경복궁 근정전 단청안료의 성분분석

조남철,문환석,홍종욱,황진주,Cho, Nam-Chul,Moon, Whan-Suk,Hong, Jong-Ouk,Hwang, Jin-Ju 국립문화재연구소 2001 保存科學硏究 Vol.22 No.-

The composition analysis of Danchung pigments at Geunjeongjeon Hall in Gyeongbokgung Palace were carried out by FXRF and MXRD. The analytical result of the inside pigments at Geunjeongjeon showed that these painted in use the mineral pigments. Gold pigment was pure gold(Au).The main composition identified in green pigments were chalcanthite($CuSO_4$.$5H_2O$) and celadonite($K(Mg, Fe, Al)_2$.$(Si, Al)_4O_10(OH)_2$ ). Red pigments werecinnnabar(HgS).The analytical result of the outside pigments at Geunjeongjeon revealed that these applied to the artificial synthetic pigment. Yellow pigment was chromeyellow($PbCrO_4$). The main composition identified in red pigments were red lead($Pb_3O_4$)and hematite($Fe_2O_3$). Green pigments were emeral green($C_2H_3A_s3Cu_2O_8$) and chromegreen($Cr_2O_3$). Blue pigment was lazurite($Na_6Ca2Al_6Si_6O_24(SO_4)_2$), titanium dioxide($TiO_2$) of white pigment.

B16 Melanoma Cell에서 티로시나아제 유전자 발현에 황금(Scutellaria baicalensis) 추출물이 미치는 효과

조남철,배석,진종언,Cho, Nam-Chul,Bai, Suk,Chin, Jong-Eon 한국식품영양학회 2010 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.23 No.1

유전자 발현 조절 수준에서 멜라닌 색소의 생합성을 조절하는 천연물질을 탐색하고자 황금으로부터 유용성 물질을 추출 및 분획하여 티로시나아제 프로모터 부위를 도입하여 형질전환된 B16 melanoma cell에 처리한 결과, 그 메탄올 추출물의 티로시나아제 유전자 발현율은 $10\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$와 $100\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$의 농도에서 대조군 세포에 비해 각각 약 231과 256%로 매우 크게 증진하는 효과를 보여 주었다. 극성도가 서로 다른 용매 분획물들을 형질전환된 세포에 처리하였을 때 methylene chloride와 ethyl acetate 용매 분획물들은 $10\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$의 농도에서, butyl alcohol 용매 분획물은 $10\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$와 $100\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$의 농도에서, 그리고 물 용매 분획물은 $500\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$의 고농도에서 티로시나아제 유전자의 발현을 증진시키는 효과를 보여 주었다. 그러나 그들의 티로시나아제 발현 증진 효과는 메탄올 추출물보다 낮았다. 황금 메탄올 추출물을 B16 melanoma cell에 처리한 다음 MTT assay를 실시한 결과, $10\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$와 $100\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$의 농도에서는 대조군 세포와 세포활성능이 유사할 정도로 세포독성이 매우 낮게 나타났다. 그러나 그 이상의 농도에서는 세포 활성능이 현저하게 낮았으며, 특히 $1,000\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$의 농도에서는 세포 독성이 심하여 세포의 활성능을 측정하는 것이 불가능하였다. 본 연구결과, 황금 메탄올 추출물 내에는 티로시나아제 유전자의 발현을 증진시키는 데에 관여하는 성분들이 함유되어 있는 것으로 추측된다. 따라서 황금 추출물은 멜라닌 색소의 생합성에 관여하는 유전자의 발현하는 증진시키는 목적으로 이용함이 바람직하며, 이를 산업적으로 응용하기 위해서는 앞으로도 보다 많은 연구가 필요하다. To estimate the regulatory effects of Scutellaria baicalensis extracts on melanin biosynthesis, we evaluated the regulatory effects of the tyrosinase gene on B16 melanoma cells. The results revealed that methanolic extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis resulted in a high increase in the expression of the tyrosinase gene. Specifically, treatment with extracts at concentrations of $10\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $100\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ resulted in increases in tyrosinase gene expression rates of approximately 231% and 256%, respectively, when compared to the control. Moreover, the solvent fraction layers(methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, butyl alcohol, water) improved the expression of the tyrosinase gene, but to a lesser degree than the methanolic extracts. An MTT assay revealed, that the methanolic extract exhibited very low cytotoxicities at $10\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $100\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Taken together, the results of this study indicated that the methanolic extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis was a very effective positive regulator of tyrosinase gene expression.

