반말체 어미 ‘-게’의 의미기능 연구

이한민 ( Lee Han-min ),조은영 ( Cho Eun-young ) 국어학회 2015 국어학 Vol.74 No.-

본고는 조은영·이한민(2011)에서 정리하였던 연결어미에서 종결어미화된 ‘-게’의 의미기능과 문법화 과정의 연장선상에서 추가적인 ‘-게’의 용법으로 [가정]과 [추측유도]의 의미기능을 살피고자 하였다. [가정] ‘-게’구문은 조건절인 선행절과 결과절인 후행‘-게’절로 구성되며, 선행절의 부정을 이끄는 반어적 진술의 수사의문문으로 사용된다. [가정] ‘-게’는 선어말어미 ‘-었-’이 결합할 수 있는 점, 후행 ‘-게’절이 단독으로 쓰일 수 없는 점, 의미적으로 후행절의 내용이 선행절을 강조하는 기능을 한다는 점에서 [완료결과] ‘-게’와 연관성을 보인다. [추측유도] ‘-게’구문은 화자가 알고 있는 어떠한 사실에 대하여 청자의 ‘추측을 유도’하는 발화에서 사용되며, 설명의문문 형식이나 선택의문문 형식으로 쓰이지만, 청자로부터 신정보를 얻기 위한 질문으로는 사용되지 않는다. [추측유도] ‘-게’절은 선어말어미 ‘-었-’이 결합할 수 있는 점, 이미 이루어진 상황 혹은 확정된 사실에 대한 것이라는 점에서 [완료결과] ‘-게’와 유사한 의미를 보인다. 그러나 단독으로 사용될 수 있는 구문인지, 발화의 초점이 ‘-게’절에 있는지의 여부에서 차이를 보인다. [가정]은 [완료결과]와 통사적, 의미적으로 비슷한 부분이 많고, [완료결과]와 동일한 형식의 문장이 [가정]의 쓰임을 보이는 과도기적 형태도 존재한다. 따라서 [가정]은 [완료결과] 이후에 연결될 수 있는 단계로 볼 수 있다.[추측유도]의 경우에는 [완료결과], [가정]과 통사적, 의미적으로 공통적인 부분이 있지만, 조은영·이한민(2011)에서 정리한 종결어미 ‘-게’의 단계별 의미기능과 함께 다룰 수 있을지에 대해서는 결론을 내리지 못하였다. [추측유도]가 연결어미 ‘-게’에서 문법화한 종결어미가 아니라 다른 기원을 갖는 ‘-게’의 의미기능일 수도 있다는 가능성도 열어 두어야 할 것이다. 다만, [추측유도] ‘-게’가 공시적인 쓰임에서 연결어미 ‘-게’에서 문법화한 종결어미의 의미기능들과 연관성을 가지는 것은 분명하다. This paper tries to figure out the additory usage of final ending ‘-ge’―the semantic function of [supposition] and [assumption inducement]― as an extension to the grammaticalization process of final ending ‘-ge,’ originated from a connective ending ‘-ge’ organized by Cho, Eun-Young & Lee, Han-Min (2011). The sentence structure of [supposition] ‘-ge’ is consisted of the antecedent clause, which is a conditional clause, and the following clause ‘-ge’ clause, and is used as a rhetorical interrogative of an ironic statement denying the antecedent clause. It also shows some correlation with [completion result] ‘-ge’, considering the fact that ‘-ge’ can be combined with the tense prefinal ending ‘-eoss-’, and that following ‘-ge’ clause cannot be used by itself, and that the following clause can emphasize the antecedent clause semantically. The sentence structure of [assumption inducement] ‘-ge’ is often used when inducing a listener to make an assumption of a matter that a speaker already knows. However, it is not used as a question to get a new information from the listener although it may be used in a form of a wh-question or an alternative question. [Assumption inducement] ‘-ge’ clause shows some similar meaning with that of a [completion result] ‘-ge’ clause regarding the fact that it can be combined with the tense prefinal ending ‘-eoss-’ and that this clause is about something that has already happened or determined. However, it shows some differences in that whether this sentence structure can be used alone or its focus point of utterance is on ‘-ge’ clause itself. There exists several similarities between [supposition] and [completion result] in syntactic and semantic context, in addition to a transitional phase in which a sentence is used as a [supposition] clause when sentence structures exhibit identical features to [completion result]. Thus, it can be seen that [supposition] is a connecting stage following the [completion stage]. In case of [assumption inducement], there exists several similarities between [assumption inducement], [completion result] and [supposition] in syntactic and semantic context. However, the authors were not able to draw a definitive conclusion as to whether [assumption inducement] can be dealt with changing meanings of semantic functions of final ending ‘-ge,’ organized in Cho, Eun-Young & Lee, Han-Min (2011). Thus, there is an implied possibility that [Assumption inducement] may not be a grammaticalized final ending ‘-ge’ but that of different origins with dissimilar semantic functions. In the synchronic use, however, it is certain that [assumption result] ‘-ge’ has a definitive correlation with semantic functions of final endings that are grammaticalized in the connective ending ‘-ge.’

