Characterization and Control of Vascellum curtisii (Berkeley)Kreisel Causing the Fairy Ring Arcs in the Golf Course in Korea

최대홍,이정한,김희규,Choi, Dae-Hong,Lee, Jung-Han,Kim, Hee-Kyu Turfgrass Society of Korea 2008 한국잔디학회지 Vol.22 No.2

골프코스에 농녹색으로 형성된 페어리링(arc)에서 군집으로 자라난 말불버섯목에 속하는 버섯을 발견하고, 분류학적 특성을 조사한 후 Vascellum curtisii로 동정하고, 친환경 방제법을 시도하였다. 버섯의 자실체 형태를 관찰한 결과 외피(exoperidium)상에 미세한 섬유상의 침상돌기(spine)가 빽빽하게 발달하였고, 촉감은 부드러웠으며 5-6개의 침상돌기(spine)가 끝이 한 곳으로 모아진 모양(Connivent)이 관찰되었다. 자실체는 점점 성숙하면서 spine은 점점 퇴화되어 길이가 짧아지고 약간의 갈색으로 변하면서 결국은 자실체 표면 위에 가루로 남게 된다. 흰색의 내피(endoperidium)는 회갈색으로 성숙된 후에는 중앙 정상부가 약간의 갈색을 띄기 시작하면서 구멍(apical pore)이 발달한다. 내부의 포자형성조직(gleba)은 초기에 다육질의 흰색이었다가, 성숙하면 내부에 올리브 갈색의 기본체(gleba)가 발달하고, 내부에 포자가 발달한다. 포자가 발달하지 않은 하부의 조직(subgleba or sterile babe)은 폭이 좁고, 조직내부는 챔버형이며 gleba와는 막(papery membrane)으로 구분되는 것이 특징이다. 포자는 올리브 갈색으로 크기는 $3-3.5{\mu}m$로 구형이며 돌기가 있으며 두꺼운 벽으로 되어있다. 또한 Lycoperdon 속과는 구분되는 특징으로 중요한 paracapillitium이 관찰되었는데 폭이 $8-9{\mu}m$로 넓고, KOH에 반응하지 않았으며 무색(hyaline)으로 그 벽은 얇다. 외관상 유사한 Vascellum pretense과 Lycoperdon pulcherrimum과 구분할 수 있는 특징을 상세하게 기술하고 비교하였다. 방제법은 농녹색의 ring arc를 직각으로 강하게 긁어서 thatch층이 노출되어 갈색을 띄게 될 때까지 균사매트를 파괴시킨 후 세제용액 500배액을 처리하고 1-2주후에 무처리와 비교한 결과 효과가 뛰어났다. We have found the clusters of tiny spiny puffball-like mushrooms growing gregariously in fairy ring (arcs) rimmed by a zone of darker green grass in the golf courses. Macroscopic as well as microscopic characters were examined for the morphology of fruiting body. Exoperidium is thin and densely spiny with minute fibrillae at early stage. The connivent spines were soft and quite persistent. In age, the fibrillae scrumble away with a powdery coating, which leaves white endoperidium becoming pale brown. It's interior was white and fleshy at first, but turns into an olive-colored dust as the gleba, the spore-producing tissue, develops to maturity and loaded with olive-brown spore mass. Then, distinct apical pore developed on the endoperidium. Rudimentary subgleba(sterile base) was narrow, chambered, delineated from the gleba by a membrane in young material. These characters suggested this fungus is a Vascellum, a member of the family Lycoperdaceae. The shapes of the spores were globose, echinulate, $3{\sim}3.5{\mu}m$ in diameter, thick-walled, and olive brown. Capillitial threads were $8-9{\mu}m$ wide, mostly colorless in KOH solution and thin-walled, which designated as "paracapillitium". This is an another character that distinguishes this mushroom from Lycoperdon spp. The spines developed on exoperidium were characteristically connivent; their apices joined together in a point, leaving a space below, which gives the appearance of vault to each group of usually 5 to 6 fibrillae. Based on the above characters, this fungus is identified as Vascellum curtisii (Berkeley). The characters distinguishable this from Lycoperdon pulcherrimum, and Vascellum pretense are discussed in detail. Control trial was also attempted. Strong vertical raking(SVR) followed by applying 500x detergent solution (Spark, Aekyung Co. Seoul) resulted in excellent control over any other treatments. In this plot, fruiting body was not developed throughout the end of mushroom growing season.

