고구마(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) 잎 분말을 첨가한 식빵의 품질 특성

한선경,강천식,김재명,양정욱,이형운,황엄지,송연상,이준설,남상식,이경보,Han, Seon-Kyeong,Kang, Chon-Sik,Kim, Jae-Myeong,Yang, Jung-Wook,Lee, Hyeong-Un,Hwang, Um-Ji,Song, Yeon-Sang,Lee, Joon-Seol,Nam, Sang-Sik,Lee, Kyeong-Bo 한국식품영양학회 2015 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.28 No.4

수확과정에서 버려지고 있는 고구마 잎을 이용한 기능성 식품소재로서 활용가능성을 검토하고자, 밀가루 중량 대비 고구마 잎 분말을 2, 3, 5, 7%의 비율로 첨가하여 식빵을 제조하고, 반죽 및 제빵 특성, 생리활성 및 기능성분 등을 조사하였다. 반죽의 수분흡수량은 7% 첨가 시 가장 높았고, 반죽시 간은 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 반죽의 저항도는 2~3% 첨가할 때가 가장 안정적이었다. 식빵의 수분 함량은 첨가량이 증가하여도 큰 차이를 보이지 않았고, 식빵의 내부색은 첨가량이 증가할수록 L값과 a값은 감소하였으나, b값은 증가하였다. 식빵의 부피와 비용적 및 굽기 손실률은 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였으나, 항산화 활성과 총 폴리페놀, 루테인 및 베타카로틴 함량은 증가하였다. 관능평가의 결과, 고구마 잎 분말의 2~3% 첨가 시 맛과 색깔, 조직감, 입안에서의 씹힘성과 종합적인 기호도에서 가장 우수한 값을 얻었다. 이상의 결과에서 고구마 잎 분말의 2~3% 첨가 시, 제빵 적성과 기능성, 상품성이 우수한 식빵을 제조할 수 있었다. This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of bread containing sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) leaf powder (0, 2, 3, 5, and 7% of the total flour). We found that the addition of sweetpotato leaf powder decreased the pH of the dough, whereas the total titratable acidity increased and the specific volume and baking loss of bread were decreased. However, the moisture content of the bread did not show any significant differences. The L and a values of the bread inner crumb were decreased by the addition of sweetpotato leaf powder, however, the b value was increased. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging activity, total polyphenol, lutein and ${\beta}-carotene$ contents were increased significantly by the addition of sweetpotato leaf powder. The taste, color, flavor, chewiness and overall acceptability of bread containing 2~3% sweetpotato leaf powder were better than those of the controls. We found that the sample group with 2~3% sweetpotato leaf powder is the optimum content for making bread.

Difference of Biochemical Contents in Conserve Korean Tea and Introduced Tea Cultivars

Seon Kyeong Han(한선경),Kwang Soo Kim(김광수),Yeon Sang Song(송연상),Youn Ho Moon(문윤호),Byeong Choon Jeong(정병춘),Jin Ki Bang(방진기) 한국차학회 2005 한국차학회지 Vol.11 No.3

The purpose of this study was to understand better the difference of biochemical contents between the conserve Korean wild tea trees and introduced tea cultivars that have been cultivated in the same field. The Korean wild tea germplasms were collected from Jeonnam province in 1998. The preparation method for the high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analysis of the biochemical contents of tea trees was modified to rapid and labor-saving one. The caffeine and catechin contents extracted from the powdered tea leaves using the liquid nitrogen were higher than the finely chopped and the cut tea leaves. And the optimum extraction time was 30 min. The tea leaves incubated at -5˚C (2 hr) had higher caffeine and catechin contents than the fresh leaves. Likewise, caffeine content fo new leaves was significantly higher than old leaves. The Korean wild tea accessions showed high caffeine, EGC, and ECGC contents compared to the introduced tea cultivars. Specifically, the content of caffeine in Wolchul 3-13 was six times higher than the Japanese tea cultival "Saemidori".