하악치은에 발생한 평활근육종의 치험례

조은영,하종운,김은철,정윤심,Cho, Eun-Young,Ha, Jong-Woon,Kim, Eun-Cheol,Jeong, Yun-Shim 대한구강악안면외과학회 2001 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.27 No.4

Leiomyosarcoma(LMS) is a malignant tumor from smooth muscle origin that arises most commonly in the gastrointestinal tract and uterus, but rarely in the oral and maxillofacial area which lacks smooth muscles. 63 cases of oral LMS have been reported, especially LMS that occurred in the mandibular gingiva is only 2 cases. Major symptom of oral LMS is painful or painless swelling. Besides it, oral LMS has no specific characteristics. So it is difficult to diagnose the case as LMS of the oral cavity. Certain cases report that LMS of the oral cavity was misdiagnosed as periodontitis and the patients were treated with unnecessary procedures. Conventional treatment of LMS is the radical surgical excision. LMS that is infiltrative and very malignant has poor prognosis despite of well-circumscribed boundary. LMS of the oral cavity is often recurred, has high rate of distant metastasis and 5-year-survival rate is as low as 23%. This article reports LMS of the mandibular gingiva that treated with surgical intervention, had local recurrence and metastasis to the lymph node after 16-month's follow-up examination.

HSB 강거더의 비탄성 횡비틂좌굴에 의한 휨강도 - 세장 복부판 단면

조은영,신동구,Cho, Eun-Young,Shin, Dong-Ku 한국강구조학회 2012 韓國鋼構造學會 論文集 Vol.24 No.2

The flexural behavior of HSB I-girder with a non-slender web attributed to inelastic lateral-torsional buckling under uniform bending was investigated using nonlinear finite element analysis of ABAQUS. The girder was assumed to have a compact or noncompact web in order to prevent premature bend-buckling of the web. The unbraced length of the girder was selected so that inelastic lateral-torsional buckling governs the ultimate flexural strength. The compression flange was also assumed to be either compact or noncompact to prevent local buckling of the elastic flange. Both homogeneous sections fabricated from HSB600 or HSB800 steel and hybrid sections with HSB800 flanges and SM570-TMC web were considered. In the FE analysis, the flanges and web of I-girder were modeled as thin shell elements. Initial imperfections and residual stresses were imposed on the FE model. An elasto-plastic strain hardening material was assumed for steel. After establishing the validity of the present FE analysis by comparing FE results with test results in existing literature, the effects of initial imperfection and residual stress on the inelastic lateral-torsional buckling behavior were analyzed. Finite element analysis results for 96 sections demonstrated that the current inelastic strength equations for the compression flange in AASHTO LTFD can be applied to predict the inelastic lateral torsional buckling strength of homogeneous and hybrid HSB I-girders with a non-slender web. HSB 고강도 강재를 적용한 균일모멘트를 받는 세장 복부판을 갖는 강거더에 대하여 비탄성 횡비틂좌굴 거동을 상용 ABAQUS 프로그램을 이용하여 비선형 유한요소해석으로 분석하였다. 해석대상 강거더는 압축플랜지의 국부좌굴이 휨강도를 지배하지 않도록 플랜지는 조밀 또는 비조밀 요소에 해당하는 세장비를 갖도록 설계하였으며, 횡방향 비지지길이는 탄성 횡비틂좌굴 강도 이상의 휨강도를 갖도록 선정하였다. HSB600 및 HSB800 강재로 제작된 균질단면 강거더와 HSB800과 SM570-TMC 강재를 동시에 적용한 하이브리드 단면를 고려하였고, 일반강재와의 상대적인 비교를 위하여 SM490-TMC 균질단면 강거더에 대한 해석도 수행하였다. 비선형 유한요소해석 시에는 플랜지와 복부판을 쉘요소로, 강재는 탄소성-변형경화 재료로 모델링하였다. 초기변형과 단면의 잔류응력을 고려하였으며 이들이 비탄성 횡비틂좌굴 영역에서 휨거동에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 총 64개의 해석대상 강거더에 대하여 FE 해석과 설계식에 의한 휨저항강도를 비교한 결과, HSB 강재를 적용한 균질단면 및 하이브리드 단면 거더의 비탄성 횡비틂좌굴에 의한 휨강도는 현 AASHTO LRFD 압축플랜지 휨강도 탄성 설계규정을 적용하여 산정할 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