Penicillium verruculosum 으로부터 Celobiohydrolase 의 정제 및 특성에 관한 연구

조남철,김강화,전순배,정기철 ( Nam Chul Cho,Kang Hwa Kim,Soon Bai Chun,Ki Chul Chung ) 생화학분자생물학회 1991 BMB Reports Vol.24 No.5

Three cellobiohydrolase I, II and III, from culture solution of Penicillum verruculosum grown in liquid media containing cellobiose octaacetate or KC-flock, as the sole carbon source has been extensively purified and characterized. Molecular weights of the purified enzymes, I, II and III, were estimated as 60,000, 66,000 and 76,000 on 10% polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and have 8.6, 4.2 and 8.5% of carbohydrate contents, respectively. The three enzymes showed hydrolytic activities towards crystalline celluloses such as Avicel, cotton and filter paper and soluble cellulose such as carboxymethylcellulose. Specific activities of cellobiohydrolase, I, II and III against Avicel as a substrate were 0.07, 0.10 and 0.07 unit per mg. of protein, respectively. The optimum pHs and temperatures of three enzymes were 5.0 and 50℃. All enzyme produced extensively cellobiose from Avicel, and the enzymatic hydrolysises of p-Nitrophenyl-β-D-cellobioside were inhibited by cellobiose, but not by D-glucose.

Gluconobacter melanogenus 폴리올 탈수소 효소의 정제 및 특성에 대한 연구

조남철,김강화,전덕영 ( Nam Chul Cho,Kang Hwa Kim,Deok Young Jhon ) 생화학분자생물학회 1990 BMB Reports Vol.23 No.2

From cytoplasm and cell membrane of Gluconobacter melanogenus NAD(P) independent polyol dehydrogenases were purified by polyethylene glycol precipitation, conventional CM-cellulose and DEAE-Sephacel column, and HPLC SP column chromatography. The two enzymes gave same subunit structure, same absorption spectrum, and similar substrate specificity. The enzyme showed a characteristic absorption spectrum of cytochrome c showing maxima at 552, 522, and 418 nm. The oxidized cytochrome component of the enzyme was rapidly reduced by a substrate, D-mannitol. Based on SDS-PAGE, the purified enzyme was composed of three different subunits having Mr of 63 K, 52 K and 20.5 K, respectively. The second subunit (Mr 52 K) showed oxidized cytochrome c absorption spectrum. The enzyme had a restricted substrate specificity toward the polyols having D-lyxo configuration like D-mannitol and D-sorbitol showing higher activity on D-mannitol.

Purification and Characterization of Polyol Dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter melanogenus

조남철,김강화,전덕영,Cho, Nam-Chul,Kim, Kang-Hwa,Jhon, Deok-Young 생화학분자생물학회 1990 한국생화학회지 Vol.23 No.2