미생물발효차(Camellia sinensis L.) 제조과정 중의 품질특성 변화

한선경(Seon-Kyeong Han),송연상(Yeon-Sang Song),이준설(Jun-Seol Lee),방진기(Jin-Ki Bang),서세정(Sae-Jung Suh),조정용(Jeong-Young Cho),문제학(Jae-Hak Moon),박근형(Keun-Hyung Park) 한국식품과학회 2010 한국식품과학회지 Vol.42 No.1

국내산 재래종 및 가공녹차를 이용한 미생물발효차의 개발 가능성 및 발효과정중의 특성 변화를 검토하고자 국내산 재래종 및 가공녹차, 야부키타종, 그리고 대차종을 이용한 미생물발효차를 제조하고 발효과정 중 품질 특성을 조사하였다. 모든 원료에서의 미생물발효차의 발효특성은 발효가 진행될수록 적색도 및 황색도가 증가하였고, 클로로필과 탄닌 함량은 감소하였다. 총 질소 및 카페인의 함량은 발효가 진행됨에 따라 큰 변화를 보이지 않았으나 총 catechin 및 개별 카테킨류 중 catechin, ECG, EGCG의 함량은 꾸준히 감소하였다. 그리고 EC와 EGC의 함량은 25일까지 증가하다가 그 이후 감소하였다. 대차종 및 야부키타종의 경우 발효가 진행됨에 따라 항산화활성이 감소한 반면, 국내산 재래종 및 가공녹차는 그 활성을 그대로 유지하였다. 국내산 재래종 및 가공녹차는 발효가 진행됨에 따라 대차종 및 야부키타종과 유사한 발효 양상을 나타냈으나 수색이나 카테킨 및 카페인 등의 성분 함량은 다소 차이를 보였다. 본 연구로부터 국내산 재래종 품종의 찻잎 및 이를 이용하여 제조된 녹차의 미생물발효차 제조가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. Microbial-fermented tea (MFT), which is made by microorganisms through fermentation, is a popular beverage in Asia, especially in the Yunnam province, China. In this study, changes of the chemical constituents and antioxidant activity during the manufacturing process of MFT were investigated. MFT were respectively prepared from fresh leaves of three different tea species (Yabukita, Daecha, and Korean wild cultivar) and a processed green tea (Korean wild cultivar). The color of the tea infusions gradually changed to red and yellow as a function of fermentation time. Total nitrogen and caffeine contents were not significantly changed. Whereas, the chlorophyll, tannin, and total catechins contents gradually decreased. Interestingly, the epicatechin and epigallocatechin contents increased up to 25 days of fermentation and then decreased. Change of the chemical constituents of all samples showed the same patterns. The antioxidant activity of MFT from Daecha and Yabukita slightly decreased as increasing fermentation time. However, the range over which the antioxidant activity of MFT from Korean wild cultivar and green tea were not changed. This research suggests that it may be possible to manufacturing possibility of MFT using Korean wild cultivar and processed green tea.

재배기간에 따른 고구마(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) 전분의 이화학적 특성

한선경(Seon-Kyeong Han),송연상(Yeon-Sang Song),안승현(Seung-Hyun Ahn),양정욱(Jung-Wook Yang),이형운(Hyeong-Un Lee),이준설(Joon-Seol Lee),정미남(Mi-Nam Chung),남상식(Sang-Sik Nam),최인후(In-Hoo Choi),박근형(Keun-Hyung Park) 한국식품과학회 2014 한국식품과학회지 Vol.46 No.6

재배기간에 따른 고구마 전분의 특성을 구명하여 고구마의 새로운 식품산업 소재로서 활용방안을 모색하기 위한 기초자료로 이용하고자 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 재배기간이 길어질수록 전분 함량은 증가하였으나 아밀로스 함량은 감소하는 경향이었고, 일반고구마와 유색고구마의 전분함량 변화 양상에는 차이가 있었다. 재배기간이 길어질수록 전분의 수분함량 변화 양상은 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았으나 단백질과 회분 함량은 증가하는 경향이었다. 신속점도측정기로 측정한 점도는 재배기간이 길어질수록 전분의 호화개시온도와 최고점도, breakdown, setback은 증가하였고 최소 및 최종점도는 감소하였다. 주사시차열량계를 이용한 호화특성은 재배기간이 길어질수록 To, Tp는 증가하였으나 Tc, ΔT, ΔH는 일정한 변화 양상을 보이지 않았다. X-선 굴절률은 일반고구마의 회절각도는 15.08-15.32°, 16.92-17.72°, 22.90-23.62°, ‘신자미’ 15.26-15.34°, 17.08-17.32°, 22.74-23.40°, ‘주황미’ 14.98-15.32°, 17.00-17.38°, 22.82-23.40°에서 강한 피크를 보여 전분의 결정화도 형태 중 C형에 속하였으며 재배기간에 상관없이 고구마 전분의 결정화도는 일정하였다. 고구마 전분의 입자 형태는 재배기간에 상관없이 대부분 둥글고 타원형 모양을 하고 있었으며 일부 다각형의 입자 형태를 포함하고 있었다. 평균입도는 주황색고구마의 평균입도가 식용 및 자색고구마보다 컸으며 재배기간이 길어질수록 고구마 전분의 평균입도는 증가하였다. This study was performed to understand the effect of cultivation periods on the physicochemical characteristics of the starch of five sweetpotato cultivars, cultivated in Muan, Korea. Starch, protein, and ash contents increased with increased cultivation period, whereas amylose content decreased. Rapid viscosity analysis showed that the pasting temperature, peak viscosity, breakdown, setback and final viscosity increased with increased cultivation period. However, trough and final viscosity decreased. Although the onset temperature and peak temperature values increased, the conclusion temperature did not show any consistent patterns by differential scanning calorimetry. X-ray diffraction showed that the starch samples had C-type crystallinity irrespective of the cultivation period and cultivar. The starch granules were dominantly round and oval, or polygonal irrespective the cultivation period. The bigger the particle size was, the longer the cultivation period was.