국립장기이식센터 설립 전후의 각막이식 실태

조은영,김만수.Eun Young Cho. M.D.. Man Soo Kim. M.D. 대한안과학회 2006 대한안과학회지 Vol.47 No.4

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the status of corneal transplantation in Korea over the last 6 years. Methods: We evaluated the current status of domestic corneal transplantation using the data obtained from Korean Network for Organ Sharing (KONOS). We evaluated imported corneal transplantation by the number of corneal transplantations, the country of origin of imported cornea, the preserved state of corneas, the time from the death to transplantation and the result of corneal transplantation. The imported corneal transplantation data was obtained from the institution registered in KONOS and the institution recognized by the authers. Results: The number of domestic cornea donations has not increased since 2000, but the number of transplantations using imported corneas has increased year by year. The quality of imported corneas was good. There was no difference in operation results when domestic corneas were used compared to the use of imported corneas from the USA, Australia or Sri Lanka. Conclusions: The increased use of imported corneas results of a deficiency in the number of domestic cornea donations. Social motivation should be used to increase domestic donations of corneas.

비탄성 설계법에 의한 플레이트 거더 연속교의 LRFD 설계

조은영,신동구,Cho, Eun Young,Shin, Dong Ku 한국강구조학회 2008 韓國鋼構造學會 論文集 Vol.20 No.4

연속경간 강합성 플레이트 거더교를 내측 교각 위 부모멘트부에서의 모멘트 재분배 효과를 고려하는 LRFD 비탄성설계법으로 설계하고 탄성설계법에 의한 설계결과와 비교하였다. 탄성 및 비탄성 설계 시에 교량은 3경간 연속교로 가정하였으며 경간비를 4:5:4로 중앙 경간 최대 경간장은 40m-70m를 고려하였다. 설계방법은 AASHTO-LRFD 규정을 적용하였으나 설계활하중은 최근 국내에서 새로이 제안된 활하중을 사용하였다. 탄성설계법으로 최대정모멘트 단면과 내측 교각 위 최대부모멘트 단면을 설계한 후에 내측 교각 위에서의 재분배모멘트를 계산하고 이를 최대정모멘트부의 설계모멘트에 추가하여 최대정모멘트부 단면에 대한 강도한계상태와 사용성한계상태에 대하여 검토하였다. 최대부모멘트부는 탄성설계법으로 구한 강거더 단면의 강재량을 감소시키고 비탄성설계법에 규정한 사용성한계상태 설계요구조건을 검토하였다. 5개의 연속교를 비탄성설계법으로 설계한 결과 최대부모멘트부의 강거더 단면적이 탄성설계에 비해 23% 내외 감소하는 것으로 분석되었다. The inelastic design of the three-span continuous composite plate girder with consideration of moment redistribution over the interior pier is performed using the LRFD method. The design of the girder section, based on the inelastic method, is compared with that by the conventional elastic design. The length of the center span for the three-span continuous bridge ranges from 40m to 70m and the relative ratio of the span length is assumed to be 4:5:4. Although the AASHTO- LRFD specifications are applied in the design of the composite girder, the recently proposed new design live load is used. After determining the maximum positive and negative sections by the elastic design for various limit states, the amount of moment redistributed to the maximum positive moment section is calculated. With the increased design moment due to moment redistribution from the interior pier, the maximum positive section designed by the elastic method is checked for the strength limit state and the service limit state. The maximum negative moment section is redesigned by reducing the size of the steel girder relative to the section designed by the elastic method and the new section is checked for the service limit state. Based on the design results for the five bridges considered in this study, it is estimated that about 23% of steel can be saved in the interior pier section if it is designed by the inelastic method compared with that designed by the elastic method.

