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수질오염총량관리체제에서의 한강수계관리기금의 개편방향 연구
조용모 ( Yong Mo Cho ),박신희 ( Sun Hee Park ),김현경 서울시정개발연구원 2011 연구보고서 Vol.2011 No.7
Introduction: Since the enforcement of Act Relating to Han River Water Qualtiy Improvement and Community Support in 1999, there has been a significant change in Han River Watershed management environment, One of the most critical change to note is the compulsory application of TMDL (Total Maximum Daily Loading) system in Water Pollution Management, Over the past 10 years, the communities in the upper reaches of the river have been supplied with funding resources that were collected from the lower reaches under the pretext of compensation to land use restrictions in the upper region. Once the TMDL Management system is in effect, however, development of the land within the limit of maximum daily load is allowed, which in turn makes those existing premises of supporting upper reaches no longer valid. Thus, this study aims to suggest the improvement strategies on the Han River Fund management system that accords with the changing conditions, as well as to provide grounds for supplying fund resources for the management of lower reaches of the river. 2. Main Findings: The Current Status of Han River Management Fund -From 1999 to 2008, 3.102 trillion won had been raised for the Fund and 3.074 trillion won had been spent. - Kyunggi province was the biggest beneficiary of the fund (48.5%), followed by Han River Watershed Management Committee Secretariat (22.0%) and Kangwon province (18.4%). -The majority of the fund was spent for installation and operation of water quality improvement facilities(44.1%), followed by the shoring-up project for people in restricted areas(23.1%) and the purchase of land in Riparian Buffer Zones(20.4%). A Rise in Installation and Operation Cost of Water Quality Improvement Facilities, -From 2000 to 2010, the number of water quality improvement facilities in the upper reaches of Han River increased by 3 fold(from 57 to 1,677) and the funding resource spent for the installation increased from 44.6 billion won to 109.3 billion won accordingly. -During the same time period, operating cost increased by 2.5 times from 32.6 billion won to 82.6 billion won. Emerging Fund Management Issues under the New Watershed Management Regime -The upper reaches of the Han River is too vast to be managed via management fund. -There is a call for expanding fund-beneficiary regions to the lower reaches under the Total Water Pollution Load Management Regime. -Installation of water quality improvement facilities can be abused to justify land use development in the upper reaches. In addition, excessive installation and operation of such facilities can lead to fund deficit which creates down spiral. In the meantime, each local ``authorities`` sewer charge is in decline every year. -Nearly 20% of raised fund was spent on the purchase of land in Riparian Buffer Zones, but result was yet insignificant since the purchase of the land was based on negotiation rather that mandatory purchase of the designated area. -All the more, Special Act on Development of Buffer Zone, newly announced in 2010, have directly conflicting goals (of promoting development of riparian zones as the residential/commercial/industrial/cultural/leisure district) for the existing buffer zone conservation policy. - Due to lack of consistent, long-term strategies, community support project has failed to contribute much to improve community life quality. In spite of money invested, therefore, resident satisfaction for the projects turned out to be low. 3. Policy Recommendations: Re-establishing fund raising and distributing principles - Under the new watershed management regime, land regulation of the upper reaches of the river will be eased. Thus communities in the upper reaches should contribute a certain portion to the fund based on ``polluter pays principle``. -Act Relating to Han River Water Quality Improvement and Community Support should be revised to specify this new fund raise and distribution principles. -Installation and operation costs of water quality improvement facilities should be covered by sewer charges of individual local authorities, not by fund resources. Expediting transition into TMDL Management system -Establishing databases and water quality monitoring systems and etc. is a prerequisite for implementing the new management system and thus fund investment to such projects is needed. -Under the new regime, fund-beneficiary regions should be extended to the lower reaches of the river. -Local authorities that avoid implementing total water pollution load management system should be excluded from the fund beneficiaries. Improving existing water quality management system -Purchasing land in Riparian Buffer Zones has proven to have insignificant effect on water quality improvement and the project directly conflicts with the goals of recently enacted Special Act on Development of Buffer Zone. Investing fund resources to the existing system should be avoided and instead, an alternative non-point pollution treatment system should be adopted. -For the impossible task of maintaining water quality standards of 1a throughout the Paldang-lake watershed, an enormous sum of funding resources is being wasted. Thus, designation of intensive water quality management area dubbed as priority drinking water conservation area is needed. -In order to avoid excessive installation and operation (and following fund investment) of water quality improvement facilities, quality management and thorough speculation of facilities` treatment capacity and water quality improvement performances is needed. -Due to the increase in non biodegradable pollutants in the watershed in recent years, distributing fund resources to the installation of tertiary treatment facilities is more urgently required than to the capacity expansion of existing facilities. Adoption of Integrated Watershed Management System -Shifting from the Ministry of Environment`s centralized fund management and distribution system, a new governance structure which enables local governments` active participation in the fund execution process should be created. -More specifically, hands-on workers from the local authorities should be dispatched to the Watershed Management Committee Secretariat and a chairman of the Committee should be delegated to the governors of the 5 local authorities.