Characterization and Control of Vascellum curtisii (Berkeley) Kreisel Causing the Fairy Ring Arcs in the Golf Course in Korea

Dae-Hong Choi(최대홍),Jung-Han Lee(이정한),Hee-Kyu Kim(김희규) 한국잡초학회·한국잔디학회 2008 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.22 No.2

골프코스에 농녹색으로 형성된 페어리링(arc)에서 군집으로 자라난 말불버섯목에 속하는 버섯을 발견하고, 분류학적 특성을 조사한 후 Vascellum curtisii로 동정하고, 친환경방제법을 시도하였다. 버섯의 자실체 형태를 관찰한 결과 외피(exoperidium)상에 미세한 섬유상의 침상돌기(spine)가 빽빽하게 발달하였고, 촉감은 부드러웠으며 5-6개의 침상돌기(spine)가 끝이 한 곳으로 모아진 모양(Connivent)이 관찰되었다. 자실체는 점점 성숙하면서 spine은 점점 퇴화되어 길이가 짧아지고 약간의 갈색으로 변하면서 결국은 자실체 표면 위에 가루로 남게 된다. 흰색의내피(endoperidium)는 회갈색으로 성숙된 후에는 중앙 정상부가 약간의 갈색을 띄기 시작하면서 구멍(apical pore)이 발달한다. 내부의 포자형성조직(gleba)은 초기에 다육질의 흰색이었다가, 성숙하면 내부에 올리브 갈색의 기본체(gleba)가 발달하고, 내부에 포자가 발달한다. 포자가 발달하지 않은 하부의 조직(subgleba or sterile base)은 폭이 좁고, 조직내부는 챔버형이며 gleba와는 막(papery membrane)으로 구분되는 것이 특징이다. 포자는 올리브 갈색으로 크기는 3-3.5㎛로 구형이며 돌기가 있으며 두꺼운 벽으로 되어있다. 또한 Lycopercdon 속과는 구분되는 특징으로 중요한 paracapillitium이 관찰되었는데 폭이 8-9㎛로 넓고, KOH에 반응하지 않았으며 무색(hyaline)으로 그 벽은 얇다. 외관상 유사한 Vascellum pratense과 Lycoperdon pulcherrimum과 구분할 수 있는 특징을 상세하게 기술하고 비교하였다. 방제법은 농녹색의 ring arc를 직각으로 강하게 긁어서 thatch층이 노출되어 갈색을 띄게 될 때까지 균사매트를 파괴시킨 후 세제용액 500배액을 처리하고 1-2주후에 무처리와 비교한 결과 효과가 뛰어났다. We have found the clusters of tiny spiny puffball-like mushrooms growing gregariously in fairy ring (arcs) rimmed by a zone of darker green grass in the golf courses. Macroscopic as well as microscopic characters were examined for the morphology of fruiting body. Exoperidium is thin and densely spiny with minute fibrillae at early stage. The connivent spines were soft and quite persistent. In age, the fibrillae scrumble away with a powdery coating, which leaves white endoperidium becoming pale brown. It's interior was white and fleshy at first, but turns into an olive-colored dust as the gleba, the spore-producing tissue, develops to maturity and loaded with olive-brown spore mass. Then, distinct apical pore developed on the endoperidium. Rudimentary subgleba(sterile base) was narrow, chambered, delineated from the gleba by a membrane in young material. These characters suggested this fungus is a Vascellum. a member of the family Lycoperdaceae. The shapes of the spores were globose, echinulate, 3-3.5㎛ in diameter, thick-walled, and olive brown. Capillitial threads were 8-9㎛ wide, mostly colorless in KOH solution and thin-walled, which designated as "paracapillitium". This is an another character that distinguishes this mushroom from Lycoperdon spp. The spines developed on exoperidium were characteristically connivent; their apices joined together in a point, leaving a space below, which gives the appearance of vault to each group of usually 5 to 6 fibrillae. Based on the above characters, this fungus is identified as Vascellum curtisii (Berkeley). The characters distinguishable this from Lycoperdon pulcherimum, and Vascellum pretense are discussed in detail. Control trial was also attempted. Strong vertical raking(SVR) followed by applying 500x detergent solution (Spark, Aekyung Co. Seoul) resulted in excellent control over any other treatments. In this plot, fruiting body was not developed throughout the end of mushroom growing season.