HSB 강합성거더 정모멘트부 휨거동

조은영,신동구,Cho, Eun-Young,Shin, Dong-Ku 한국강구조학회 2010 韓國鋼構造學會 論文集 Vol.22 No.4

HSB600 및 HSB800 고성능강재를 적용한 정모멘트부 강합성거더의 휨거동을 비선형 모멘트-곡률 해석법으로 분석하였다. 연성특성이 다른 3개의 대표적인 강합성거더 기본 단면을 선정하여 모멘트-곡률 해석법으로 모멘트-곡률 이력과 휨저항강도를 구하고 비선형 유한요소해석 프로그램 ABAQUS(2008)로 구한 결과와 비교하여 모멘트-곡률 해석 프로그램을 검증하였다. 비선형 유한요소해석 시에는 플랜지, 복부판 및 콘크리트 바닥판을 판요소로 모델링하여 3차원 강합성거더 유한요소모델을 적용했으며 초기변형과 단면의 잔류응력을 고려하여 해석하였다. 강합성거더 단면에서 콘크리트 바닥판의 28일 압축강도는 30~50MPa를 고려하였으며, 콘크리트 재료는 CEB-FIP(1990) 모델로, 일반 강재와 HSB600 및 HSB800 고성능 강재는 탄소성-변형경화 재료로 모델링하였다. 강합성단면의 연성비, 강거더의 강종, 콘크리트 바닥판의 압축강도, 소성중립축의 위치 등이 강합성거더의 연성특성 및 휨저항강도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. The flexural behavior of composite HSB600 and HSB800 I-girders under a positive moment was investigated using the material non-linear moment-curvature analysis method. Three representative composite sections with different ductility properties were selected as the baseline sections in this study. Using these baseline sections, the moment-curvature program was verified by comparing the flexural strength and the moment-curvature curve obtained from the program with those obtained using the non-linear FE analysis of ABAQUS. In the FE analysis, the composite girders were modeled three-dimensionally with flanges, the web, and the concrete slab as thin shell elements, and initial imperfections and residual stresses were imposed on the FE model. In the moment-curvature and FE analyses, the 28-day compressive strength of the concrete slab was assumed to be 30-50 MPa, and the HSB600 and HSB800 steels were modeled as elasto-plastic strain-hardening materials, with the concrete as the CEB-FIP model. The effects of the ductility ratio of the composite girder, the type of steel, the compressive strength of the concrete deck, and the location of the plastic neutral axis on the flexural characteristics were analyzed.