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조남용(Nam Yong Cho),김형숙(Hyung Sook Kim) 한국무용과학회 2010 한국무용과학회지 Vol.20 No.-
이 연구의 목적은 창의적 표현을 위한 무용 수업이 어떠한 과정으로 진행되는지 그 과정과 결과를 공유하여 무용수업 개선에 기여하려는 데에 있다. 이를 위해 참여 및 비참여관찰과 면담, 그리고 수업소감문을 통한 질적 연구방법을 활용하였다. 4주간의 수업을 통해 결론을 교수자와 학습자의 두 측면에서 살펴보면 아래와 같다. 첫째, 교수자 측면인 수업의 설계에 있어서, 각 절차(도입, 전개, 정리)에 일관성이 있어야 한다. 즉, 수업의 목표가 명제적이거나 내용의 양이 많거나 혹은 시간이 부족하고 효율성을 최고의 목표로 삼을 경우 직접적인(direct) 교수학습방법을 활용하는 것이 옳을 것이다. 그러나 만약 수업의 목표가 창의성이나 자기주도성 등 방법적이며 학업성취에 있어서 장기간이 소요된다면 간접적인(inquiry; 탐구중심) 교수학습방법을 활용하는 것이 바람직하고 그 과정을 보이려고 하였다. 둘째, 학습자의 만족도 혹은 성취감 측면에서 살펴보면, 수업 내내 보여준 모습은 재미와 열정이었다. 학습자의 내적동기(재미)가 자극되면, 수업에 적극적으로 참여하게 된다. 또한 수업 목표로서 창의성의 필요조건인 다양성에 대한 인식이 생겼음을 확인하였다. 더불어, 자신의 삶을 무용교수자의 길로 선정한 이들은 기존 무용교육의 장단점과 향후 미래 무용교육의 나아갈 바를 스스로 다짐하는 것을 볼 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was to sharing the whole process of dance instruction for creative expression and effect of students were attended that instruction. This dance instruction was held a day per week during 4 weeks in some university. 10 students were participated in this class. Qualitative research methods, such as participated observation, interview, inducive categorizing etc. were used. We, as teachers, designed class 2 parts. The first was theoretic lectures consist of "what is the core of education", "3 aspects of human-beings", "the concept of knowing how and knowing that" and "constructive methodologies of education". The second was performing lectures based on "Laban theory and motif writing symbols". The data were selected by dialogue, in depth interview, observation, and students" journals and analyzed by Inductive category analysis. The conclusions were drawn as follows: First, the current university dance education had little contingency with the educational goals. so they must have the congruence among the goal, contents, method and evaluation. Diversity was the necessary condition of creativity. if there were no diversity and self-directed, no creativity existed. Second, intrinsic motivated class. the student showed the 4 elements of intrinsic motivation, Attention, Relevance, Confidence and Satisfaction. The students have specific and expert pre-dance teacher image for their entire life-long teacher. Finally, the implications of develop of dance teacher expertise was discussed.
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조남용(Nam Yong Cho),김형숙(Hyung Sook Kim) 한국무용과학회 2010 한국무용과학회지 Vol.21 No.-
본 연구는 일반 대학생을 대상으로 움직임 표현 교육의 가치를 이해시키고, 대학 교양수업에서 리더십과 자기개발의 함양을 위해 효과적으로 적용할 수 있는 움직임 수업 모형을 제시하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 2008년 1학기 S대학교 기초교육원에 개설된 "학생자율세미나-움직임놀이와 상상력표현" 수업에 참여한 전공이 서로 다른 15명으로 수업을 실시하였다. 또한, 모든 수업의 과정을 수업시간 마다 현대무용실에 비디오 촬영 기구를 설치하여 수강생들의 활동 사항을 비디오 촬영을 통해 기록하여 관찰하였다. 이를 바탕으로 기초교육원에서 제공한 양식을 통해 매회 실시한 설문지와 매시간 수업 후 한 학생씩 작성한 결과보고서를 통해 연구가 진행되었다. 본 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 수업 진행방법의 결과 측면과 개별적 학습 결과 측면에서 정리하면 다음과 같다. 움직임교육이 대학 내 학교 교육으로 발전하기 위해서 전문인 양성의 무용교과가 그 자체로 있는 것보다는 교양과정으로서 다양한 주제와 소재로 수업이 이루어져야 할 것으로 판단된다. 이는 결과적으로 무용관련학과에서 개설한 움직임수업이 교양 교육을 통해 최상의 교육 효과를 창출하는 역할을 수행해야 한다는 것을 의미한다. 본 수업의 과정을 통해서 학생들은 움직임의 중요성과 움직임을 통하여 창조적 과정을 할 수 있다고 생각하고 있었다. 이에 대학의 교양수업으로서 무용교육이 얼마나 가치 있는가를 인지시켜, 단순히 교양교육이 아닌 사회 속에 평생교육으로 그 토대를 마련해야 한다고 판단된다. In this study, normal college students understand the value of education and representation of the movement, from the College of Liberal Arts classes for cultivating leadership and self-development of effective instructional model can be applied to suggest the movement is aimed. In this study, normal college students' movement and imaginative play as expressed in the teaching proceed with the following results were derived. First, the class how to proceed in terms of the results were as follows. ① Unlike conventional seminars encourage active participation of students to move the body of his body and the external environment, as well as to widen this year, students with direct experience momyiraneun understand itwas a representation of the text. ② recommend students to participate in a free manner is done, a variety of classes at the beginning of the movement has to play. Representative classes of students to guide teaching jidogyosuna progress is starting, slowly, to lead students to the power in this class or