골프코스의 이종잔디 조성과 혼입 현황

최대홍(Dae Hong Choi),박남일(Nam Il Park),최성환(Sung Hwan Choi),박기웅(Kee Woong Park),김진우(Jinwoo Kim),곽연식(Youn-Sig Kwak),이증주(Jeung Joo Lee) 韓國雜草學會 2012 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.32 No.3

한국잔디로 조성된 국내 골프코스에서 한지형잔디의 사용증가로 이종잔디의 혼입이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 전국 50곳의 골프코스들을 조사하여 이종잔디 식재와 혼입 현황을 파악하였다. 조사한 골프코스들 중에서 이종잔디가 1 종류 이상 혼입된 곳은 47곳으로 나타났으므로, 이종잔디의 혼입 문제는 전국 거의 모든 골프코스에서 발생하는 것으로 사료되었다. 이종잔디의 혼입은 한국잔디에서 크리핑벤트그래스와 켄터키블루그래스의 혼입 가능성이 있는 37곳 중 각각 25곳과 33곳, 켄터키블루그래스에서 크리핑벤트그래스의 혼입 가능성이 있는 47곳 중 43곳에서 발생하였다. 한편, 이종잔디의 혼입(한국잔디에 크리핑벤트그래스의 혼입, 한국잔디에 켄터키블루그래스의 혼입, 또는 켄터키블루그래스에 크리핑벤트그래스의 혼입)이 발생한 골프클럽 중 한 종류의 혼입이 나타난 곳은 14곳, 두 종류가 나타난 곳은 12곳, 세 종류 모두가 나타난 곳은 21곳이었다. The majority of turfgrass composition of golf courses are zoysiagrass, and mingle with cool-season turfgrasses have been increased. As result of mingling the species, invading problem has been raised. In this study, 50 golf courses nationwide were surveyed of grass composition and invading problem with hetero-species of turfgrasses. Among the courses, 47 golf courses have invading problem with more than one species at least. The invading problem has been issued most of golf course in nationwide. Thirty-seven courses composited with zoysiagrass; at 25 courses showed creeping bentgrass invading and at 33 courses were invaded by kentucky bluegrass. Among 47 kentucky bluegrass composition courses, 43 courses had creeping bentgrass invading problem. Invading problem within the grass species (creeping bentgrass in zoysiagrass, kentucky bluegrass in zoysiagrass, creeping bentgrass in kentucky bluegrass); 14, 12, and 21 courses were detected single species, two species, and three species invading problem, respectively.

골프코스에서 혼입된 이종잔디의 방제

최대홍(Dae Hong Choi),박남일(Nam Il Park),최성환(Sung Hwan Choi),박기웅(Kee Woong Park),김진우(Jinwoo Kim),곽연식(Youn-Sig Kwak),이증주(Jeung Joo Lee) 韓國雜草學會 2012 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.32 No.3