LRFD 설계기준(안) 피로설계트럭 모형 분석

조은영,신동구,Cho, Eun Young,Shin, Dong Ku 한국강구조학회 2009 韓國鋼構造學會 論文集 Vol.21 No.3

A reliability analysis of the fatigue failure of highway steel bridges was performed by applying the Miner's fatigue damage rule for the fatigue design truck proposed for the LRFD code and for the current DB 24 truck. The limit state function for fatigue failure is expressed as a function of various random variables that affect fatigue damage. Among these variables, the statistical parameters for the equivalent moment, the impact factor, and the loadometer were obtained by analyzing recently measured domestic traffic data, and the parameters for the fatigue strength, the girder distribution factor, and the headway factor were obtained from the measured data reported in literature. Based on the reliability analysis, the fatigue truck model for the LRFD code was proposed. After applying the proposed fatigue truck to the LRFD code, 16 composite plate and box girder bridges were designed based on the LRFD method, and the LRFD design results for the fatigue limit state were compared with those by the current KHBDC. Miner의 피로손상법칙을 적용하여 피로파괴에 대한 한계상태함수를 표현하고, 실제 국내 통행차량의 통계적 특성을 반영하여 LRFD 설계기준(안)의 피로설계트럭모형과 현 도로교설계기준의 DB-24 하중에 대한 피로파괴 신뢰도해석을 수행하였다. 피로한계상태함수는 Miner의 피로손상법칙을 확률변수의 함수로 나타내고 이들 확률변수에 대하여 국내 통행트럭 등의 실측 통계자료를 분석하여 구한 통계치와 문헌에 보고된 결과를 조사하여 구한 통계치를 적용하여 지간별 및 피로상세별 신뢰도지수를 Rackwitz-Fiessler법으로 구하고, 신뢰도해석 결과를 분석하여 LRFD 설계기준(안)의 피로설계트럭모형을 제안하였다. 아울러, 제안된 피로설계트럭모형을 적용하여 단경간 및 3경간 연속 플레이트 및 박스 거더교의 총 16개 실교량에 대한 피로설계를 수행하고, 설계결과를 현 도로교설계기준의 DB-24 하중에 의한 피로설계 결과와 비교하여 LRFD 피로설계트럭 모형의 적용성을 검토하였다.

HSB 강재 적용 강합성 복합단면 거더 정모멘트부의 휨저항강도

조은영,신동구,Cho, Eun-Young,Shin, Dong-Ku 한국강구조학회 2011 韓國鋼構造學會 論文集 Vol.23 No.3

교량용 HSB 고성능 강재를 적용한 정모멘트부 강합성 복합단면 거더의 휨저항강도를 모멘트-곡률 해석법으로 산정하고 LRFD 휨저항강도 설계식에 의한 휨저항강도와 비교하여 기존 설계식의 적용성을 검토하였다. 강거더의 하부플랜지는 HSB800 강재를 상부플랜지와 복부판은 HSB600 강재를 적용하였다. 다양한 연성특성을 갖는 6,205개 단면을 임의추출법으로 선정하고 재료 비선형 모멘트-곡률 해석 프로그램을 이용하여 이들 단면에 대한 휨저항강도를 구하였다. 합성단면을 구성하는 콘크리트 재료는 CEB-FIP 모델로, HSB600 및 HSB800 강재는 탄소성-변형경화 재료로 모델링하였으며 콘크리트 바닥판의 압축강도는 30MPa, 45MPa 및 60MPa를 고려하였다. HSB 강재를 적용한 강합성 복합단면 거더의 연성계수와 콘크리트 바닥판의 압축강도에 따른 휨저항강도 특성을 분석하였다. HSB 고성능강을 적용한 이종 복합단면 강합성 거더의 모멘트-곡률해석 결과, 현 AASHTO LRFD 정모멘트부 휨저항강도 산정식을 적용할 수 있는 것으로 평가되었다. The flexural strength of composite HSB hybrid I-girders under positive moment is investigated by the moment-curvature analysis method to evaluate the applicability of the current AASHTO LRFD design specification to such girders. The hybrid girders are assumed to have the top flange and the web fabricated from HSB600 steel and the bottom flange made of HSB800 steel. More than 6,200-composite I-girder sections that satisfy the section proportion limits of AASHTOL RFD specifications are generatedby the random sampling technique to consider a statistically meaningful wide range of section properties. The flexural capacities of the sections are calculated by the nonlinear moment-curvature analysis in which the HSB600 and HSB800 steels are modeled as an elastoplastic, strain-hardening material and the concrete as CEB-FIP model. The effects of ductility ratio and compressive strength of concrete slab on the flexural strength of composite hybrid girders make of HSB steels are analyzed. Numerical results indicated that the current AASHTO-LRFD equation can be used to calculate the flexural strength of composite hybrid girders fabricated from HSB steel.