Gluconobacter melanogenus의 세포질과 세포막으로부터 NAD(P) 비요구성 폴리올 탈수소 효소를 분리하여 순차적으로 CM-셀롤로오즈의 통과, 풀리에칠렌 글리콜 침전, DEAE-Sephacel 컬럼의 통과, SP-5 PW 컬럼을 이용한 HPLC를 행하여 정제하였다. 정제된 효소는 소단위의 구조, 흡수 스펙트럼이 서로 같았고 기질특이성은 유사하였다. 이 효소는 시토크륨 C특유의 552, 522, 418 nm에서 흡수 피크를 갖는 흡수 스펙트럼을 보였다. 효소 중의 산화된 시토크롬 성분은 기질인 만니톨에 의하여 빠르게 환원되었다. 두 효소는 모두가 SDS-전기영동에 의하여 분자량이 63 K, 52 K, 20.5 K인 소단위로 구성되어 있음을 보였다. 그 중에서 분자량이 52 K인 소단위가 산화된 시토크롬 C와 같은 흡수 스펙트럼을 나타냈다. 이 효소는 제한된 기질특이성을 보였는데 D-lyxo 구조를 갖는 기질인 만니톨이나 솔비톨에 대하여만 효소활성을 보였으며 특히 만니톨에 대한 활성도가 컸다. From cytoplasm and cell membrane of Gluconobacter melanogenus NAD(P) independent polyol dehydrogenases were purified by polyethylene glycol precipitation, conventional CM-cellulose and DEAE-Sephacel column, and HPLC SP column chromatography. The two enzymes gave same subunit structure, same absorption spectrum, and similar substrate specificity. The enzyme showed a characteristic absorption spectrum of cytochrome c showing maxima at 552, 522, and 418 nm. The oxidized cytochrome component of the enzyme was rapidly reduced by a substrate, D-mannitol. Based on SDS-PAGE, the purified enzyme was composed of three different subunits having Mr of 63 K, 52 K and 20.5 K, respectively. The second subunit (Mr 52 K) showed oxidized cytochrome c absorption spectrum. The enzyme had a restricted substrate specificity toward the polyols having D-lyxo configuration like D-mannitol and D-sorbitol showing higher activity on D-mannitol.

Penicillium verruculosum으로부터 Cellobiohydrolase의 정제 및 특성에 관한 연구

조남철,김강화,전순배,정기철,Cho, Nam-Chul,Kim, Kang-Hwa,Chun, Soon-Bai,Chung, Ki-Chul 생화학분자생물학회 1991 한국생화학회지 Vol.24 No.5

효소생성유도물질로서 cellobiose octaacetate를 포함하는 P. verruculosum 배양상등액으로부터 소단위체 분자량이 60,000(I) 과 66,000(II) 인 두 종류의 cellobiohydrolase와 KG-flock을 함유하는 배지로부터 소단위체 분자량이 76,000(III)인 또 하나의 cellobiohydrolase를 분리정제하여 그들의 일반적 특성을 검토하였다. 이들의 자연상태의 분자량은 소단위체 분자량의 2~3배 였으며 모두 당단백질로서 당함량은 cellobiohydrolase I, II 및 III가 각각 8.6%, 4.2% 그리고 8.5%였다. 세 효소 모두 pH 4.5~5.0과 온도 $50{\sim}60^{\circ}C$에서 높은 활성도를 나타냈으며 Avicel, cotton, 여지 등의 결정성 섬유소 뿐만 아니라 CMC, PNPC 등에도 분해활성도를 나타내었다. Cellobiohydrolase I, II 및 III의 Avicel 분해 비활성도는 각각 0.07, 0.10, 그리고 0.07 unit per mg. of protein이었으며 그 분해생성물은 거의 cellobiose였다. PNPC 기질에 대한 효소반응에 있어서 포도당에 의해서는 활성도가 억제되지 않은 반면 10~20mM의 cellobiose에 의해 50% 이상의 억제효과를 보였다. Three cellobiohydrolase I, II and III, from culture solution of Penicillum verruculosum grown in liquid media containing cellobiose octaacetate or KC-flock, as the sole carbon source has been extensively purified and characterized. Molecular weights of the purified enzymes, I, II and III, were estimated as 60,000, 66,000 and 76,000 on 10% polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and have 8.6, 4.2 and 8.5% of carbohydrate contents, respectively. The three enzymes showed hydrolytic activities towards crystalline celluloses such as Avicel, cotton and filter paper and soluble cellulose such as carboxymethylcellulose. Specific activities of cellobiohydrolase, I, II and III against Avicel as a substrate were 0.07, 0.10 and 0.07 unit per mg. of protein, respectively. The optimum pHs and temperatures of three enzymes were 5.0 and $50^{\circ}C$. All enzyme produced extensively cellobiose from Avicel, and the enzymatic hydrolysises of ${\rho}$-Nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-D-cellobioside were inhibited by cellobiose, but not by D-glucose.