본 연구는 골프코스에 혼입되어 문제가 되는 이종잔디를 제초제를 이용하여 효과적으로 방제하기 위해 수행되었다. 한국잔디에 혼입된 크리핑벤트그래스를 방제하기 위하여 asulam sodium 수용제와 trifloxysulfuron-sodium 입상수화제, 한국잔디에 혼입된 켄터키불루그래스를 방제하기 위하여 trifloxysulfuron-sodium 입상수화제, 켄터키불루그래스에 혼입된 크리핑벤트그래스를 방제하기 위하여 mesotrione 액상수화제를 각각 선발하였다. 크리핑벤트그래스에 대하여 asulam sodium 수용제와 trifloxysulfuron-sodium 입상수화제는 약제살포 70일 후 까지, mesotrione 액상수화제는 230일 후 까지, 켄터키불루그래스에 대하여 trifloxysulfuron-sodium 입상수화제는 110일 후 까지 90% 수준의 방제효과를 유지하였다. Asulam sodium 수용제와 trifloxysulfuron-sodium 입상수화제는 한국잔디에 대하여, mesotrione 액상수화제는 켄터키불루그래스에 대하여 각각 4배량의 처리에서도 약해가 미미하였다. 한국잔디에 혼입된 크리핑벤트그래스에 대하여 asulam sodium 수용제는 기준량 처리 40일 후에 80% 이상, trifloxysulfuron-sodium 입상수화제는 기준량 처리 30일 후에 85% 이상의 방제효과를 나타내었다. 한국잔디에 혼입된 켄터키불루그래스에 대하여 trifloxysulfuron-sodium 입상수화제는 기준량 처리 40일 후에 85%이상의 방제가를 나타내었다. 켄터키불루그래스에 혼입된 크리핑벤트그래스에 대하여 mesotrione 액상수화제는 기준량 처리 30일 후에 90%이상의 방제효과를 나타내었다. In this study, we attempted to control invaded hetero-species turfgrass in golf courses with herbicides. Asulam sodium SP and trifloxysulfuron-sodium WG (to control creeping bentgrass in zoysiagrass), trifloxysulfuron-sodium WG (to control kentucky bluegrass in zoysiagrass), and mesotrione SC (to control creeping bentgrass in kentucky bluegrass) were selected as efficient herbicides. To creeping bentgrass, asulam sodium SP and trifloxysulfuron-sodium WG until 70 days after application (DAA), mesotrione SC until 230 DAA and to kentucky bluegrass trifloxysulfuron-sodium WG until 110 DAA; the applications showed 90% herbicidal effect. At 4 X recommended application dose, asulam sodium SP, trifloxysulfuronsodium WG (to zoysiagrass) and mesotrione (to kentucky bluegrass) showed insignificant harmful effect. With recommended dose, asulam sodium SP showed 80% control effect of creeping bentgrass in zoysiagrass until 40 DAA and trifloxysulfuron-sodium WG demonstrated 85% control efficiency until 30 DAA. Trifloxysulfuron-sodium WG controlled 85% of kentucky bluegrass in zoysiagrass until 40 DAA. Mesotrione SC with recommended dose showed 95% control efficiency to creeping bentgrass in kentucky bluegrass.

파라핀오일 처리가 한국잔디의 녹색기간 연장에 미치는 영향

이동운,이석준,이채민,최태혁,이상훈,최대홍,장태현,Lee, Dong-Woon,Lee, Suk-Jun,Lee, Chae-Min,Choi, Tae-Hyuk,Lee, Sang-Hoon,Choi, Dae-Hong,Chang, Tae-Hyun 한국잔디학회 2012 한국잔디학회지 Vol.26 No.1

본 연구는 파라핀 오일 처리가 한국잔디의 녹색기간연장에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. 10월 초순에 파라핀 오일(순도 98%)을 50배와 100배, 200배로 희석하여 경남 합천과 경북 상주지역의 광엽형 한국잔디(Zoysia japonica)와 부산 금정 및 경기도 안성의 중엽형 한국잔디(Zoysia matrella)에 처리한 결과 50배액 처리시 엽색 감소 효과가 높았다. 광엽형 한국잔디에서는 처리 후 60일 후에까지 엽색도가 무처리에 비하여 높게 유지되었다. 파라핀 오일10월 중순 처리 시에도 경기 안성과 경남 합천, 경북 상주 지역의 엽색도가 60일째까지 높게 나타났다. 파라핀 오일 10월 초순 처리 시 엽록소 함량은 무처리에 비하여 높았다. 파라핀 오일 처리 후 절단한 잔디의 지상부 무게 감소율은 10월 초순 부산 금정처리와 10월 중순 경기 안성지역 파라핀 오일 처리에서 낮았다. 미국 켄터키주 렉싱턴의 들잔디에서 동일 농도의 파라핀 오일 처리시, 처리 물량이 많아질수록 엽록소 함량이 높게 유지 되었다. 따라서 파라핀 오일은 가을철 들잔디의 녹색기간 연장에 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. These studies were carried out to ascertain the effects of paraffin oil on prolongation of the green leaf color period in Zoysiagrass. Fifty-fold diluted 98% paraffin oil treatment obtained the lowest reduction rate of green color. In early October we sprayed 50-fold, 100-fold and 200-fold diluted 98% paraffin oil in a Zoysia japonica field in Hapcheon of Gyeongnam and Sangju of Gyeongbuk and in a Z. matrella field in Gumjung of Busan and Anseong of Gyeonggii. Leaf color maintained for 60 days after treatment in Zoysia japonica. Leaf color remained for 60 days after treatment in Anseong, Hapcheon and Sangju when treated in the mid-October. Chlorophyll content was higher in paraffin oil treatment areas than in control areas in early October. Weight reduction rate was lower in the paraffin oil treated than in untreated leaves of Zoysiagrass when sprayed in Gumjung and Anseong in early October and mid-October, respectively. The chlorophyll content in leaves of Z. japonica was increased by increasing the spray volume of paraffin oil in the same dose treated in Lexington, Kentucky, USA. Paraffin oil can be used to prolongate of Zoysiagrass leaf color.