콜린의 결핍과 서로 다른 지방이 2 - Acetylaminofluorene 을 투여한 쥐간의 Glutaghione 의존 효소에 미치는 영향

조은영,최혜미,김현아,변기원,송지현,김정희 ( Eun Young Cho,Hay Min Choi,Hyeona Kim,Ki Won Byun,Ji Hyun Song,Jun Ghee Kim ) 생화학분자생물학회 1992 BMB Reports Vol.25 No.4

Weanling Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed the diet containing either 15% beef tallow or 15% corn oil with or without 0.075% choline chloride for 10 weeks. At 3rd and 5th week, animals were given injection of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) at a dose of 50 ㎎/㎏ body weight twice a week (1st and 3rd day of the week). At 11th week, all animals were decapitated. Microsomal lipid peroxide values, microsomal enzyme activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), cytosolic enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) were determined. Microsomal lipid peroxide values measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased significantly in choline deficient corn oil group, but not significantly in any other groups. Microsomal G6Pase activities were decreased in corn oil groups compared with beef tallow groups, and choline deficient corn oil group had the lowest value. Cytosolic GSH-Px activities tended to be elevated by choline deficiency in both fat groups. Cytosolic GR activities tended to be decreased by choline deficiency in beef tallow group, but significantly increased in corn oil group. Activities of cytosolic GST were tended to be increased by choline deficiency in both fat groups. All glutathione-dependent enzyme activities were significantly higher in corn oil groups than in beef tallow groups and the highest in choline deficient corn oil group. These results suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) diet and choline deficiency may increase hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation. Although lipid peroxidation induces protective enzymes, destruction of membrane integrity is inevitable. When 2 factors were compared on lipid peroxidation, induction of protective enzymes, and destruction of membrane integrity, PUFA diet was more effective than choline deficient diet.

압축플랜지 비탄성 국부좌굴을 고려한 HSB 플레이트거더의 휨강도

조은영,신동구,Cho, Eun Young,Shin, Dong Ku 대한토목학회 2013 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.33 No.1

HSB를 적용한 플레이트거더의 압축플랜지 국부좌굴을 고려한 극한휨강도를 비선형 유한요소해석으로 분석하였다. 압축플랜지의 비탄성 국부좌굴 또는 소성항복이 휨강도를 지배하는 압축플랜지 세장비를 갖도록 해석대상 강거더를 선정하였다. HSB600 및 HSB800 강재로 제작된 균질단면 강거더와 HSB800 강재와 SM570-TMC 강재를 함께 적용한 하이브리드 단면을 고려하였으며, 일반강재와의 비교를 위하여 SM490-TMC 강거더에 대한 해석도 수행하였다. 비선형 유한요소해석 시에는 플랜지와 복부판을 쉘요소로 강재는 탄소성-변형경화 재료로 모델링하였으며, 초기변형과 단면의 잔류응력을 고려하였다. 비선형 유한요소해석 결과와 기존 문헌의 실험결과를 비교하여 유한요소 해석결과를 검증하였으며, 초기변형과 잔류응력이 극한휨강도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 총 60개 해석대상 강거더의 휨극한강도를 유한요소해석으로 구하고, 도로교설계기준, AASHTO LRFD와 Eurocode 3의 설계규정으로 구한 휨강도와 비교하여 이들 규정의 HSB 강거더에 대한 적용성을 검토하였다. The ultimate flexural strength of HSB I-girders, considering the effect of local bucking, was investigated through a series of nonlinear finite element analysis. The girders were selected such that the inelastic local flange buckling or the plastic yielding of compression flanges governs the flexural strength. Both homogeneous sections fabricated from HSB600 or HSB800 steel and hybrid sections with HSB800 flanges and SM570-TMC web were considered. In the FE analysis, the flanges and web were modeled using thin shell elements and initial imperfections and residual stresses were imposed on the FE model. An elasto-plastic strain hardening material was used for steels. After establishing the validity of present FE analysis by comparing FE results with test results published in the literature, the effects of initial imperfection and residual stress on the inelastic flange local buckling behavior were assessed. The ultimate flexural strengths of 60 I-girders with various compression flange slenderness were obtained by FE analysis and compared with those calculated from the KHBDC, AASHTO LRFD and Eurocode 3 provisions. Based on the comparison, the applicability of design equations in these specifications for the flexural strength of I-girder considering flange local buckling was evaluated.