1970년대 한국의 대마초문제와 정부 대응

조석연 ( Cho Seok Yeon ) 아시아문화학술원 2017 인문사회 21 Vol.8 No.1

본고는 1970년대 한국에서 심각한 사회문제로 부각된 대마초문제에 주목해 이 문제의 현상과 원인, 당국의 인식 및 통제과정 등을 다각적으로 분석함으로써 당대의 대마초문제를 보다 입체적으로 살펴보는 것을 목표로 한다. 이를 위해 본고에서는 `대마초`가 한국사회에 흡연도구로 소개되고, 1970년대 청년층을 중심으로 소비되게 된 원인을 찾아보고, 그 과정에서 일어난 `대마초 파동`에 주목해 이 현상의 성격과 원인을 분석해 보았다. 이와 함께 당대 정부가 이용한 대마초 근절의 논리를 검토해 보았다. 바로 여기에 당국이 당시 대마초문제를 바라보는 시각과 통제 의도가 투영되어 있다고 보기 때문이다. 당대의 대마초문제는 그 실체보다 확대, 과장되어진 측면이 없지 않았다. 정부는 대마초문제를 청년 및 사회풍속 등의 문제에서 나아가 당대의 국가적 과제였던 경제개발과 남북문제 및 국가안보 등의 문제와 직접 연결하며 대마초를 `반국가`, `반사회` 등의 이미지로 대중에 형상화하며 통제하고자 하였다. 그리고 그 성과는 당대의 각종 통계자료를 통해서도 확인된다. 이를 통해 1970년대 한국에서 대마의 재배와 사용은 국가의 관리 및 통제대상으로 완전히 자리 잡게 되었으며, 대마초에 대한 사회적 인식도 또 하나의 `마약`이자, 국가와 사회를 병들게 하는 `사회악`으로 각인되게 되었다. This article is a study on the problem of Korean cannabis in the 1970s. In the 1970s, Korea`s Cannabis Problems was a serious social problem. In the 1970s was the growth of Korea`s economy. And 1970 young people have had a free thinking than before. It was called `youth culture` or `popular culture.` Cannabis was called `happy smoke` to young people in the 1970s. `Happy smoke` was fashionable around the youth. In the 1970s, large scale cannabis scandal became social problems in Korea. In Korea, this is called a `cannabis wave.` This article focuses on the `cannabis wave` that occurred in 1975. The `cannabis wave` was exaggerated by the government. The Korean government arrested a number of popular artists as smokers of cannabis. But popular artists were not the main culprits. The arrest of popular artists was a means of making cannabis is a narcotic drug. The government has prescribed cannabis as a `narcotic drug` in the 1970s. Therefore, the government was promoting cannabis through the media as `social evils.` The government has enacted the “Cannabis Control Act” 1976. And it was critically aware of the cannabis community. As a result, cannabis was strongly controlled by the government.

인공 신경망 가속기 온칩 메모리 크기에 따른 주메모리 접근 횟수 추정에 대한 연구

조석재(Seok-Jae Cho),박성경(Sungkyung Park),박성정(Chester Sungchung Park) 한국전기전자학회 2021 전기전자학회논문지 Vol.25 No.1

이미지 인식 및 패턴 감지를 위해 널리 사용되는 알고리즘 중 하나는 convolution neural network(CNN)이다. CNN에서 대부분의 연산량을 차지하는 convolution 연산을 효율적으로 처리하기 위해 외부 하드웨어 가속기를 사용하여 CNN 어플리케이션의 성능을 향상 시킬 수 있다. 이러한 하드웨어 가속기를 사용함에 있어서 CNN은 막대한 연산량을 처리하기 위해 오프칩 DRAM에서 가속기 내부의 메모리로 데이터를 갖고 와야 한다. 즉 오프칩 DRAM과 가속기 내부의 온칩 메모리 혹은 글로벌 버퍼 사이의 데이터 통신이 CNN 어플리케이션의 성능에 큰 영향을 끼친다. 본 논문에서는 CNN 가속기 내의 온칩 메모리 혹은 글로벌 버퍼의 크기에 따른 주메모리 혹은 DRAM으로의 접근 횟수를 추산할 수 있는 시뮬레이터를 개발하였다. CNN 아키텍처 중 하나인 AlexNet에서, CNN 가속기 내부의 글로벌 버퍼의 크기를 증가시키면서 시뮬레이션 했을 때, 글로벌 버퍼 크기가 100kB 이상인 경우가 100kB 미만인 경우보다 가속기 내부와 오프칩 DRAM 간의 접근 횟수가 0.8배 낮은 것을 확인 했다. One widely used algorithm for image recognition and pattern detection is the convolution neural network (CNN). To efficiently handle convolution operations, which account for the majority of computations in the CNN, we use hardware accelerators to improve the performance of CNN applications. In using these hardware accelerators, the CNN fetches data from the off-chip DRAM, as the massive computational volume of data makes it difficult to derive performance improvements only from memory inside the hardware accelerator. In other words, data communication between off-chip DRAM and memory inside the accelerator has a significant impact on the performance of CNN applications. In this paper, a simulator for the CNN is developed to analyze the main memory or DRAM access with respect to the size of the on-chip memory or global buffer inside the CNN accelerator. For AlexNet, one of the CNN architectures, when simulated with increasing the size of the global buffer, we found that the global buffer of size larger than 100kB has 0.8x as low a DRAM access count as the global buffer of size smaller than 100kB.