노린재 흡즙이 차엽의 카테킨 및 아미노산 함량에 미치는 영향

송연상(Yeon-Sang Song),한선경(Seon-Kyeong Han),문윤호(Youn-Ho Moon),정병춘(Byeong-Choon Jeong),방진기(Jin-Ki Bang) 한국차학회 2008 한국차학회지 Vol.14 No.2

차나무 재배시 문제해충 중의 하나인 노린재의 흡즙피해를 받은 차엽의 기능성분 변화를 알아보기 위하여 실험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 피해엽의 수분함량, 탄닌함량, 총질소 함량은 정상엽에 비하여 낮은 수준을 나타내었다. 2. 카페인 함량은 차이가 미미하였으며 카테킨 함량은 피해엽이 정상엽에 비하여 훨씬 낮아졌다. 특히 EGCG의 함량변화가 크게 나타났다. 3. 아미노산함량 또한 피해엽이 정상엽보다 낮았는데 프로린과 페닐알라닌 함량에서 큰 차이를 보였다. 4. 차나무 계통 W2-1은 피해엽에서 정상엽보다 더 높은 아미노산 함량을 나타내었다. The true bugs are one of the problem insect decreasing tea quality by sucking to young leaves of tea plant. The purpose of this study was to understand the quality changes of tea leaves according to the sucking by true bugs. The damaged 8 accessions and the normal 8 accessions were selected on the tea germplasm garden and analyzed. Water content in damaged tea leaves showed lower than that of normal leaves. In case of average tannin content, it was observed slightly low in damaged leaves, whereas the normal leaves showed low tannin content among the same accessions. Total nitrogen, caffeine, and amino acid content, the important factors related to tea quality, showed highly in normal tea leaves compare to damaged tea leaves. It showed more difference between damaged and normal tea leaves in the same 3 accessions than that of among different 16 accessions. Therefore, it is important that we have to carefully control to insect in tea cultivation, because bugs sucking will be decrease tea quality. In addition, W2-1, accession name, showed high amino acid content in damaged tea leaves as 1,145 mg% compare to normal tea leaves with 973 mg%. It was considered that it is need to further study to understand the reason.

한국 야생차나무 화기구조의 변이

송연상(Yeon-Sang Song),한선경(Seon-Kyeong Han),문윤호(Youn-Ho Moon),정병춘(Byeong-Choon Jeong),방진기(Jin-Ki Bang) 한국차학회 2008 한국차학회지 Vol.14 No.1

Unlike vegetative parts, the reproductive parts of tea plant are more discrete and show relatively less variation. They therefore provide more reliable diagnostic criteria. The purpose of the study is to got informations of the flower structure and variations on the wild tea germplasm collected from Jeonnam province in Korea. 331 wild tea samples were used in this study, namely, 144 accessions from Wolchul mountain, 178 accessions from Moodeung mountain, and 9 accessions from Boseong district, and all were collected within the Jeonnam province. Another 9 improved cultivars from Japan were also used for comparison. The collected wild tea plants and the Japanese tea cultivars have mainly medium flowers except for the 16 accessions (9%) from Moodeung mountain have large flowers. The length of stigma and stamen differed among the Korean tea accessions, whereas the Japanese cultivars were similar. Many Korean wild tea plants (over 65%) showed high position of stigma with 98 accessions (55.1%) from the Moodeung mountain group and 82 accessions (56.9%) from the Wolchul mountain, but the Japanese tea cultivars showed low position (below 65%). In the density of ovary pubescence, the Japanese tea cultivars showed medium character due to artificial crossing between Camellia assamica and Camellia sinenses. It was considered that the Korean wild tea plants have varietal distribution due to many natural crossing with unknown pathways.