익산 미륵사지 출토 동종의 금속학적 연구

조남철,허일권,강형태,Cho, Nam-chul,Huh, Il-kwon,Kang, Hyung-tae 국립문화재연구소 2006 保存科學硏究 Vol.27 No.-

Mireuksa is a temple that was established in the Baekjea Period and continued around to the 16thcentury. The sites of the temple throughout diverse periods such as the United Shilla Period, KoryuPeriod, and Chosun Period including the one of the early temple in the late Baekjea Period were discovered. In those temple sites, there were lots of diverse artifacts discovered including artifacts in the Bronze Age. In this study, the compositions of four bronze bells excavated from Mireuksa site in Iksan were analyzed and the manufacturing technique of bronze bells was studied through the observation of microstructure. Also, the analytical cases of ancient bronze bells were collected and compared. Furthermore, the provenance study of the bronze bells site was attempted with the Pbisotope ratio. The results aim to offer crucial keys for discovering the aspect of society as well as information about the origin, development, and the route of propagation of ancient technologies. Bronze bell No. 1 showed an unexpected composition as Cu was found 98.5% in it. There were shown twins which were created by annealing and an even phase in the fine grains. It was also shown that bronze bell No. 2 and 4 had a high content of Pb although they showed a similar composition with general bronze bells in terms of Sn content. As shown in the analysis characteristics table of Korean bronze bell of this study, the ancient bronze bell used Pb of which content was limited to 2.12% in general, however, the results showed 15.5% and 13.2% respectively, which is an excessive amount. Asa result of analyzing inclusion in the microstructure of bronze bell No. 2, it was found that sulfide group mineral was used since there appeared S(14.55%). Also, it was proven that $CuFeS_2$ or$Cu_5FeS_4$ was used as a raw material because there was a small amount of Fe. As a result of analyzing inclusion of bronze bell No. 4, the bronze bell sample contained S(13.43%) and it is thought that sulfide group mineral was used, however, it had no Fe. Therefore, it is not connected to $CuFeS_2$ which is the main mineral of Korea. In addition, a strain line was shown with processing in bronze bell No. 2 and 4. As a result of provenance study of bronze bell No. 2 and 4 using the Pb isotope ratio, they or their raw materials are estimated to come from the southern China. Bronze bell No. 3 showed only Cu and Sn, and it is featured with a relatively low amount of Sn(6.63%). The microstructure has only phase, andintergranular corrosion was highly in progress.

도.토기의 과학적 분석-경상남도 도요지 출토 토기편을 중심으로

홍종욱,조남철,황진주,문환석,Hong, Jong-Ouk,Cho, Nam-Chul,Hwang, Jin-Ju,Moon, Whan-Suk 국립문화재연구소 2001 保存科學硏究 Vol.22 No.-

The scientific analysis and provenance study of potteries excavated from kiln site at Gyeongsang Nam-do were carried out using XRD, ICP-AES and NAA. We can summary the following Result :1. As a result of XRD analysis, it showed that soft potteries consisted of quartz, feldspar and clay minerals while hard potteries consisted of high temperature crystals such as mullite, tridymite, cristobalite.In case of firing temperature which are determined by XRD, potteries consisted of quartz, feldspar and clay mineral had very low firing temperature. While potteries having only cristobalite ranged above $1200^{\circ}C$.2. As a result of correlation analysis using trace element, the selected characteristic elements which was able to distinguish from each kiln site was Sm, Cs, Sc, Eu, Hf.3. Discriminant analytical showed that each kiln site were classified into 4-gruops;Kimhaeci Daesungdong, Hamangun Myosari, Changyounggun Yochori and one group mixed KimhaeciGuosandong, Kimhaeci Samgyeri. This suggests that there are no correlations between the raw materials used in each kiln sites except Kimhaeci Guosandong, Kimhaeci Samgyeri.