IgA 신병증의 임상적 고찰

박한철,박찬현,박문향,강종명,최대홍 대한내과학회 1987 대한내과학회지 Vol.32 No.2

We did clinicopathologic study in 43 patients with IgA nephropathy diagnosed during the period of January, 1985 through August, 1986 at Hanyang University Hospital. The results were as followings; 1) IgA nephropathy were diagnosed in 43 patients among 187 biopsied patients, the prevalence being 23%. 2) It is most common in the 3rd and 4th decades in this adult group. 71.8% of the patients were in these age aroup. The mean age of the patients was 31.4 years, 3) Male to female ratio was 1:l. 4) 53.8% of the patients presented with gross hematuria, and 57% of them had recurrent episodes. 5) The preceding history of the respiratory tract infection were noted in 56.4% of the patients. This history preceded in 85.7% of the patients with gross hematuria, while only 22.2% of the patients with microscopic hematuria had preceding URI history. 6) At the time of initial study, proteinuria was$lt; lg/24h in 56.4% of the patients, and it exceeded 3.5g/24h in 28.2% of them. 7) Patients with microscopic hematuria had more severe illness compared with those with gross hematuria. They had male preponderence, more severe proteinuria and higher blood pressure. 8) At the initial presentation, patients presenting with renal dysfunction have heavier proteinuria and higher blood pressure than those without renal dysfunction.

Hydroxyurea 에 의한 진성다혈구증의 치료 1 예

이재호,김경수,김인순,최일영,이영열,최대홍 대한내과학회 1987 대한내과학회지 Vol.33 No.4

Polycythemia vera is a chronic myeloproliferative disease characterized by a clonal proliferation that arises at the 1evel of the pluripotent stem cell. Therapeutic modalities of polycythemia vera have included phlebotomy alone or phlehotomy supplemented by myelosuppressive agents. But each therapeutic modality has had inevitable complications such as thrombosis, leukemia and/or other non-hematologic malignancies. These findings emphasized the desirability of developing an effective non-carcinogenic, myelosuppressive agent for the treatment of polycythemia vera. It appears that hydroxyurea has no increased risk of mutagenic transformation to patients of polycythemia vera, although longer follow-up is still necessary. Presented here, a 45-year old patient with polycythemia vera who achieved clinical and hematologic improvement by hydroxyurea.

골수성 백혈병의 염색체 연구

김인순,김동선,최일영,백용균,조율희,김목현,최대홍 대한내과학회 1987 대한내과학회지 Vol.32 No.3

Chromosomal studies on the diagnosis and prognosis of leukemia have been reported to be significant since 1958 by Ford, etc. We have investigated chromosomal abnormalities and their clinical correlations of acute and chronic myelogenous leukemic patients who had been admitted to the department of internal medicine at Hanyang university hospital during the peroid from January, 1980 to February, 1986. The results obtained were as follows: 1) In 37 cases of acute no-lymphocytic leukemia, chromosomal patterns were normal in 13 (35.1%) and abnormal in 24 (64.9%), but there were no significant statistical differences between peripheral blood, bone marrow and chromosomal finding. 2) In 14cases of 24cases of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia with abnormal chromosomal pattern, who were treated by conventional chemotheraphy, complete remission was achieved in 6 (42.9%) and partial remission in 3 (21.4%), but complete remission was achieved in 4 (36.4%) and partial remission in 4 (36.4%) out of 11 with normal chromosomal pattern. 3) In abnormal chromosomal patterns of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, numerical abnormalities were predominant such as aneuploidy in 21, polyploidy in 2 and pseudodiploidy in 2 out of 24 with abnormal chromosomes. 4) There were 2caes with positive philadelphia chromosame in 37cases of acute non-lympoctic leukemia, 5) The positive rate of philadelphia chromosome for chronic myelocytic leukemia was 93.8%, 6) In cases of low positive rate and negativtiy of philadelphia chromosome in ehronic myelocytic leukemia, there were thrombocytopenia and bleeding tendency whereas the cases of high positive rate almost showed thrombocytosis.