국소알레르기비염의 최신지견

조석현 ( Seok Hyun Cho ) 대한천식알레르기학회(구 대한알레르기학회) 2013 Allergy Asthma & Respiratory Disease Vol.1 No.4

Rhinitis is a common airway disease that can affect patient`s quality of life and social activities. Rhinitis comprises heterogenous diseases and classified as allergic rhinitis (AR) or nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) based on the clinical history, skin prick test, and serum-specific IgE to aeroallergens. It is important to differentiate between AR and NAR, as management differs for each. However, classification of NAR is controversial and the specific mechanisms responsible for NAR remain unclear. Recently, the entopy of local allergic rhinitis (LAR) has been raised if positive response to nasal provocation test, and elevated specific IgE and inflammatory mediators such as tryptase and eosinophilic cationic peptide in the nasal lavage fluids are shown in patients with NAR. About 47.62.5% of patients previously diagnosed with NAR actually have LAR. LAR shares similar nasal symptoms with AR, such as itching, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction. LAR shows a good response to nasal corticosteroids and oral ant histamines. However, its natural history and role of immunotherapy need to be elucidated.

종설 : 단클론성 항체를 활용한 B 세포 악성 림프종 치료의 신기원: 리툭시맙

조석구 ( Seok Goo Cho ) 대한내과학회 2006 대한내과학회지 Vol.71 No.2

덤프트럭 재하 조건에 따른 지중 삼중관의 실험 및 수치해석적 진동 거동 분석

조석호(Seok Ho Cho),원종화(Jong Hwa Won),김정재(Jeong Jae Kim),김문겸(Moon Kyum Kim) 한국가스학회 2011 한국가스학회지 Vol.15 No.1

도심지 내 공사 현장 및 주변 지반에 매설된 지중 배관은 시공하중에 의한 진동에 노출이 되어있는 실정이다. 주기적으로 진동이 발생하는 매설된 배관의 지중 동적 거동 특성을 분석하기 위하여 기존 문헌 분석과 실증 실험의 결과를 토대로 수치해석을 수행하고 그 사용성을 검증하였다. 본 논문은 건설 장비중 하나인 덤프 트럭 하중의 매설 심도에 따른 배관의 거동을 분석하여 향후 지중 배관 관리기준 수립을 위한 기초 연구로서 수행되었다. 매설심도 0.6, 1.2, 1.8m 차량 이동 속도 10㎞m/h에 대하여 해석을 실시하였으며, 그 결과 매설 심도가 깊어질수록 진동속도 및 발생 응력이 작아지는 것을 확인할 수 있다. Pipes buried in around a construction site of urbanized area tend to be affected by the vibration caused by construction loads. The behaviors of buried pipes affected by periodic vibration were analyzed through numerical analyses based on existing study and experimental results. From the results of theses analyses, the serviceability of buried pipes subjected to vibration was verified. This study analyzed the pipe behaviors subjected to dump truck loads with respect to burial depths, and this research was performed as foundation study to establish standards for managing buried pipes. The analyses were performed with burial depth of 0.6, 1.2, 1.8m and vehicle velocity of 10㎞/h. From theses analyses, the vibration velocity and occurred stress tend to decrease as a burial depth increases.