PCR 방법을 이용한 우유 및 유제품에서 발생하는 식중독 균의 신속 검출법

곽혜림 ( Hye Lim Kwak ),한선경 ( Seon Kyeong Han ),김이슬 ( Ei Seul Kim ),홍연 ( Yeun Hong ),김해영 ( Hae Yeong Kim ) 한국유가공기술과학회 2013 Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology (JMSB) Vol.31 No.2

The dairy industry has consistently grown via the expansion of dairy-based food categories. Dairy product consumption is stable since the nutrient composition in dairy products is ideal for human health. However, dairy products are highly susceptible to food-borne pathogens. Controlling the safety of dairy products is thus important when considering the nutrientrich matrix of this food category. Currently, immunoassays or molecular biology techniques have been used to evaluate the safety of dairy products in Korea. These methods are based on the detection of proteins and thus have low reproducibility and sensitivity. Recent techniques to detect food-borne pathogens have focused on genetic analyses. Rapid detection methods for food-borne pathogens in milk and dairy products using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, such as conventional PCR, real-time PCR, repetitive sequence-based (rep)-PCR, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and digital PCR, are reviewed in this article. The aim of this review was to contribute knowledge of the relationship between microflora and the quality of dairy products. This study will also assist in the immediate monitoring of food-borne pathogens in milk and dairy products when an outbreak related to this food category occurs.

Variation of Total Nitrogen and Tannin Contents in Collected Wild Tea Trees

Yeon Sang Song(송연상),Seon Kyeong Han(한선경),Youn Ho Moon(문윤호),Byeong Choon Jeong(정병춘),Jin Ki Bang(방진기) 한국차학회 2005 한국차학회지 Vol.11 No.3

The purpose of this study was to select the predominant tea trees with high contents of nitrogen and tannin in the wild tea germplasms collected at Jeonnam province in 1988. The tea germplasms were first grown in the same field, and then analyzed for total nitrogen and tannin contents in 263 and 293 accessions, respectively. No fertilizer or any similar treatment has been applied to the tea trees since they were planted. Ninety-six percent of the analyzed 263 accessions had mainly 3.0-5.0% total nitrogen content. However, Wolchul 1-10, the accessions name, showed the highest total nitrogen content as 6.34percent. On the other hand, the average tannin content was 9.88±3.98% and ranged from 4.29% to 22.64%. The Moodeung group showed the highest tannin content as 12.55±3.4%, while the Boseong group had the lowest tannin as 6.78±2.0%. The tannin content was distributed mainly from 5 to 15%. Among the 293 accessions, 18 accessions had below 5% tannin content and 4 accessions had more than 20%.

삼투계수 측정법을 이용한 차나무 삽목 최적상토 선발

문윤호(Youn-Ho Moon),송연상(Yeon-Sang Song),정병춘(Seon-Kyeong Han),한선경(Byeong-Choon Jeong),방진기(Jin-Ki Bang) 한국차학회 2007 한국차학회지 Vol.13 No.3