미량성분 및 스트론튬(Sr) 동위원소비를 이용한 한반도 흑요석제 석기의 산지추정

조남철(Nam-chul Cho),강형태(Hyung-tae Kang),정광용(Kwang-yong Chung) 한국상고사학회 2006 한국상고사학보 Vol.53 No.-

The trace elements and the Sr isotope ratio were analyzed using neutron acdtivation analysis and Thermal Ionization Mass spectrometer respectively for the 64 samples of the obsidian in the islands of Yeondaedo, Yokjido and Sangnodaedo in Tongyeong-gun, Gyeongnam and Dongsam-dong, Busan city and Songdo, Yeosu city, Jeonnam that are the neolithic relics of the southern part of the Korean peninsula; the obsidian excavated in Sangmuryong-ri, Yanggu-eup in Gangwon-do and Suyanggae, Danyang-gun, Chungbuk; and the raw materials of obsidian in the regions of Mt. Paektusan and Kyushu of Japan. There are mainly three groups according to the classification of the provenance using the trace elements. The existence of the three groups means that there is no correlation among the groups and the geological characteristics are also different. In addition, the obsidian excavated in the southern part of the Korean peninsula was sub-divided into two groups. The provenance of the obsidian found in Dongsam-dong, Busan city and Songdo, Yeosu city, Jeonnam looks deeply related to Kyushu Koshidake of Japan, but the samples excavated in the islands of Yeondaedo, Yokjido and Sangnodaedo in Tongyeong-gun, Gyeongnam and Dongsam-dong, Busan city shows little relationship with Kyushu Koshidake of Japan. Three groups were made by the classification of obsidian with Sr isotope ratio, and the detailed classification of the obsidian excavated in the southern part of the Korean peninsula confirmed that they are composed of two groups. Such result is the same as the results of the detailed classification of the obsidian excavated in the southern part of the Korean peninsula using the trace elements. Therefore, the results of the classification of the provenance using trace elements and Sr isotope ratio are scientific materials that can explain the culture of obsidian in the Korean peninsula, and will be a basic data that will enable the mutual comparison with the obsidian in other sites. 한반도 남부 신석기 유적인 경남 통영군 연대도, 육지도, 상노대도와 부산시 동삼동, 전남 여수시 송도에서 출토된 흑요석과 중부 구석기 유적인 강원도 양구읍 상무룡리와 충북 단양군 수양개에서 출토된 흑요석 그리고 백두산과 일본 Kyushu 지방의 흑요석 원석을 포함하여 총 64점에 대하여 중성자방사화분석법을 이용한 미량성분과 열이온화질량분석기를 이용한 Sr 동위원소비를 분석하였다. 미량성분을 이용한 산지 분류 결과, 크게 세 개의 그룹을 이루었다. 이렇게 세 개의 그룹으로 이루어져 있는 것은 각 그룹간의 상관관계가 없으며 지질학적 특성도 다름을 의미하는 것이다. 또한 한반도 남부 지방에서 출토된 흑요석을 세분하여 분류한 결과 두 개의 그룹으로 분류되었다. 이는 부산시 동삼동과 전남 여수시 송도에서 출토된 흑요석의 경우 산지가 일본 Kyushu Koshidake와 깊은 연관성이 있는 것으로 보이나 그 외 경남 통영군 연대도, 욕지도, 상노대도와 부산시 동삼동 출투 일부 시료들은 일본 Kyushu Koshidake와 상관관계가 적은 것으로 나타나고 있다. Sr 동위원소비를 이용하여 흑요석을 분류한 결과 크게 세 개의 그룹을 이루었으며 또한 한반도 남부지방에서 출토된 흑요석(C그룹)을 세분하여 분류한 결과 두 개의 그룹을 이루고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 미량성분을 이용한 흑요석 분류 및 한반도 남부 지방에서 출토된 흑요석을 세분하여 분류한 결과와도 일치하는 내용이다. 즉, Sr 동위원소비도 미량성분과 같이 흑요석의 산지 분류의 유효함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 미량성분과 Sr 동위원소비를 이용하여 흑요석을 분류한 결과는 한반도의 흑요석 문화를 설명해 줄 수 있는 과학적 자료이며 향후 다른 유적의 흑요석과 상호비교할 수 있는 기초 자료가 될 것이다.

Pseudomonas tolaasii 길항세균인 Pseudomanas fluorescens의 분리 및 배양

조남철(Nam Chul Cho),박범식(Bum Sik Park),전억한(Uck Han Chun) 한국생물공학회 1992 KSBB Journal Vol.7 No.2