went voluntarily. ③ voluntary movement of students to maximize expression, the body in the first part of the class develops a sense of movement and expression by providing a basic understanding of the issues to discuss and share their imagination by creating a culture has exerted play. ④ about their lives and communities of interest and the subject creates an opportunity to express actively, students work together through their own self, life, society has to share a common awareness of issues. ⑤ Through a joint project with the concept of play performances, arts activities as a form of cultural unity throughout the movement expressed their thoughts about that expression of joy and confidence to actively induced. Second, in terms of individual learning outcomes were as follows. ① basic learning about their body, and movement through the body and representation theory about the relationship between the ability to obtain improved ride. ② several new understanding of their body movements to play and let. ③ momgwaui me other than their own body movements to play and to increase understanding of living with others woodorok stance times were derived. ④ their awareness of issues about life and society, the body has learned how to express imagination. ⑤ density through the co-operation to share and refine their own sense of the problem was. ⑥ released through public projects, indigenous games were learning how to create a culture. ⑦ through body movements as a new perspective to the whole society to express their concern to the developed. ⑧ movement through education, representation and in-depth understanding of the art has become. In conclusion, we move through the educational development of university education in the school curriculum to train professionals in the course of the dance itself, not only would be best accomplished through education and the role of education should be conducted to create the effect. In addition, as a dance education and training that is valued by how much, rather than simply a liberal education to lifelong learning society should establish the foundation is considered.
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뇌수술 환자의 심부정맥혈전증 예방과 피부반응에 미치는 실험연구
조무용(Moo-Yong Cho),김분한(Boon-Han Kim),김기숙(Ki-Sook Kim) 한국산학기술학회 2016 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.17 No.5
본 연구는 뇌수술 후 부동 환자에게 부츠형 또는 무릎형 간헐적 공기 압박기 적용 후 심부정맥 혈전증 예방과 피부 반응에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위한 실험연구이다. 연구대상은 2015년 5월 부터 11월 까지 뇌수술 후 외과계 중환자실에 입실한 60명을 대상으로 하였다. 심부정맥 혈전증 평가는 7일 동안 대퇴정맥 혈류속도의 변화를 매일 측정하였고 피부 반응 정도도 매일 규칙적으로 관찰하였다. 그 결과 부츠형 간헐적 공기 압박기 적용군이 무릎형 간헐적 공기압박기 적용군보다 시간이 경과함에 따라 대퇴정맥 혈류속도가 증가함을 확인하였다. 즉, 7일 동안 측정한 평균 대퇴정맥 혈류속도는 시간경과 에 따른 측정시기 오른쪽(F=64.41, p <.001), 왼쪽(F=58.21, p <.001)모두 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 두 군 간의 발등 둘레는 측정시기와 집단 간의 상호작용에서 오른쪽(F=9.13, p <.001), 왼쪽(F=9.29, p<.001) 모두 통계적으로 유의한 차 이를 보였다. 또한 부츠형 간혈적 공기 압박기 적용군은 피부 합병증도 발생하지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 뇌수술 후 부동환자 에게 부츠형 간헐적 공기 압박기 적용이 심부정맥 혈전증을 예방하는데 보다 효과적임을 알 수 있다. This study examined the prevention of deep vein thrombosis and skin response after the application of boots or calf intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) devices in immobile patients with intracranial surgery. The subjects of this study included 60 patients in a surgical intensive care unit after receiving intracranial surgery from May to November in 2015. The blood flow velocity was measured daily to assess the deep vein thrombosis for 7 days, and the skin response of the legs was observed regularly. As a result, the boots IPC group showed an increased blood flow velocity over time compared to the calf IPC group. A significant statistical difference was observed in both the boots IPC group and calf IPC group over time (Right side; F=64.41, p<.001, Left side; F=58.21, p<.001). The dorsum circumference over time and the correlations between two groups (Right side; F=9.13, p <.001, left side; F=9.29, p<.001) also showed a significant difference. In addition, the boots IPC group showed no skin complications. In conclusion, the boots type IPC is a more effective method for preventing deep vein thrombosis for immobile patients with intracranial surgery.
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