차나무 삽목시 발근률을 향상시키기 위해 토양 물리성 중 적합한 지표를 구명하고 이를 쉽게 측정할 수 있는 방법을 모색하기 위해 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 시험에 사용된 삽목용 상토는 황토, 육지모래, 황토와 육지모래를 부피비로 2:8, 5:5, 8:2로 혼합한 것, vermiculite와 perite를 부피비로 5:5로 혼합한 것 그리고 마사토를 사용하였다. 2. 발근률과 모래비율 관계를 회귀분석한 결과 발근율 80% 이상을 얻을 수 있는 모래비율은 묘상삽목, 콘테이너삽목 그리고 종이폿트 삽목에서 각각 63~74%, 64~78%, 63~79% 였다. 3. 회귀분석 결과 상토중 모래비율이 증가함에 따라 삼투계수는 유의적으로 감소하였다. 4. 회귀분석 결과 상토중 모래비율과 삼투계수와 제곱 상관계수 가 0.91로 상토중 모래비율과 침투계수의 제곱상관계수보다 작았지만 삼투계수 측정법은 침투계수 측정법에 비해 도구가 간단하고 짧은 시간에 측정할 수 있어 상토중 모래비율 간이측정에 적합하였다. 5. 차나무 삽목에 적합한 상토의 침투계수는 3~13 min/5.4㎝ 로 추정되었는데 이것은 모래비율 78.3~63.3%과 일치하는 값이다. This experiment was conducted to establish suitable index among the physiological properties of rooting media for tea plant cutting. In this experiment, used rooting media for tea plant cutting were clay (red soil), river sand, river sand+clay mixture (2:8, 5:5, 8:2, v/v), vermiculite+perite miture (5:5, v/v) and sand loam. Separated sand ratio of clay which was measured with separating method were 51.1% and were increased in proportion to amount of river sand. With secondary regressive analysis, suitable separated sand ratio of rooting media which can get more than 80% of rooting ratio were estimated to 63~74%, 64~78% and 63~79% in nursery, container and paper pot cutting respectively. In secondary regressive analysis between separated sand ratio and osmotic coefficient, the osmotic coefficient were algebrically increased in proportion to separated sand ratio (R2 = 0.91). Although this R2 value was lower than that of separated sand ratio and permeability coefficient, measuring of osmotic coefficient was suitable method to select rooting media for tea plant cutting because of their simple instruments and short measuring time. In this experiment, the suitable osmotic coefficient of rooting media for tea plant cutting was 3~13 min/5.4㎝ and this was correspond to 78.3~63.3 % of separated sand ratio.

수집된 야생 차나무 후대집단의 형태적 특성

송연상(Yeon-Sang Song),문윤호(Youn-Ho Moon),한선경(Seon-Kyeong Han),정병춘(Byeong-Choon Jeong),방진기(Jin-Ki Bang) 한국차학회 2005 한국차학회지 Vol.11 No.2

수집된 야생 차나무 유전자원을 동일포장에 재식한 후 집단 간, 집단 내 형태적 특성과 변이를 조사 분석하였다. 차나무는 집단 간, 집단 내 변이가 매우 크게 나타났는데 특히 신아수, 신아장, 엽면적, 생체중, 엽색의 변이가 컸다. 엽형지수는 2.5±0.3으로 나타났고 잎의 엽록소 함량은 엽차계의 L, b 값과는 역의 상관, a값과는 정의 상관을 보였으며 그 값은 -0.98였다. 신아수와 신아장, 신아당 엽수는 부의 상관이었고 엽폭, 거치수, 엽맥수, 엽병장은 엽장과 유의적인 상관관계가 없고 서로 독립적이었다. 집단간 엽형지수는 보성군 수집집단이 2.50으로 가장 큰 경향을 보였고 무등산 수집집단이 가장 작게 나타났다. 차의 엽색은 월출산 수집집단의 L값이 26.4±7, a값이 -17.2±6.4, b값이 25.1±11.8로 잎이 어두운 농록색을 나타내었으며 보성군 수집집단과 무등산 수집집단은 L값이 높아 잎 표면이 밝은 색이지만 연녹색으로 보이는 계통이 많았다. 월출산 수집집단은 신아장, 엽수, 엽장, 엽면적, 총엽면적, 생체중, 엽색에 있어서 비교우위에 있었고 보성군 수집집단은 신아수, 엽두께에서 우세하였으며 무등산 수집집단은 엽병장, 엽맥수, 거치수에서 우세하였다. The purpose of this study was to improve the understanding of the morphological characteristics and variations on the wild tea germplasm collected from Jeonnam province in 1988. Within the limits of this investigation among the morphological characteristics, many variations were observed in the number of stem, stem length, leaf area, fresh weight and leaf color. Index of leaf shape showed as 2.5±0.3 and chlorophyll contents of tea leaf showed significantly negative correlation with a value of colorimeter as -0.98. Negative correlation was observed in the number of stem and stem length, number of leaf. No correlation was observed in leaf width, number of serration, number of vein and petiole length. Number of shoot in the group collected from Boseong was more abundant than those from Moodeung Mountain and Wolchul Mountain. But the group collected from Wolchul Mt. showed the longest length of shoot among the collected groups. Also, number of leaf per shoot, leaf area, leaf length, and fresh weight were highest in the group collected from Wolchul Mt. The color of tea leaf of the group collected from Wolchul Mt. was more dark green than that from other groups.