류마티스 관절염 환자의 활액과 활막조직에서의 IL - 6 의 활성도

조석구(Seok Goo CHo),이상헌(Sang Heon Lee),홍연식(Yeon Sik Hong),조철수(Chul Soo Cho),박석영(Seok Young Park),박동준(Dong Jun Park),김호연(Ho Youn Kim),이정용(Jung Young Lee),김상호(Sang Ho Kim),변광호(Kwang Ho Pyun) 대한내과학회 1993 대한내과학회지 Vol.45 No.2

N/A Background: Interleukin-6 (IL-6), previously known as B cell stimulatory factor 2 (BSF-2) is a multifunctional cytokine that is produced by a various cells and plays an important role in the host defence mechanism such as regulation of immune response, acute phase reaction and hematopoiesis. Recent investigations have demonstrated that unregulated expression of IL-6 gene and overproducion of lL-6 were involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac myxoma, Castleman's disease, autoimmune disease, proliferative glomerulonephritis and certain lymphoid malignancies, especially plasmacytoma/multiple myelomas. We tried to evaluate the regulatory effect of IL 6 an the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) which is characterized by hyperactivation of 8 cells, presence of various autoantibodies and increase in acute phase proteins and platelets. Methods: The IL-6 activity was measured by bioassay using the murine IL-6 dependent hybridoma cell lines (MH60. BSF2), ELISA method and immunohistochemical analysis. Results: 1) IL-6 activity was significantly elevated m synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n= 25) as compared with osteoarthrits (OA, n=6) and seronegative arthritis (SNA, n=4) (p<0.05). 2) IL-6 activity was also elevated in serum from patients with RA as compared with other disease (P <0.01). 3) High IL-6 activity and destructive changes in affected joints had a tendency to be correlated (r=0.716), And positive correlations between IL-6 activity and C-reactive proteins in serum were observed in patients with RA (r=0.752). 4) Immunohistachemical analysis demonstrated that positive-staining cells were located on the perivascular space. Conclusion: The results suggest that unregulated production of IL-6 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA and could explain local as well as generalized symptoms of RA. However, it is not known whether excessive production of IL-6 is a primary event in the disease process, or secondary consequence.

해방 이후의 마약문제와 사회적 인식

조석연(Cho, Seok Yeon) 한국사학회 2012 史學硏究 Vol.- No.108

전통시기 민간에서 자생적으로 재배되는 양귀비에 대한 사회적 인식은 비교적 관대한 것이었다. 전통사회에서는 일반적으로 농가에서 양귀비를 몇 포기씩 심어 가정상비약으로 사용해 왔다. 양귀비의 미숙한 과피에서 나오는 아편은 필요시 복용하면 그 효과가 매우 좋아 일반 가정에 비치되어 있는 아편덩어리는 흔히 볼 수 있는 광경이었다. 이때는 無醫無藥村이 많고 의약품도 부족했던 시절이었기 때문에 의원을 찾아가기 어려운 경우 ‘만병통치약’으로 알려져 있던 아편을 일정량씩 구비해 두며, 필요시 소량 복용하곤 하였다. 일제시기에는 아편의 흡연뿐 아니라 여기에서 정제한 물질인 모르핀이 일반에 의료용으로 사용되어졌다. 이는 의사의 처방에 의하여 한정된 양만을 투약하여야 하지만, 모르핀을 처방하는 사람이나 처방받는 사람 모두 중독성이나 위험성에 대한 인식이 부족하였고, 일제도 이러한 모르핀 사용에 대해 비교적 관대한 정책을 실시하여 많은 오남용 피해자들이 중독자로 전락하였다. 전통사회부터 일반에게 아편은 가정상비약과 같이 사용되어 왔기 때문에 많은 사람들이 ‘마약’을 ‘범죄’의 개념으로 인식하기 어려웠던 것이다. 하지만 그들은 해방을 거치며 점차 사회로부터 새롭게 규정되어 갔다. ‘건국기’ 라는 특수한 상황과 통일민족국가 수립이라는 시대적 과제에 있어 중독자들은 ‘민족’의 건국을 방해하는 ‘반민족적’인 무리로 형상화되었다. 또한 이들은 ‘국민’의 의무로 규정된 마약에 관한 권리를 국가에 넘기지 않은 존재들이었으므로 선거권을 부여받지 못하거나 사면 대상에서 제외되는 등 ‘국민 外’의 대상으로 규정되어졌다. 따라서 이들은 ‘국민’으로서 갖는 기본적 권리와 사회적 기회를 제공받을 수 없었다. 또한 이 시기 마약문제에 대한 사회적 의식은 형성되고 있었지만, 당국은 해방과 좌우대립, 정부수립과 전쟁, 전후복구 등의 역사적 과제 앞에서 기본적 보건문제의 해결 외에 마약문제에 대한 구체적이고 적극적인 움직임을 보이지 못하였고, 따라서 이 시기 마약문제와 그 방안을 인간양심의 의무와 사회윤리의 측면, 즉 ‘국민’의 역할로 강조하는데 그칠 수밖에 없었다. 이러한 과정 속에서 중독자들은 사회적으로 ‘국민’에서 분리되기 시작하였으며, 해당 시기의 사회적 상황과 필요에 따라 ‘戰力의 소진’이나 국가경제를 해치는 ‘社會惡’으로 규정되고 형상화되었던 것이다. This thesis is the narcotic problems at a nation building process after the liberation of Korea. That researches outline is as the following. National recognition of poppies cultivated by the people is comparatively generous in a traditional society. People had cultivated poppies to utilize them as home medicine in agricultural districts in Korea. Opium gathered on the poppy"s skin takes effects as medicine for internal use, so it was not difficult to see that people had at least a lump of opium at home. At that time a lot of agricultural village didn"t have a hospital and a medicine was always insufficient. Opium was known as a remedy for every ill and people used to take opium they had at home whenever it was required. Under the rule of Japanese imperialism, Morphine refined from opium was used for a medicine to people as well. Generally morphia had to be used restrictively as prescribed by a doctor, but patients as well as doctors were not aware of its danger and toxicity. Furthermore Japan employed a generous policy on opium, so a lot of people were addicted by opium. Opium had been recognized as household medicine but not as a narcotic. People could not recognize morphinism as a crime. They were certainly patients and scapegoats by the wrong state policies. But they were regarded as a criminal, a social evil, in a special situation of nation building after liberalization. they also were treated as a group disturbing nation building in a time of establishing a united nation of people. Therefore, they did not offer a social opportunity to protection. At this era, even though state had a social conscience of drug problem from the liberalization through 1950s, she could not deal with the drug problem specifically and positively, because of the war and the struggle of ideology between south and north, because of a historical matter like a nation reconstruction after war, because of a trouble building up the basic health problem. Therefore, emphasized to duty of human"s conscience and social moral principle problem that do not take narcotic. State made a social role and status of everyone, regardless of the controlled or the controller, about drug control, enlarging the power of drug control step by step. So to speak, state began to warn the narcotic addicts socially and ethically in a time of liberalization. In the end, after the war came to an end, she treated them as a social evil. On the one hand, in a institutional point of view, state made a narcotic act in 1957 to support span of state control.

