 개념으로서 전통적인 ‘방국’이나 ‘방’, ‘국’ 대신 순우리말인 ‘나라’를 주로 사용하였다. 이미 구한말 이래 국가 개념은 전통적인 국가 개념을 대신해, ‘나라’와 ‘국가’, ‘우리나라’ 등 근대적인 국가개념으로 압축된 뒤 현재까지 이어지고 있다. 구한말 이래 ‘우리’라는 말도 국가를 지칭하는 말로 널리 쓰이고 있다. 해방공간에서 제헌헌법을 제정하고, 그에 따라 정부수립을 선포함에 따라, 지배권력을 구비하고, 한반도와 그 부속도서라는 토지에 정착한, 한민족의 단체인 대한민국이라는 국가가 탄생하였다. 구한말에 이승만은 국호 개념으로 ‘조선’과 ‘대한’, ‘대한제국’, ‘한국’ 등 다양한 용어를 사용하고 통일성을 보이지 않았으나, 국내외의 신문들은 이미 ‘조선’보다는 ‘대한(제국)’과 ‘한국’을 널리 사용하였다. 곧 국호 개념은 ‘조선’을 넘어 ‘대한’과 ‘한국’이 집합단수로 등장한다. 임정 수립 이후에는 ‘대한민국’이나 ‘대한’, ‘한국’으로 수렴되었다. 일제가 우리나라를 주로 ‘조선’이라고 불렀던 것과는 큰 차이가 있다. 광복 이후 우리의 국가 개념은 크게 두 번의 굴절을 경험했다. 미군정의 시작과 함께 일제가 보편적으로 사용했던 ‘조선’이 남북한 모두에서 공식 명칭으로 사용되었다. 정부수립 이후에는 다 같은 ‘대한민국’의 약칭이지만 ‘민국’과 ‘한국’이 서로 경쟁하다가 ‘한국’으로 정착된다. This paper is concerned with the Begriffsgeschichte of “State” conceived by the first president of South Korea, Syngman Rhee(1875-1965). It covers the 50 year period from the late Chosun Dynasty to his presidency, August 1948 to April 1960. The current official title, “the Republic of Korea” is a result of a longing for an independent state such as “Daehan(literally, great Korea) Empire” since the import of the modern concept of state from Western Europe. Early on, Syngman Rhee dreamed of the Daehan Empire as the ideal state founded upon the constitution. Perhaps for that reason, he preferred using “nara”(meaning state in a purely Korean expression) to using a term borrowed from Chinese, “bang(邦)” or “kuk”(國). In the later period of the Chosen Dynasty, the concept of “state” already replaced the traditional concept of state with the above-mentioned “nara,” “kukga”(a Korean expression of state in Chinese characters, 國家), “uri-nara”(literally, our country), etc. These terms are even currently used for the modern meaning of our state. The term “uri”(literally, we) has also been used for a state since the later period of the Chosen Dynasty. In the South Korean Liberation Days, a new state called “Daehan-minkuk”(literally, the Republic of Korea) was founded. This state was the one comprised of those who settled in the Korean peninsula and its adjunct islands after the establishment of a government based upon a newly composed constitution. During the late Chosun Dynasty, Rhee did not have a consistent name for our country. He sometimes called it “Chosun,” “Daehan,” “Daehan Empire,” “Hankuk,” etc. On the contrary to this, the domestic and foreign newspapers used the terms “Daehan (Empire)” and “Hankuk” more persistently rather than “Chosun.” Soon after that, the name of our country, “Daehan” and “Hankuk,” not “Chosun” emerged as the collective singular. After setting an interim government, several names of our country merged to form “Daehan-minkuk,” “Daehan,” or “Hankuk.” This name is quite different from the one used before 1945, “Chosun.” After liberation, our concepts of state experienced two radical changes. Firstly, the United States Military Government authorities in Korea unfortunately used “Chosun” as the names of both South and North Korea, which is what the Japanese called our country during their occupation. Secondly, it was finally fixed as “Daehan-minkuk” or its shortened form “Hankuk” after contending seriously between “Minkuk” and “Hankuk.”

모노파일 암반정착용 수중 그라우트재료 개발을 위한 굳기 전 기초적 특성 연구

한승연(Han, Seungyeon),엄영호(Eom, Youngho),김성환(Kim, Seonghwan),구정민(Goo, Jeongmin),윤경구(Yun, Kyongku) 대한토목학회 2019 대한토목학회 학술대회 Vol.2019 No.10

회음부 암성통증에 대한 외통이 신경절 블록과 상 하복 신경총 블록

한승연(Seung Yeon Han),윤덕미(Duck Mi Yoon) 대한통증학회 1999 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.12 No.2

Intractable pain arising from disorders of the viscera and somatic structures within the pelvis and perineum often poses difficult problems for the pain pratitioner. The reason for this difficulty is that the region contains diverse anatomic structures with mixed somatic, visceral, and autonomic inner- vation affecting bladder and bowel control and sexual function. Clinically, sympathetic pain in the perineum has a distinctly vague, burning, and poorly localized quality and is frequently associated with the sensation of urgency. Although various approaches have been proposed for the management of intractable perineal pain, their efficacy and applications are limited. Historically, neurolytic blockade in this region has been focused mainly on somatic rather than sympathetic components. The efficacy of neurolytic ganglion impar block has been demonstrated in treating perineal pain without significant somatovisceral dysfunctions for patient with advanced cancer in 1990. The introduction of superior hypogastric plexus block in 1990 demonstrated its effectiveness in patients with cancer related pelvic pain. In our report, five patients had advanced cancer (rectal caner 3; cervix cancer 1; metastases to sacral portion of renal cell cancer 1). Localized perineal pain was present in all cases and was characterized as buming and urgent with 9-10/10 pain intensity. After neurolytic block of ganglion impar, patients experiened incomplete pain reduction (7-8/10), as determined by the VAS (visual analogue scale), and change in pain site. We then treated with superior hypogastric plexus block, which produced satisfactory pain relief (to less than 4/10), without complication.