빌딩 내의 공기유동량 예측을 위한 누입 및 환기모델의 개발

조석호 ( Seok Ho Cho ) 한국환경과학회 2014 한국환경과학회지 Vol.23 No.2

A ventilation model was developed for predicting the air change per hour(ACH) in buildings and the airflow rates between zones of a multi-room building. In this model, the important parameters used in the calculation of airflow are wind velocity, wind direction, terrain effect, shielding effect by surrounding buildings, the effect of the window type and insect screening, etc. Also, the resulting set of mass balance equations required for the process of calculation of airflow rates are solved using a Conte-De Boor method. When this model was applied to the building which had been tested by Chandra et al.(1983), the comparison of predicted results by this study with measured results by Chandra et al. indicated that their variations were within -10%~+12%. Also, this model was applied to a building with five zones. As a result, when the wind velocity and direction did not change, terrain characteristics influenced the largest and window types influenced the least on building ventilation among terrain characteristics, local shieldings, and window types. Except for easterly and westerly winds, the ACH increased depending on wind velocity. The wind direction had influence on the airflow rates and directions through openings in building. Thus, this model can be available for predicting the airflow rates within buildings, and the results of this study can be useful for the quantification of airflow that is essential to the research of indoor air quality(temperature, humidity, or contaminant concentration) as well as to the design of building with high energy efficiency.

다구획 작업환경에서의 오염농도 예측을 위한 이론적 모델의 개발

조석호 ( Seok Ho Cho ) 한국산업위생학회 2011 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.21 No.4

To predict contaminant concentrations within a multi-zone work environment, an air quality model in the work environment was developed. To do this, airflow equations on the basis of orifice equation were solved by using the Conte and De Boor scheme, and then equations for the conservation of mass on contaminant were solved by using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm. To validate the accuracy of simulated results, this model was applied to the controlled environment chamber that had been tested in 1998 by Chung KC. The comparison of predicted concentrations by this study with measured concentrations by the Chung KC indicated that the average deviations were 2.66, 3.35, and 3.15% for zone 1, zone 2, and zone 3, respectively. Also, this model was applied to a working plant with four zones. Thus, the results of contaminant concentration versus time were predicted according to the schedule of the openings operation, and case studies were done for four cases of the openings operation to investigate the interaction of airflow and contaminant concentration. The results indicated that opening operation schedules had a significant effect on contaminant removal efficiency. Therefore, this model might be able to apply for the design of ventilation schedules to control contaminants optimally.

Saccharomycopsis lipolytica 의 성적 화합성 균체에 의한 시트르산 생산

조석금(Seok Gum Cho),송강정가(Masayoshi Matsuoka),합엽수일(Shuichi Aiba) 한국미생물생명공학회 1985 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.13 No.3